Practical work book

Name : Sanskar Koserwal

Roll No: 202211077

Branch: Computer Science and Engineering

Batch : 2022

Subject : PH160

Session : 2022-23
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Sanskar Koserwal of Btech of

semester 1 .Enrollment Number 202211077
Branch Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
has been found satisfactory in the continuous
internal evaluation of laboratory , practical and
term work in the subject PH160 for the
academic year 2022-23.

Date : Sign
of Faculty
AIM:
 
 To understand the phenomenon Photoelectric effect as a whole.
 To draw kinetic energy of photoelectrons as a function of frequency of
incident radiation.
 To determine the Planck's constant from kinetic energy versus frequency
graph.
 To plot a graph connecting photocurrent and applied potential.
 To determine the stopping potential from the photocurrent versus applied
potential graph.

Theory:
 
During his experiments on electromagnetic radiation (to demonstrate light consists of
e-m waves), Hertz noticed a spark between the two metallic balls when a high
frequency radiation incident on it. This is called photoelectric effect. Photoelectric
effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiations having sufficient
frequency incident on certain metal surfaces. We call the emitted electrons as
photoelectrons and the current they constitute as photocurrent. The phenomenon was
first observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1880 and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905
using Max Planck's quantum theory of light. As the first experiment which
demonstrated the quantum theory of energy levels, photoelectric effect experiment
is of great historical importance.

 
It has been observed that there must be a minimum energy needed for electrons to
escape from a particular metal surface and is called work function 'W' for that
metal. The work function can be expressed in terms of frequency as,
 
                  
 Where h is the Planck's constant and
  is the threshold frequency (minimum frequency for photoelectric effect).        
The work function for some metals are listed in the table.                                               
                                
   
  
 
 According to Einstein the Photoelectric effect should obey the equation,
                                  
 
From the above expression,

                                             
Which says the graph connecting the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
'KEmax' and frequency of incident radiation' 'will be a straight line with slope and
Y-intercept  = workfunction.
 Observations:
For sodium:
work function= 2.3 eV
Area of plate: 0.1 cm2
Sr.No Intensity Voltage Wavelength Frequency Kinetic
(w/m2) (V) (nm) (Hz) energy
(eV)
(K.E = hυ-ϕ)
1 10 0 100 3×1015 17.59×10-19J
=10.99 eV

2 10 0 200 1.5×1015 7.645×10-19J

=4.77 eV

3 10 0 300 1.0×1015 4.33×10-19J

=2.70 eV

4 10 0 400 0.75×1015 2.67×10-19J

=1.66 eV

5 10 0 500 0.60×1015 1.67×10-19J

=1.0 eV

6 10 0 500 0.39×1015 0J =0eV

K.E(eV)

υ ×1015
 For finding h(Plank’s constant):

K.E = hυ-ϕ
In above equation h is slope.
So for finding value of h ,we have to find slope of graph.
For this we take two points:
 (1.5 ×1015, 4.77 eV)=( 1.5 ×1015 , 7.632×10-19 J)
 (1.0×1015 , 2.7 eV)=(1.0 ×1015,4.32×10-19 J)

(y2- y1 =3.312×10-19 J)

(x2 – x1=0.5×1015 Hz )

Slope = h = (y2- y1)/ (x2 – x1)

= (3.312×10-19)/ (0.5×1015)

= 6.624 ×10-34 Js
  To plot a graph connecting photocurrent and applied potential

Observation :

Sr.No Intensity Voltage Wavelength Applied Photocurrent

(w/m2) (V) (nm) potential (µA)
(V)
1 10 0 100 -10.0 0.14

2 10 0 100 -8.0 2.14

3 10 0 100 -6.0 4.14

4 10 0 100 -4.0 6.14

5 10 0 100 -2 8.14

6 10 0 100 0 10.14

I(µA)

V(V)
  For finding stopping potential:

Stopping potential is a minimum negative potential at which photocurrent will

be zero because at this negative potential , kinetic energy of fastest electrons is
zero.

So from graph stopping potential is -10V because at -10V photocurrent is

zero.

Stopping potential = -10V

Conclusions:

In this experiment we learnt about whole photoelectric effect.

For sodium, on increasing frequency kinetic energy linearly increasing .
From this graph we find satisfactory value of h that is 6.624 ×10-34 Js.

From the graph of connecting photocurrent and applied potential,

we find that on decreasing applied voltage photocurrent also decreases linearly.
And there is a point at which photocurrent is zero that is known as stopping
potential and its value is -10V.