1

Science and Technology Education Center

Division of Lapu-Lapu City

Project Hydra - Electricus:

Water Electrolysis for Clean and Renewable Source of Electrical Energy

RESEARCHERS:
Calambuhay Jr., Jose Virgilio G.
Oville, Matthew Dune Joel P.
Pacaldo, Zedec I.

ADVISER:
Dr. Bryant C. Acar
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RESEARCH PLAN

A. Question or Problem Addressed

This Engineering/Applied Project aims to create a prototype that provides

a clean and renewable source of energy from water.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is/are the prevalent problem(s) in the society?

2. What proposed product was made to solve the problem?

3. What materials were utilized in materializing Project Hydra-Electricus?

4. What is the project design of Project Hydra-Electricus?

5. How functional is the prototype:

5.2. in water electrolysis;

5.3. in providing electrical energy?

6. Is there any significant difference between the amounts of watts produced

after conducting 10 trials?

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B. Goals Expected

The researcher hypothesizes that:

a. The prevalent problems in the society are flooding, power outages, and

water shortage.

b. To address the problems faced by the society, the researchers proposed the

Project Hydra-Electricus, which will create clean electrical power with the

use of water. This prototype will provide a solution to the problems of our

community in power outages, flooding, and even global warming which is

currently one of the main problems in the world.

c. The procurement of the stainless steel plates, compressor (13.8V & 30A

Capacity), 500 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles with heat

tolerance of up to 120 degrees Celsius, generator (220V Output), gas tank

(200 PSI) and 500 ml containers will be recycled to be used for the

project. Plywood will be used for the base and shape of the prototype, 4

meters of plastic tubes (1/2 in. diameter) for water transportation and mesh

wires and some parts such as the adhesive materials and wires will be

acquired from the local shops located at Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City.

d. This is an applied/engineering study employing the methods of creation

and testing of output. The proposed output was based on the problem in

Lapu-Lapu City gathered through a simple profile and qualitative

approaches. The proposed prototype Project Hydra-Electricus (Water-

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Based Electric System as a Renewable Source of Energy) that measures

25x15x20 inches was based on an electrical-mechanical design.

e. The Project Hydra-Electricus provides efficient separation of oxygen and

hydrogen molecules in the water electrolysis process. It is also efficient in

providing clean electrical energy.

f. There is no significant difference between the amounts of watts produced

after conducting 10 trials

C. Description in detail of method or procedures

A needs-based profile was accomplished, asking the community of their

common problems through a survey. The survey contained the questions: What is

the major problem occurring in your community that requires immediate

attention? What do you think would be the solution to this problem?

The survey was handed out to 20 residents from various barangays. The

results were then tabulated to identify the top problems their community is facing.

The problems the community was facing were flooding and water shortage. The

researchers formulated a solution to solve the problem faced by the community.

The researcher designed Project Hydra-Electricus (Water-Based Electric System

as a Renewable Source of Energy) to convert distilled water into hydrogen gas

which will be a potential source of renewable electrical energy.

Project Hydra-Electricus was designed to be a water-based electric system.

Its prototype featured a “size of project” base made from plywood. The
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electrolysis system parts will then be attached after the construction of the base. A

separate second level compartment was made for the tubing that is connected

from the electrolyzer to the gas tank and a third-level compartment for the

generator. The whole construction of the project was expected to be finished for 4

days. After the construction, the researcher then wired all the stainless steel plates,

compressor, and generator to complete the prototype. After, the researcher will

install the appliances such as the television and computer to the 220V output of

the generator.

To test the functionality of the prototype, it will be tested based on the

following criteria: the amount of energy produced and production efficiency and

consistency. 20 respondents with knowledge of machine operations tested the

prototype and rated the functionality of the project using a validated researcher-

made instrument consistency as well as an electric meter tester to accurately and

precisely measure the voltage, wattage, and amperage output of the prototype.
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D. Data Analysis

Efficiency in Electrolysis

Efficiency in Electrolysis

Time H2 O2 Rate of H2 Rate of O2

Test
(Minutes) (Liters) (Liters) Production Production

1 60.0 7.60 3.80 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min

2 60.0 8.24 4.22 0.14 L/min 0.07 L/min
4 60.0 6.25 3.22 0.10 L/min 0.05 L/min
5 60.0 7.35 3.67 0.12 L/min 0.06 L/min
6 60.0 7.48 3.74 0.12 L/min 0.06 L/min
7 60.0 7.49 3.74 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min
8 60.0 8.00 4.00 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min
9 60.0 7.49 3.74 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min
10 60.0 7.23 3.61 0.12 L/min 0.06 L/min
Average Rate 0.11 L/min 0.06 L/min

Figure 3.1 Electrolysis Efficiency Average Rate

Table 3.1 presents the rating for electrolysis efficiency. This area is rated

by the 10 selected experts who have knowledge about electricity and gasses. The

grand mean is test number 2 which is interpreted as having an excellent quality.

The students acknowledged the efficiency of the drainage system as it could

control and collect water.

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The highest rated item is: “The electrolyzer is very efficient and in

fact produces excess hydrogen gas which can be used to further power the

appliances,” with an average rate of 0.14 g/min interpreted as Excellent Quality.

This means the drainage area is effective in limiting the amount of solid wastes

entering the system. The lowest rated item is on trial number 4, where the expert

said, “There is one time when the electrolyzer wasn’t consistent in producing

Hydrogen gas, although it was still able to produce enough for the generator to

function,” with a weighted mean of 0.10 g/min, which is interpreted as Good.

This means that the current applied must be closely monitored in order to assure

the efficiency in electrolysis.

Power Output
Power Output
Volta
Voltage Power Current Power
Test ge
(AC) (W) (A) (W)
(DC)
1 220 950 12 8.30 99.6
2 220 950 12 10.0 120
3 220 950 12 9.77 117.24
4 220 950 12 9.45 113
5 220 950 12 8.40 101
6 220 950 12 9.00 108
7 220 950 12 9.10 109
8 220 950 12 9.35 112
9 220 950 12 9.25 111
10 220 950 12 9.54 114
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Mean 220 950 12 9.01 108

Figure 3.2 Power Output Capability of Hydrogen Gas as Fuel

Table 3.2 presents the rating for electrolysis efficiency. This area is rated

by the 10 selected experts who have knowledge about electricity and gasses. The

grand mean for the output voltage for Alternating Current (AC) is consistently

220 volts with 950 watts full load available for the appliances. While the Direct

Current (DC) voltage was able to consistently produce an output current of 12

volts with grand mean of 9.01 current. This gives us a power of 108 watts per

hour.

Among the ten (10) tests done, test no. 2 shown the most efficient

production of power with a maximum 950 watts of power produced for

Alternating Current (AC) and 120 watts of power produced for Direct Current

(DC), while test no. 5 displayed the least wattage output for Direct Current with

101 watts and still a consistent 950 watts for alternating current. This gives the

researchers the idea that the production of alternating current at 220 volts is very

consistent. At the same time, the recent findings suggests that the inconsistent

direct current amperage output must give the consumers the idea that they have to

monitor the output.

Smoke Waste Rating

Test Visibility Odor Interpretation

1 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

2 Light Visible Light Odor Good Quality

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3 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

4 Light Visible Light Odor Good Quality

5 Not Visible Light Odor Excellent Quality

6 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

7 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

8 Light Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

9 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

10 Light Visible Light Odor Good Quality

Mean Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

Legend for Description Interpretation

Odor

1.0 – 1.75 Heavy Odor Low Quality

1.76 – 2.50 Moderate Odor Moderate Quality

2.51 – 3.25 Light Odor Good Quality

3.26 – 4.0 No Odor Excellent Quality

Legend for Description Interpretation

Visibility

1.0 – 1.75 Heavy Dark Smoke Low Quality

1.76 – 2.50 Moderately Dark Smoke Moderate Quality

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2.51 – 3.25 Light Smoke Good Quality

3.26 – 4.0 Not Visible Excellent Quality

Table 3.2 presents the emergent characteristics of the by-products excreted

after the combustion of hydrogen gas. The highest rated test item no. is 1, 3, 6, 7,

and 9. These test items show that the prototype is very excellent in managing

health and environmentally hazardous by-products after five (5) visibility and

odor testing. The lowest rated test item no. on the other hand is items 2, 4, and 10

marked with good quality. This quality control finding gives the researchers the

idea that the inconsistent light odor and smoke must have come from the

lubrication used for the generator which is a 2T – Grade Oil. This type of oil has

carbon and when heated may cause some carbon dioxide as a by-product.

Although, this by-product is just minimal compared to the regular gasoline since,

the 2T Oil combustion isn’t consistent too.

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E. Bibliography

Aro, Susan C. "Impact of Air Pollution in Human Health, Environment."

Three Branches of Government | Philippine Information

Agency. May 19, 2018. Accessed July 01, 2018.

http://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1008049.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Electrolysis." Encyclopædia

Britannica. March 05, 2014. Accessed July 12, 2018.

https://www.britannica.com/science/electrolysis.

“Climate Change.” Global Footprint Network,

www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/climate-change/.

Converter.com. Convert to. 2015. Accessed July 12, 2018. http://convert-

to.com/conversion/water-weight-volume/convert-us-gal-of-

water-volume-to-pound-lb-of-water-weight.html.

Encyclopedia. "Hydrogen." Gale Library of Daily Life: Slavery in

America. 2018. Accessed July 01, 2018.

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/che

mistry/compounds-and-elements/hydrogen.
 12

Fischer, C. “Let’s turn CAFE regulation on its head.” Issue Brief No. 09-

06. May. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C. 2009.

Accessed July 12, 2018. https://www.nap.edu/

read/12924/chapter/4

Florida Solar Energy Center. “Hydrogen Basics - Fuel Cells.” How a

PV System Works,

www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/hydrogen/basics/fuelcells.h

tm.

“Internal Combustion Engine Basics.” 2013. Department of Energy.

November 22.

https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/internal-

combustion engine-basics.

Inquirer, Philippine Daily. "PH Ranks 2nd in Asia-Pacific in Deaths Due

to Household Pollution." Inquirer News. May 03, 2018.

Accessed July 01, 2018.

http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/987262/ph-ranks-2nd-in-asia-

pacific-in-deaths-due-to-household-pollution.

Jakhrani, et al. (2012). Estimation of Carbon Footprints from Diesel

Generator Emissions. Proceedings of the 2012 International

Conference in Green and Ubiquitous Technology, GUT

2012. 10.1109/GUT.2012.6344193.
 13

Libretexts. "Electrolysis." Chemistry LibreTexts. July 21, 2016. Accessed

July 12, 2018.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Analytical_Che

mistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/

Electrochemistry/Electrolytic_Cells/Electrolysis.

“Main Parts of an Internal Combustion Engine.” 2018. mech4study.

February 5. http://www.mech4study.com/2014/03/main-

parts-of-internal-combustion-engine-or-automobile-

engine.html.

Miller, George Tyler, and Scott E. Spoolman. Living in the --

Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions.

Brooks/Cole, 2012. Print.

Open Access Government. "The Most Reliable Energy Sources." Open

Access Government. November 14, 2017. Accessed July

01, 2018. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/the-

most-reliable-energy-sources/39780/.

"Pollution in Philippines." Numbeo. June 2018. Accessed July 01, 2018.

https://www.numbeo.com/pollution/country_result.jsp?

country=Philippines.

Portney, Paul R., et al. “The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards.”

Resources for The Future, vol. 03, no. 44, Nov. 2003. 202-

328-5000, www.rff.org,
 14

www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-

DP-03-44.pdf.

Plumer, Brad. "Cars in the U.S. Are More Fuel-efficient than Ever.

Here's How It Happened." The Washington Post. December

13, 2013. Accessed July 12, 2018.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/12/

13/cars-in-the-u-s-are-more-fuel-efficient-than-ever-heres-

how-it-happened/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.4c4b40c

ddb6a.

"Read" Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty

Vehicles" at NAP.edu." National Academies Press:

OpenBook. 2013. Accessed July 12, 2018.

https://www.nap.edu/read/12924/chapter/4.

“Reducing CO2 Emissions from Passenger Cars - Climate Action -

European Commission.” 2017. Social Protection Statistics -

Unemployment Benefits - Statistics Explained. February

16.

https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_e

n.

Renewable Energy World. “Hydrogen & Fuel Cells.”

RenewableEnergyWorld.com,

www.renewableenergyworld.com/hydrogen/tech.html.
 15

Rogers, Chris Dinesen. "Seven Causes of Air Pollution."

LIVESTRONG.COM. August 14, 2017. Accessed July 01,

2018. https://www.livestrong.com/article/217888-seven-

causes-of-air-pollution/.

U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and

Renewable Energy. "Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis."

Department of Energy. 2017. Accessed July 12, 2018.

https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-productio

n-electrolysis.

World Nuclear. "Electricity Generation - What Are the Options?"

Nuclear Power Economics | Nuclear Energy Costs - World

Nuclear Association. Accessed July 01, 2018.

http://www.world-nuclear.org/nuclear-basics/electricity-

generation-what-are-the-options.aspx.
16
 17

ABSTRACT

Title : PROJECT HYDRA - ELECTRICUS: WATER

ELECTROLYSIS FOR CLEAN AND RENEWABLE
SOURCE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Name : Calambuhay, Jose Virgilio; Vitor, Keith Sean; Pacaldo,
Zedec; Butalid, Kenneth; Oville, Matthew Dune Joel
Strand : Grade 12 STEM – Neuron
School year : 2018 – 2019
Adviser : Dr. Bryant C. Acar
No. of pages :
Keywords : Efficiency; Electrolysis; Renewable source; Turbidity; Power
Generator; Electrical Energy

Nowadays, many people have tried innovating and discovering a

revolutionary way of producing renewable energy because fuel, coal, and oil is a

limited type of resource and also leaves a carbon footprint in our environment.

We have become successful in inventing the solar panels and wind turbines, but

this is not enough to fully replace the fuel industry. The purpose of this study is to

create an alternative way of producing clean energy. Although, there are already

existing alternatives, it is still not enough to provide a reliable source of energy

compared to the traditional oil and fossil fuel energy.

 18

The process of creating the energy consists of splitting the two elements of water,

Hydrogen and Oxygen through the process of Electrolysis. The Hydrogen atoms will be

used due to its highly combustible property. This reaction produces energy which has the

potential to light the houses of the future world.

The functionality of Project Hydra-Electricus will based on the experiments to be

conducted and will use 304L stainless steels, diesel generator, alternator and regulator to

produce a usable energy for charging small devices in the prototype stage.

The operation of the set-up will be based on the real-time readings of the multi-

meter primarily, and will then engage in powering real world devices such as cellphones,

electric fans, and eventually more power-hungry appliances like television. This will help

in determining the effectiveness of the prototype, which is to produce electricity.

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction……...…………………………………………………………………. 1

The Problem and Assumptions…………...…………………………………. 3

Scope and Limitation…………..……………………………………………. 4

Significance of the Study…………………………………..……………….. 4

Conceptual Framework………………..……………………………………. 6

Review of Related Literature……………………………………………….. 7

METHODOLOGY …….……………………………………………………... 20-25

Research Design……………………………………………………... 20

Research Environment………………………………………............. 20

Research Respondents…..…………………………………..………. 21

Research Instruments/Materials …………………………..…...……. 22

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Research Procedures…………………………………………………… 22

Statistical Tools………………………………………………………... 24

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………. 25

CHAPTER II: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Operational Design ………………………………………………………. 26

Materials and Methods ……………………………………………………… 48

Quality Control ……………………………………………………………… 57

CHAPTER III: SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions…………………………………………………………………. 58

Recommendations…………………………………………………………... 58

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………… 59

References……………………………………………………...................... 60

Abstract…………………………………………………………………… 67

Appendices

Transmittal Letter 68 - 72

Quality Control Checklist 69

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Photo Documentation 71

Log Book 72

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Nowadays, many people have tried innovating and discovering a

revolutionary way of producing renewable energy because fuel, coal, and oil is a

limited type of resource and also leaves a carbon footprint in our environment.

We have become successful in inventing the solar panels and wind turbines, but

this is not enough to fully replace the fuel industry. According to Open Access

Government (2017), fossil fuel is still the most reliable source of energy

production that powered the homes of United Kingdom because it produces

enough power. According to the World Nuclear Association (2018), power plants

burn fossil fuel to drive large turbines that produce electricity. However, these

types of fuels also release a large amount of carbon dioxide, which causes climate

change and acid rains.

According to the statistical data by Numbeo (2018), Air Pollution ranked

second place (highest) right next to water pollution in the Philippines with a score

of 66.35 out of 100 while the water pollution in the country scored 72.50 out of

100. It is also stated that the air purity and cleanliness in the country ranked
 22

second place (lowest) right next to water purity and cleanliness with a score of

33.65 out of 100 while the water purity and cleanliness scored 27.50. This

suggests that air pollution is one of the major problem in terms of environmental

cleanliness in the country. But what are the contributors of air pollution?

According to Chris Dinesen Rogers (2017), Natural Gas and Coal make up over

90 percent of the carbon footprint present in the United States alone. The

remaining ten percent is the following: Vehicle Emissions, Industry,

Deforestation, and Forest fires. This suggests that our main source of energy

which is fossil fuel, is also the main cause of air pollution and it is still our major

energy generator despite of the different innovations in electric generation.

According to Aro (2018), air pollution can negatively affect not only the

health of the people, but also the economy. It is stated in a study she referred that

particulate matters that are produced in combustion engines from vehicles can

easily penetrate through the naso-pharynx, tracheobronchial until the pulmonary

system which can cause lung problems and cancer. This is just one of the many

problems these small materials can cause. According to Philippine Inquirer Daily

(2018), as stated by Dr. Shin Young-soo, the World Health Organization director

for Western Pacific, “Air pollution is the most lethal environmental health threat

in our region, and it affects people in middle-income countries at a much higher

rate than those in high-income countries,” It is also stated in their article that the

Philippines ranked second in Asia- Pacific in deaths due to household pollution.

In their data, the findings state that at least 85 deaths per 100,000 Filipino

population were recorded due to household pollution. Another statistics in their

 23

article stated that the Philippines ranked third at a number of 45.3 per 100,000 due

to outdoor air pollution. China recorded 81.5 deaths and Mongolia, 48.8.

According to Encyclopedia.com (2018) helium and hydrogen make up

99.9 percent of known matter in the universe. Even so, there is still about 10 times

more hydrogen than helium in the universe. In general, the higher the atomic

number, the less abundant is the element is. That explains why, Hydrogen — with

just one proton and one electron (it's the only element without a neutron) — and

also the simplest element in the universe is the most abundant.

In the researchers’ community, as conducted by the research team of

Calambuhay et al (2018), pollution, regardless of the medium it is present, is one

of the leading problems faced by the citizens. It specifically shows that the

respondents are having issues towards climate change. And because of these

statistics, there must be a way to revolutionize the way the Philippines generate

energy. The researchers having the passion and knowledge in this field are

interested and willing to help the community in any way that is in their

capabilities, skills, and abilities, are going to conduct an experiment and create a

prototype that will contribute to the electric generation without leaving carbon

footprint. It is on the premise that the researcher initiated this project in order to

provide an already existing but unestablished concept that will revolutionize our

way of producing electricity.

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Statement of the Problem

The engineering research will produce a prototype that cleans floodwater, provide

a clean and renewable source of energy.

Specifically, it answers the following questions.

1. What are the materials needed to:

1.1. make the electrolyzer functional;

1.2. create a safety transport/storage material for hydrogen gas from the

electrolyzer to the generator;

2. How functional is the prototype in providing renewable and reliable clean

energy in terms of the

2.1. amount of electrical energy being produced;

2.2. type of byproduct(s) and/or waste(s) produced during the process; and

3. What is the project design of Project Hydra – Electricus?

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Assumptions

This water-dependent energy production prototype is efficient in catalyzing water

and is an effective machine in terms of energy production.

Scope and Limitation

This project is an Applied/Engineering design that mainly focuses on

solving the problem of electric shortage through production of clean and reliable

energy in STEC campus. This project will utilize an efficient electrolyzer that will

convert water into a potential renewable energy. The project also utilized a

combustion engine to produce energy with water as by-product. The timeline was

three (3) months.

Significance of the Study

Research is the best way to find solutions to issues and problems that the

community is facing. The issues that have been observed such as flooding, lack of

energy supply, as well as minimizing the pollution brought by burning of coal in

the Philippines led the researchers to conceptualize a prototype that will solve

these problems. The results of this study will therefore, benefit the following

sectors:
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Glocal Community. The community will benefit in terms of having a

pollution-less society to live in for this prototype is expected to produce only

energy and water vapor as a waste product;

Engineering Enthusiasts. All engineers who has a specialization in

energy production will also benefit the study by giving them the awareness that it

is possible to garner electrical energy from renewable resources whose byproducts

harms nothing;

Philippine Government. The study aims to help reach out the awareness

of the Philippine Government that they should give ample consideration and/or

investment(s) on innovations and researches that can promote a greener society.

Overall, the research is also expected to boost the economy by having lesser taxes

for it is expected that this type of system needs little to no maintenance;

Future Researchers. This study certainly add future knowledge to

hydrolysis. This study will serve as a guide to the next generation of researchers

of engineering;

Department of Science and Technology (DOST). This project may help

the said department by inspiring citizens to an eco-friendlier economical and

efficient engineering projects that also improves the standards of living;

Department of Education (Dep-Ed). This project may also help the said

department in creating a nature-friendly school environment for the students. This

project may also be guided in the formulation of future modification of

 27

engineering-based education, projects and strategies toward more effective

learning; lastly

Local Government Unit (LGU). This project may also benefit to a more

operative governmental function that concerns the advancement of the public

good or welfare in terms of electrical energy accessibility and cleaner

environment to live on. The project specifically addresses the problem concerning

electrical energy supply as well as poor air condition not only in the Philippines

but also in the Glocal community.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework showed the nature of the study. Since pollution is one

of the major problems experienced by the citizens of Lapu-Lapu City, the researchers’

proposed solution was a prototype of the Electrolyzer and Power Generator, Project

Hydra-Electricus. The functionality was indicated by its Energy Output Indicator (meter

tester and device charging capability), Power Output, Electrolysis Efficiency, and

Combustion Efficiency, which in turn, is an effective prototype solving the pollution

problem in the community.

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Definition of Terms

In deciphering the terminologies used in this study, the following are

defined operationally:

Efficiency - Effectiveness and the quality of Project Hydra-Electricus in

producing electricity.

Electric Shortage - Power interruptions caused by natural calamities and

disasters in the researcher's community and one of the reasons why the researcher

came up with this concept.

Electrolyzer - The device used by the researcher which will be splitting the water

into hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical energy.

Electrolysis - The process of converting water decomposing water to Oxygen and

Hydrogen due to and electric current passed through water.

 29

Glocal Community - The local community and the world which are the main

beneficiaries of the project.

Hydrogen - One of the chemical element divided by the electrolyzer and will

serve as the cathode or the positive charge. Hydrogen is difficult to store because

it has very low energy density.

Oxygen - One of the by-products of the electrolyzer and will be the anode or the

negative charge.

Power Generator - A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical

power for external circuit and provides power for electric power grids.

Prevalent - The problem of flood and electricity shortage during heavy rainfall is

widespread in some areas in particular time which the type of problem our project

aims to solve.

Prototype - The preliminary model of our Project Hydra-Electricus from which

other forms are developed or copied for further researchers.

Reliable energy - Energy produced by the Project Hydra-Electricus that is

consistent in different environmental conditions.

Renewable Source- is a substance of economic value that can be replaced or

replenished in the same or less amount of time as it takes to draw the supply

down.
 30

Turbidity - is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of

individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke

in air.

Watts - The unit of measurement of the power output of Project Hydra-

Electricus.

Review of Related Literature

Fuel Economy. As per the definition of Nad.Com, fuel economy refers to

the amount of distance an automobile will travel with a gallon of fuel. Fuel

Economy can be expressed in miles per gallon. This is the well-known degree of

measurement used for a long time by consumers within the United States; it is

utilized moreover by vehicle manufacturers and regulators, generally to

communicate with the public. As a metric measurement, it can also be inferred

 31

that fuel economy measures the total distance traveled by a vehicle per unit of

fuel.

Fuel Consumption. Fuel consumption is the inverse of fuel economy. It

focuses on the total consumption of fuel after travelling a specific distance. In the

United States of America, fuel consumption was measured in terms of liters per

100 miles, while in Europe and elsewhere throughout the world; it is derived as

liters per 100 mile knowing that they strictly follow the metric system. Fuel

consumption directly refers to the amount of fuel consumed per 100 miles and is

therefore a fundamental engineering measure that is useful because it can be

employed as a direct measure of volumetric fuel savings. It is really fuel

utilization that's utilized within the CAFE standard to calculate the average fleet

of fuel economy (the deals weighted mean) for the city and interstate cycles as

stated by Fischer, C.

Climate Change. Nowadays, many people have tried innovating and

discovering a revolutionary way of producing renewable energy because fuel,

coal, and oil is a limited type of resource and also leaves a carbon footprint in our

environment. We have become successful in inventing the solar panels and wind

turbines, but this is not enough to fully replace the fuel industry. According to the

Open Access Government, fossil fuel is still the most reliable source of energy

production that powered the homes of the United Kingdom because it produces

enough power. According to the World Nuclear Association, power plants burn

fossil fuel to drive large turbines that produce electricity. However, these types of
 32

fuels also release a large amount of carbon dioxide, which causes climate change

and acid rains.

According to the statistical data by Numbeo, Air Pollution ranked second

place (highest) right next to water pollution in the Philippines with a score of

66.35 out of 100 while the water pollution in the country scored 72.50 out of 100.

It is also stated that the air purity and cleanliness in the country ranked second

place (lowest) right next to water purity and cleanliness with a score of 33.65 out

of 100 while the water purity and cleanliness scored 27.50. This suggests that air

pollution is one of the major problems in terms of environmental cleanliness in

the country. But what are the contributors to air pollution? According to Chris

Dinesen Rogers, Natural Gas and Coal make up over 90 percent of the carbon

footprint present in the United States alone. The remaining ten percent is the

following: Vehicle Emissions, Industry, Deforestation, and Forest fires. This

suggests that our main source of energy which is fossil fuel, is also the main cause

of air pollution and it is still our major energy generator despite the different

innovations in electric generation.

According to Aro, air pollution can negatively affect not only the health of

the people but also the economy. It is stated in a study she referred that particulate

matters that are produced in combustion engines from vehicles can easily

penetrate through the naso-pharynx, tracheobronchial until the pulmonary system

which can cause lung problems and cancer. This is just one of the many problems

these small materials can cause. According to Philippine Inquirer Daily, as stated

by Dr. Shin Young-soo, the World Health Organization director for Western
 33

Pacific, “Air pollution is the most lethal environmental health threat in our region,

and it affects people in middle-income countries at a much higher rate than those

in high-income countries,” It is also stated in their article that the Philippines

ranked second in Asia- Pacific in deaths due to household pollution. In their data,

the findings state that at least 85 deaths per 100,000 Filipino population were

recorded due to household pollution. Another statistics in their article stated that

the Philippines ranked third at a number of 45.3 per 100,000 due to outdoor air

pollution. China recorded 81.5 deaths and Mongolia, 48.8.

Carbon Footprints. Recently, the term “carbon footprint” is frequently

used for the amount of carbon (typically in tons) being emitted by means of an

activity or certain event. It takes a slightly different technique. This tells us the

demand in the world that effects from burning fossil fuels. It enables us to address

the climate alternate by measuring the undertaking in a holistic manner that does

not simply shift the weight from one natural system to some other.

In a Global setting, Carbon footprint was defined as a massive cause of

change in the environment, drastically increasing the number of harmful gases in

our ozone. Global emission of carbon from fossil fuel use increased by 9.795

giga-tons (GT) from the past decade, 91% of which are from human sources.

From coal (42%), oil (33%), gas (19%), cement (6%), and gas flaring (1%) are the

portion of emitted gas accounted by man. Since the industrial revolution in 1750,

carbon footprint level increased in the atmosphere by 43% beyond the recorded

amount of CO2 at that time.

 34

Climate Change is widespread, limiting itself not only on one specific

region but affects the whole nation, it impacts the entire Earth as a whole. Sheets

of Polar Ice and Glacier beneath the ground will start melting. In some regions of

the Earth will experience strong typhoons and heavy rains while in some region,

they will experience drought and extreme heat waves.

Greenhouse gases have the capability of absorbing the intense wavelength

of wave radiation that is mediated off the Earth’s sheet. These gases have the

ability to repel the radiation emitted by the earth. If there had been no Greenhouse

Gases in our atmosphere, the Earth would be too cool for life as we know it to

exist. However, as extra fossil fuels are burnt and other Greenhouse gases are

released, the atmosphere is able to absorb more radiation and so is warming up

causing heat exhaustion to be extreme as the emission of carbon is increasing.

In the Philippines, the total Greenhouse Gas emission as of 2012 gets to

about 157.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, garnering 0.33

percent of global Greenhouse Gas emissions.54% percent of Carbon emissions in

the Philippines are from the energy sector, followed by the agriculture (33%),

factories (8%), wastes (7%), and land-use change and forestry sectors (1%) which

contributes to the deteriorating of ecological balance.

The Philippines perceived energy demand to increase by more than 70%

of the current capacity in 2030 according to the World Bank of Us, if no action is

taken, The carbon emission in their region will increase twice multiple.
 35

The Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Modernization Program in the

Philippines plans to be enhanced and improvised, modernized, and

environmentally sustainable transport sector. PUVs will be upgraded to meet

safety, energy efficiency and emission standards. Present PUVs uses combustion

engines that releases CO2.

Properties of Water. Water has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an

oxygen atom. In the process of electrolysis, the two elements are separated due to

an electric current passing through the water. This reaction produces a potential of

-1.23 V. This means that it requires 1.23 volts to split water. After the splitting,

oxygen becomes a free element while the hydrogen, on the other hand, has the

potential of producing electricity.

According to the Florida Solar Energy Center, with the help of a fuel cell,

which is a device that turns the chemical energy into oxygen and hydrogen into

direct current by electrochemical reactions. This is a promising technology since

it produces renewable energy but leaves no carbon footprint.

According to NASA, from an article of Renewable Energy World,

Hydrogen is high in energy but produces no pollution. It is also used by hydrogen

fuel cells in their space operations to power the shuttle’s electrical systems which

produce a clean byproduct – pure water, which is what the crew drinks.

Average Fuel Consumption. The standard of measurement for fuel

economy is mpg or miles per gallon. It is the distance covered by combustion

engine vehicles in 1 gallon. Although the unit varies from Imperial units to British
 36

units in different countries, the units can be converted from mpgUS to mpgIMP and

vice versa. The conversion of 1 mpgUS is equivalent to 0.8327 mpgIMP. While 1

mpgIMP is equivalent to 1.2001 mpgUS.

Combustion engines in the 21st century are much efficient and produce

more wattage per gallon compared to the earlier engines. According to Portney et

al, new passenger cars in the United States had an average fuel economy of 22

mpg in 1982 compared to the average fuel economy of 17 mpg in 1978. There is a

29.4 percent increase in efficiency of combustion engines in 4 years. This has

improved in the year 2008 as stated by Miller et al. in their study, light trucks and

SUVs in the United States has an average fuel economy of 26.4 mpg. There is a

55 percent increase in efficiency of combustion engines of the same type of

vehicle in 30 years. These values vary in a small scale in terms of testing

standards of different countries. According to these statistics, it is safe to assume

that the current average fuel consumption of modern combustion engines is

around 26.4 mpg.

Electrolysis. Electrolysis refers to the use of electric current to stimulate a

non-spontaneous reaction. According to a reliable online encyclopedia, Britannica

Encyclopaedia, electrolysis is a very efficient method in catalyzing compounds

back into its simpler forms or otherwise breaks them into elemental level. In

Electrolysis, there is a solution with an electrolyte added into it with an added

cathode and anode which differ in charges in order to stimulate the flow of ions

necessary to run an otherwise non-spontaneous reaction. Through these gained

 37

knowledge, it can be inferred that there are 4 processes related in electrolysis: 1)

electro-refining, 2) electro-synthesis, and 3) the chloro-alkali process.

In an electrolytic process, as recognized by Libretexts, incorporates the

utilization of electric current to fortify a non-spontaneous response. Electrolysis

was utilized to catalyze substances and return their individual

components/elements. It was said that through this method, scientists were able to

diversify their discovery in elements that where the present-day industry is

benefitting. As it was described by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, in Electrolysis, an electric current is

sent through a container filled with solution mixed with an electrolyte that will

help in adding efficiency in the catalyzing process, from which can be found the

arrangement of several metal plates to fortify the stream of particles fundamental

to run an otherwise non-spontaneous response. These statements clearly don’t

disagree with the first source thus making it a reliable description regarding the

process of electrolysis.

Fuel Cell. Fuel Cells are the devices that make it possible for energy to be

produced from water. According to the Florida Solar Energy Center, the process

is essentially the reverse of the method of splitting water into oxygen and

hydrogen. The key element in the device is the ion exchange membrane which

separates the anode and cathode to avoid mixing the oxidant and fuel and to

provide an ionic conductive path for protons.

 38

It is also stated in the article that fuel cells can turn up to 75 percent of the

energy in the fuel which is highly efficient. Compared to combustion engines, fuel

cells are almost twice as efficient in terms of miles per gallon. Fuel cells are also

capable of storing energy which is beneficial to electric cars since the next

generation of automobiles may soon be electrically powered. The only downside

for fuel cells is that it is currently expensive at around $3,000 - $5,000 compared

to combustion engines at around $50. This will change in the future as more

innovations are created.

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This is an applied/engineering study employing the methods of creation

and testing of output. The proposed output was based on the problem in Lapu-

Lapu City gathered through a simple profile and qualitative approaches. The

proposed prototype Project Hydra-Electricus (Water-Based Electric System as a

Renewable Source of Energy) that measures 25x15x20 inches was based on an

electrical-mechanical design. Materials were based on the design with reference

to a similar prototype. The functionality of the Water-Based Electric System

Prototype will be tested based on indicators of Amount of Energy Produced and

 39

Production Efficiency. The study will use purposive sampling to select samples of

their perception (rating) of the functionality of the Water-Based Electric System

Prototype.

Research Environment

The realization of this study will be conducted in three locations: Science

and Technology Education Center, Industrial Shop and Pajac, Lapu-Lapu City.

Lapu-Lapu City was the chosen location for the needs-based project.

Problems were identified in the area and the top problem was the basis of the

proposed output. Barangay Pajac was also the site for making and production of

the project.

Most materials were bought in the industrial shop located in Poblacion

Mercado, Lapu-Lapu City and an authorized online general merchandise shop for

convenience, although some materials were recycled from the houses of the

researchers.

Research Respondents

The sample respondents from Lapu-Lapu City for the needs-based inquiry

of problems and issues of the community were selected through convenient

sampling. Twenty (20) residents from various Barangays in Lapu-Lapu City were

asked as they already have sufficient knowledge regarding the common problems

in their community.

Another sample respondents from various engineering companies for the

rating of the functionality test of the prototype selected will be selected through
 40

purposive sampling. Ten (10) respondents with sufficient knowledge in machine

operations specifically combustion engines, electrolyzers, compressors, and their

nature will be answering a functionality test rating paper to measure the seven (7)

quality indicators of the prototype: Amount of Energy Produced, Efficiency in

Energy Production, Efficiency in H2 Production, Consistency in Electricity

Generation, Polluting Factors, Safety, and Durability.

Research Instrument and Materials

For the needs-based profiling of the issues in the community, a survey was

conducted containing the following queries: What is the major problem occurring

in your (respondents’) community that requires immediate attention? What do you

think would be the solution to this problem?

The procurement of the stainless steel plates, compressor (13.8V & 30A

Capacity), 500 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles with heat tolerance

of up to 120 degrees Celsius, generator (220V Output), gas tank (200 PSI) and

500 ml containers will be recycled to be used for the project. Plywood will be

used for the base and shape of the prototype, 4 meters of plastic tubes (1/2 in.
 41

diameter) for water transportation and mesh wires will be bought from a local

Industrial Shop at Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City. Some parts such as the adhesive

materials and wires will be acquired from the local shops located at Poblacion,

Lapu-Lapu City.

For the testing of the product, the researchers will utilize home appliances

such as televisions and computers to test the electricity output and consistency as

well as an electric meter tester to accurately and precisely measure the voltage,

wattage, and amperage output of the prototype. The effectiveness of the prototype

will also be tested based on its indicators: Amount of Energy Produced,

Production Efficiency, and Consistency; a functionality rating scale was used in a

series of schedules (10 testing).

Research Procedure

A needs-based profile was accomplished, asking the community of their

common problems through a survey. The survey contained the questions: What is

the major problem occurring in your community that requires immediate

attention? What do you think would be the solution to this problem?

The survey was handed out to 20 residents from various barangays. The

results were then tabulated to identify the top problems their community is facing.

The problems the community is facing were flooding and water shortage.

The researchers formulated a solution to solve the problem faced by the

community. The researcher designed Project Hydra-Electricus (Water-Based

Electric System as a Renewable Source of Energy) to convert distilled water into

hydrogen gas which will be a potential source of renewable electrical energy.

 42

Project Hydra-Electricus was designed to be a water-based electric system.

Its prototype featured a “size of project” base made from plywood. The

electrolysis system parts will then be attached after the construction of the base. A

separate second level compartment was made for the tubing that is connected

from the Electrolyzer to the gas tank and a third-level compartment for the

generator. The whole construction of the project was expected to be finished for 4

days. After the construction, the researcher then wired all the stainless steel plates,

compressor, and generator to complete the prototype. After, the researcher will

install the appliances such as the television and computer to the 220V output of

the generator.

To test the functionality of the prototype, it will be tested based on the

following criteria: the amount of energy produced and production efficiency and

consistency. 20 respondents with knowledge of machine operations tested the

prototype and rated the functionality of the project using a validated researcher-

made instrument consistency as well as an electric meter tester to accurately and

precisely measure the voltage, wattage, and amperage output of the prototype.

Research Schedule

Within three months, the researchers were expected to follow the

following timeline:

1. The researchers collected data about the prevalent problems in the community.

(DATE, 2018)
 43

2. The researchers formulated a project that would solve one of the main problems

found in the community. (DATE, 2018)

3. The initial project Hydra-Electricus was presented to the research adviser Dr.

Bryant Acar for approval. (DATE, 2018)

4. The statement of the problem, assumptions, and scope and limitations of the

study were formulated. (DATE, 2018)

5. The researchers collected related literature. (DATE, 2018)

6. The researchers formulated the project design, environment, participants,

instruments and procedures. (DATE, 2018)

7. The researchers canvassed for the materials needed in the project. (DATE,

2018)

8. The research bought the necessary materials for the project. (DATE, 2018)

9. The researchers built the prototype of Project Hydra-Electricus (DATE, 2018)

10. The researchers looked for experts in the engineering field to test the project.

(DATE, 2018)

11. Data from the expert’s testing were treated. (DATE, 2018)

12. Finalization of papers and display board. (DATE, 2018)

Statistical Tool

The researchers used the following for the treatment of data:

 44

Simple Percentage was used to present the data on the problems in the

community.

Performance/functionality profile was used for the test results of the project

based on the indicators of functions: the amount of energy produced, production

efficiency, and consistency.

Weighted Mean was used to present the ratings of the functionality of the

project.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I-A. The Operation Design – Block Diagram

The operation design of the proposed prototype Project Hydra – Electricus

will be using water as a primary source of fuel, an electrolyzer that will catalyze

water into oxygen and hydrogen, a storage for the Hydrogen gas, a generator to

convert the hydrogen gas into mechanical energy through the combustion engine,

then to electrical energy wherein it’s corresponding byproduct would be water

vapor. And in order to continue the cycle, the electricity from the Generator will

be connected to a Car battery charger to the electrolyzer, while the excess

electrical energy will be connected to an appliance.

 45

I-B. The Operation Design – Electrolysis

The researchers were able to gather resources from the previous researches

regarding the construction and operation of the electrolyzer. The methods were

compiled and modified to fit the use of the electrolyzer in catalyzing water as well

as storing the hydrogen gas. Extensive revision and analysis were done in order to

achieve the expected mechanism. Figure 2.1.2 and 2.1.3 shows the mechanism of

the electrolyzer as well as the storage.

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of Project Hydra

- Electricus

Figure 2.1.2 Water Electrolysis

Mechanism Flow Chart

Figure1.2 Hydrogen Gas Conversion

Mechanism Flow Chart
 46

Figure1.3 Hydrogen Gas Conversion

Mechanism Flow Chart

I-C. Theoretical Consumption of Generator

It is important to consider the theoretical fuel consumption of the

generator in order to estimate how much hydrogen gas must be produced.

Through an online calculator from Online Fuel Consumption Calculator, there is a

theoretical fuel consumption of 0.0676 gallons ~ 0.1 gal/hr. This when figures

when converted to liters is 3.79 liters ~ 4.00 liters/hr. With the said figure, it is

therefore possible to have an actual excess liters of Hydrogen gas with 20Ah

current used to produce it. The fuel consumption calculator used approximates the

fuel consumption of a diesel generator based on its size and operating load. Please

note that these results are intended to be used to estimate how much fuel a
 47

generator uses during operation and are not exact metrics due to various factors

that can affect the amount of fuel consumed.

I-D. Current Needed to Supply Generator

An electric current will be forced through a hyper-conductive dilute of

water and electrolyte sodium hydroxide solution. The number of moles of

electrons will be determined by measuring the amount of current run through the

sample during a known time interval. The volume of the hydrogen gas collected at

the cathode and the mass of the Oxygen lost at the anode will each be measured

and used to calculate the moles of product formed. Each of these quantities will

be compared to the result expected based on the number of moles of electrons.

Solution 1.1 Amps needed to produce 1 L

H2
 48

I-E. Theoretical Yield of Electrolyzer

An electric current will be forced through a hyper-conductive dilute of

water and electrolyte sodium hydroxide solution. The number of moles of

electrons will be determined by measuring the amount of current run through the

sample during a known time interval. The volume of the hydrogen gas collected at

the cathode and the mass of the Oxygen lost at the anode will each be measured

and used to calculate the moles of product formed. Each of these quantities will

be compared to the result expected based on the number of moles of electrons.

Solution 1.2 Theoretical Yield of Hydrogen Gas

Calculations
 49

These calculations show that the researchers will utilize 240 watts of

power for the electrolyzer with 20 Amps of current. It is evident that with this

amount of power applied, there will be an expected theoretical yield of 8.36 liters

of hydrogen gas per hour.

It is evident that in the electrolytic process, there are two compounds

formed. The first one is the hydrogen gas, whose theoretical yield was shown in

Figure 2.1.4, and the second one is Hydrogen monoxide (OH -). Computing the

theoretical yield of Hydrogen monoxide will help the researchers to find out how

much water will be consumed in order to achieve the desired wattage per hour.

II. Materials and Methods

The researcher will use the following materials:

 Acrylic casing  Stainless steel rods 304l –

grade
 Reservoir

 Generator (950 watts)

 Bubbler container

 Copper wire with insulator

 Plastic tubes

 Extension wire
 Stainless steel plate 304l –

grade  Car battery charger

 50

 Metal nuts  Water

 Storage  Valve

 ½ one-way gas valve  Caustic Soda (NaOH)

 Teflon tape  Super Glue

 Electrical tape  Epoxy

 Caustic soda

The researcher obtained the materials needed from Gun-ob Glass and

Bolts, Nuts and Screws in Barangay Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, from Novo

and Lapu-Lapu City Hardware in Poblacion Lapu-Lapu City, from Cebu

Home Builders and Hardware and from the house of the researcher,

located at Pajac, Lapu-Lapu City, recycled materials were obtained and

used for the project.

 51

Acrylic Panel (8 mm)

The rigid quality and clear property of Acrylic Panel is suitable be
the structural wall of the electrolyzer. Because it is clear, it is easy enough
to see inside and observe the process of the electrolysis.

Reservoir
The reservoir serves as the input and basin of the mixture of water and caustic
soda which will then be transported to the electrolysis.

Bubbler
 52

The bubbler serves as the next stage of the separated hydrogen

after the process of electrolysis. To keep the by product (hydrogen) from
going back to the electrolysis chamber, the bubbler is filled with water
which seals the exit of the electrolysis and prevents hydrogen from
coming back.

½ in. diameter Clear Hose; 8mm clear hose

The clear hose serves as the bridge from the electrolysis machine
to the bubbler, then to the hydrogen container, then to the generator.
 53

304L Stainless Steel Plate

The Stainless Steel serves as the metal that will react with the
mixture of water and caustic soda to undergo electrolysis.

304L Stainless Steel Rod

The Stainless Steel serves as the metal that will react with the
mixture of water and caustic soda to undergo electrolysis as well as hold
the stainless steel plates in place.

Gasoline Generator
The Gasoline Generator serves as the producer of energy by using
hydrogen as fuel.
 54

Extension Wire
Serves as the outlet in order to power two devices.

Car Battery Charger

Serves as the power source of the electrolysis machine since it
produces direct current.
 55

8 mm Nuts
Serves as the divider of the stainless steel plates to create a gap and
increase the surface area.

Electrical Wire
Serves as the bridge for electricity to travel across different
machines.
 56

Electrical Tape
Serves as the main adhesive tape in the study.

Hydrogen Storage 1 & 2

Can contain 500g of Hydrogen. Serves as the storage for hydrogen.
 57

½ in. Valve
Serves as the switch to let hydrogen pass through.
 58

Teflon Tape
Serves as the sealant for the valve to prevent any water leakage.

Caustic Soda (NaOH)

 59

The substance that will be mixed with water to make it highly conductive.

Super Glue and Epoxy

Super glue and epoxy Serves as the adhesive in making the
electrolysis structure strong and durable.

III. Quality Control, Results and Discussions

Efficiency in Electrolysis

Efficiency in Electrolysis

Time H2 O2 Rate of H2 Rate of O2

Test
(Minutes) (Liters) (Liters) Production Production

1 60.0 7.60 3.80 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min

2 60.0 8.24 4.22 0.14 L/min 0.07 L/min
4 60.0 6.25 3.22 0.10 L/min 0.05 L/min
5 60.0 7.35 3.67 0.12 L/min 0.06 L/min
6 60.0 7.48 3.74 0.12 L/min 0.06 L/min
7 60.0 7.49 3.74 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min
8 60.0 8.00 4.00 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min
 60

9 60.0 7.49 3.74 0.13 L/min 0.06 L/min

10 60.0 7.23 3.61 0.12 L/min 0.06 L/min
Average Rate 0.11 L/min 0.06 L/min

Figure 3.1 Electrolysis Efficiency Average Rate

Table 3.1 presents the rating for electrolysis efficiency. This area is

rated by the 10 selected experts who have knowledge about electricity and

gasses. The grand mean is test number 2 which is interpreted as having an

excellent quality. The students acknowledged the efficiency of the

drainage system as it could control and collect water.

The highest rated item is: “The electrolyzer is very efficient

and in fact produces excess hydrogen gas which can be used to further

power the appliances,” with an average rate of 0.14 g/min interpreted as

Excellent Quality. The lowest rated item is on trial number 4, where the

expert said, “There is one time when the electrolyzer wasn’t consistent in

producing Hydrogen gas, although it was still able to produce enough for

the generator to function,” with a weighted mean of 0.10 g/min, which is

interpreted as Good. This means that the current applied must be closely

monitored in order to assure the efficiency in electrolysis.

According to Zhang, in alkaline water electrolysis the component

voltage and current of the apparatus is established and links all the

resistances, which can affect the production of gas bubbles on the

electrode surface.
 61

Power Output
Power Output
Volta
Voltage Power Current Power
Test ge
(AC) (W) (A) (W)
(DC)
1 220 950 12 8.30 99.6
2 220 950 12 10.0 120
3 220 950 12 9.77 117.24
4 220 950 12 9.45 113
5 220 950 12 8.40 101
6 220 950 12 9.00 108
7 220 950 12 9.10 109
8 220 950 12 9.35 112
9 220 950 12 9.25 111
10 220 950 12 9.54 114
Mean 220 950 12 9.01 108

Figure 3.2 Power Output Capability of Hydrogen Gas as Fuel

Table 3.2 presents the rating for electrolysis efficiency. This area is

rated by the 10 selected experts who have knowledge about electricity and

gasses. The grand mean for the output voltage for Alternating Current

(AC) is consistently 220 volts with 950 watts full load available for the

appliances. While the Direct Current (DC) voltage was able to consistently

produce an output current of 12 volts with grand mean of 9.01 current.

This gives us a power of 108 watts per hour.

Among the ten (10) tests done, test no. 2 shown the most efficient

production of power with a maximum 950 watts of power produced for

 62

Alternating Current (AC) and 120 watts of power produced for Direct Current

(DC), while test no. 5 displayed the least wattage output for Direct Current with

101 watts and still a consistent 950 watts for alternating current. This gives the

researchers the idea that the production of alternating current at 220 volts is very

consistent. At the same time, the recent findings suggests that the inconsistent

direct current amperage output must give the consumers the idea that they have to

monitor the output.

Smoke Waste Rating

Test Visibility Odor Interpretation

1 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

2 Light Visible Light Odor Good Quality

3 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

4 Light Visible Light Odor Good Quality

5 Not Visible Light Odor Excellent Quality

6 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

7 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

8 Light Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

9 Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

10 Light Visible Light Odor Good Quality

Mean Not Visible No Odor Excellent Quality

Legend for Description Interpretation

Odor
 63

2.0 – 1.75 Heavy Odor Low Quality

1.76 – 2.50 Moderate Odor Moderate Quality

2.51 – 3.25 Light Odor Good Quality

3.26 – 4.0 No Odor Excellent Quality

Legend for Description Interpretation

Visibility

2.0 – 1.75 Heavy Dark Smoke Low Quality

1.76 – 2.50 Moderately Dark Smoke Moderate Quality

2.51 – 3.25 Light Smoke Good Quality

3.26 – 4.0 Not Visible Excellent Quality

Table 3.2 presents the emergent characteristics of the by-products

excreted after the combustion of hydrogen gas. The highest rated test item

no. is 1, 3, 6, 7, and 9. These test items show that the prototype is very

excellent in managing health and environmentally hazardous by-products

after five (5) visibility and odor testing. The lowest rated test item no. on

the other hand is items 2, 4, and 10 marked with good quality. This quality

control finding gives the researchers the idea that the inconsistent light

odor and smoke must have come from the lubrication used for the
 64

generator which is a 2T – Grade Oil. This type of oil has carbon and when

heated may cause some carbon dioxide as a by-product. Although, this by-

product is just minimal compared to the regular gasoline since, the 2T Oil

combustion isn’t consistent too.

According to Szwaja, in a study conducted about hydrogen

combustion in a compression ignition diesel engine, results showed that in

a hydrogen fueled diesel engine there is an absence of smoke emissions

and thus can produce a higher power than ordinary diesel engines.

According to Miyamoto, hydrogen combustion does not generate CO2 and

smoke because of the absence of carbon.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
 65

The functionality of Project Hydra-Electricus, based on research, used

electrolyzer, improvised gas containers, 304L grade stainless steel plates and rods,

caustic soda (NaOH/Sodium hydroxide) as electrolyte and car battery charger in

order to produce enough hydrogen gas for fuel. Project Hydra-Electricus also used

a 950-watt generator, tubes, one-way valve, 2T grade oil and clamps in order to

generate electricity with water and oxygen as by-product.

The operation of the set-up is based on the real-time readings of the

hydrogen and oxygen gas produced that helped in determining how efficient and

the feasibility for it to run the generator, as such the function of this prototype is

to give awareness that it is far from impossible to produce electricity from

renewable energy while benefitting from its nature-friendly by-products.

The project design of project-hydra Electricus was proven effective as

there is no evident leakage of hydrogen gas nor are there any contaminant as

byproduct. Instead, the test show that the prototype has water vapor as well as

oxygen gas as byproducts which poses no threat to our nature.

Recommendations
 66

1. It is recommended that the future researchers make a detachable bottom on the

electrolyzer for an easier way of cleaning it from its deposits.

2. It is also recommended that they look for a four-stroke generator to eliminate

the need for them to apply oil as a lubricant during the combustion. It is also

essential for the generator that they will use to have a greater wattage in order to

accommodate larger appliances or electronics

3. We also recommend that they will create a more compact setup of the project

for easier transport and installation in households or wherever.

4. The researchers also recommend that the future researchers try to utilize other

kinds of impure waters such as rainwater, soiled water, and seawater.

5. The researchers would like to remind the future innovators related to this study

to always be careful in handling flame near the prototype as hydrogen is highly

flammable and it can cause great physical and material damages if not handled

with precautions.

6. The researchers would also like to recommend the future researchers who plan

to continue this study, to use more precise instruments in pursuing this study in

order to have more accurate data readings.

7. Lastly, it is recommended that future researchers create a cooling system for

the set up to lengthen and increase its durability from heat caused by combustion

in the generator or the current between the steel plates.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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The success of the project would not be possible without the help of those

who have been with us from the start. To our ever loving God who has given me

the guidance, knowledge and wisdom so that the road to excellence would be

possible; for always being there when we need somebody to lean on at times

when our hope and determination is fading.

I offer huge thanks to Science and Technology Education Center, my very

own school, for instilling in me the values that have made me who I am today.

The institution helped me to develop and nurture potentials that I have discovered

before and while doing this study.

To Sir Bryant Acar, my Research teacher, for being so patient and helpful

when we need answers to our questions and for fueling my drive as a researcher

by setting an example not only in his efforts as a teacher but as a holistic

individual. I aim to emulate his perseverance, knowledge and brilliance in his

field to the different aspects of my life.

To my supportive family, for giving me the things I need, physically,

mentally and spiritually. Thank you for being my inspiration to continue and

reach the success I wanted.

I also like to express my gratitude towards my Research mates, for giving

their best and hard work in helping me finish this study; for sharing their

knowledge for the best of this study and for being my comfort buddies when

times get tough.

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APPENDICES

Documentation

Canvassing and selection of stainless steel.

Metalwork and cutting of stainless steel.

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Assembly and drilling of holes for the Electrolyzer

Labor and quality work was monitored by the researchers as the electrolyzer was being
assembled.
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Drilling of smaller holes that will hold the stainless steel plates.

Alignment of stainless steel plates in the electrolyzer.

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Finished product of the electrolyzer.

Testing of the generator with the electrolyzer.