RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01

UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

3. Ensure that the topic is

Lesson 1: manageable, and that material is
Creating & Choosing a Topic available
- Time period
Research Topic vs Research Title - Location
Research Topic - Category
- A specific subject or area of a - Issue
discipline to be investigated by the 4. Be flexible
researcher - Modify
Research Title - Revise
- A concise statement of the main - Length & depth
topic that summarizes the main - Due dates
idea of the paper 5. Formulate a thesis statement
- Short, descriptive, to the point, - Answer to your research
makes clear sense question
- Contains key variable - A way to clearly state the
- Relates to the topic and discipline purpose of your research
- Attracts attention and interest
Examples of How to Choose/Create a
Steps in Choosing a Research Topic
Topic
1. Brainstorm for ideas
● Think of an interesting general
- Share prior knowledge
topic on HUMSS
- Interests
- Writing keywords/concepts ● Search for existing study about
your topic
2. Choose a topic that will enable you
to read and understand related ● Narrow it down by generating
literature specific ideas (Location,
- Read related sources Population, Category, Timeframe,
- Find commonly used words and Issue)

General Idea —> What I find

interesting —> Tentative & narrow
topic

Azalea A.┃1
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

Research Questions Hypothesis & Variables

- A good research question guides
Hypothesis
your research paper, pinpoints
- Prediction of what the study will
exactly what you want to find out,
find an empirical statement
and gives your work a clear
- Testable through research findings
purpose and focus
- Specifies what we want to find out Variables
- Components of the study that are
Developing Research Questions
manipulated/examined and watch
1. Choose a broad topic for outcomes

2. Do some preliminary readings Dependent variable - relies on the

about the topic IV to occur

3. Narrow down to a specific area Independent variable -

manipulated to influence DV
4. Identify a research problem

5. Write your research questions Lesson 2:

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Checklist of a Good Research
Question 1. Background of the Study

✅ Focused - Includes the purpose and

reason behind the conduct
✅ Researchable of the study

✅ Feasible
- “What made you conduct the
study?”

✅ Specific - Serves as the introduction to

the research paper
✅ Complex - Gives an overview of the

✅ Relevant to your field and

study to inform the reader
the rationale and the
society essence of the work

a. Inverted Pyramid Structure

- A deductive writing method
that puts the general &

Azalea A.┃2
RESEARCH 1
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester
essential information first,
and then followed by further
detail
- General to specific
(1) Contextualizing
- putting the problem
into context
(2) Conceptualizing
- pointing out the gap
in knowledge
(3) Resolving - question, and hypothesis use
addressing the
problem
2. Statement of the Problem &
Research Question
- The main problem and
questions that the research
is trying to solve
- Determines every step that
follows: the study design, the
sampling strategy, the
research instrument, and
the type of analysis that can
be undertaken
3. Research Problem/Questions
- Research problem is clearly,
precisely articulated
- Clearly states the variables,
population, and research
setting under study
- Variables are expressed in
measurable terms
11 HUMSS-01
2nd Quarter
- The type of study also may
be included in the statement
of the research problem
4. Research Hypothesis
- A declarative statement of
how you expect the research
to turn out; the basis of the
investigation
- It is good practice to ensure
that your research topic,
research problem, research
consistent language
regarding variables and any
anticipated outcomes
5. Objectives of the study
- Outlines the overall purpose
of the study
- Should be closely
related/aligned to the
research problem
- S M A R T (Specific,
Measurable, Attainable,
Realistic, and Time-bounded)
6. Significance of the study
- “Why conduct the study?”
- Identifies who will benefit
from the research and how
the study will benefit them
- This will state the
contribution of your study
and the usefulness of your
study in the society
Azalea A.┃3
RESEARCH 1
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester
7. Scope, Limitations, & Delimitations
- Determines the coverage of
the study
- Identifies all the things
(variables, subjects, other
factors or nuances) that will
not be covered to be clear
and specific
Limitations - conditions
beyond the control of the
researcher
Delimitations - conditions
that the researcher
purposely controlled
8. Definition of Terms
- Referred as working
definitions or operational
definitions
- Definition of concepts that
used in the study
Lesson 3:
Chapter 3 - Methodology
Writing the Methodology: Research
Designs and Data Collection
Population
- The entire group that you want to
draw conclusions about
- Can be defined in terms of
geographical, location, age,
income, etc.
11 HUMSS-01
2nd Quarter
Sample
- The specific group of individuals
that you will collect data from
Sampling Frame
- The actual list of individuals that
the sample will be drawn from.
- It should include the entire target
population (and nobody who is not
part of that population
Sample Size
- The number of individuals in your
sample depends on the size of the
population, and on how precisely
you want the results to represent
the population as a whole
- In general, the larger the sample
size, the more accurately and
confidently you can make
inferences about the whole
population
Probability Sampling Methods
(Quantitative)
- Every member of the population
has a chance of being selected
- If you want to produce results that
are representative of the whole
population, you need to use
probability sampling technique
1. Simple Random Sampling
- Every member of the
population has an equal
chance of being selected.
Azalea A.┃4
RESEARCH 1
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester
- Your sampling frame should
include the whole population
2. Systematic Sampling
- Every member of the
population is listed with a
number, but instead of
randomly generating
numbers, individuals are
chosen at regular intervals.
3. Stratified Sampling
- A method of sampling that
involves division of a
population to smaller groups
(subpopulation)
4. Cluster Sampling
- Also involves dividing the
population into subgroups,
but each subgroup should
have similar characteristics
to the whole sample.
- Instead of sampling
individuals from each group,
you randomly select entire
subgroups.
Non-Probability Sampling Methods
(Qualitative)
- Individuals are selected based on
non-random criteria, and not every
individual has a chance of being
selected.
- This type of sample is easier and
cheaper to access, but it has a
11 HUMSS-01
2nd Quarter
higher risk of sampling bias, and
you can’t use it to make valid
statistical inferences about the
whole population.
- Non-probability sampling
techniques are often appropriate
for explanatory and qualitative
research.
1. Convenience Sampling
- Simply includes the
individuals who happen to be
the most accessible to the
researcher.
2. Voluntary Response Sampling
- Also mainly based on ease of
access.
- Instead of the researcher
choosing participants and
directly contacting them,
people volunteer themselves
(e.g. by responding to a
public online survey).
3. Purposive Sampling
- The researchers use their
judgment to select a sample
that is most useful to the
purposes of the research.
- Often used when the
researcher wants to gain
detailed knowledge about a
specific phenomenon rather
than make statistical
inferences.
Azalea A.┃5
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

4. Snowball Sampling and records the

- If the population is hard to
access, this can be used to
recruit participants via
other participants.
- The number of people you
have access to “snowballs”
as you get in contact with
more people.
Instruments and Tools
● Instruments
➔ Survey
- A research method
used to collect
information
describing conditions,
events, opinions,
people, organizations,
etc by asking people
- Involves the collection
of information from a
large group of people,
for the purpose of
inferring conclusions
about a population
from which the group
was selected
➔ Interviews
- The researcher asks a
set of questions by
phone or in person
responses
- A useful method for
smaller sample sizes
- Can gather more
in-depth information
on people’s opinions
and preferences
- There is personal
contact with
respondents, so you
know exactly who will
be included in the
sample in advance.
You can clarify
questions and ask for
follow-up questions.
1. Structured
2. Semi-structured
3. Unstructured
➔ Archival data
➔ Focused Group Discussion
➔ Questionnaire
- A list of questions
distributed by mail,
online, or in person,
and respondents fill it
out themselves
1. Open-ended Questions
- Best for qualitative
research as it has no
predetermined

Azalea A.┃6
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

answers to choose patterns, trends, and

from and the correlations
respondent answers
The Content of the Survey
in their own words
Questions
instead
- Most common in ● To ensure the validity and
interviews and also in reliability of your results,
questionnaires you need to carefully
- Often useful as a consider each question in
follow-up question to the survey. All questions
ask for more detailed should be narrowly focused
explanations of with enough context for the
responses to the respondent to answer
closed questions accurately. Avoid questions
that are not directly relevant
2. Closed-ended
to the survey’s purpose.
Questions
- Give the respondent a ● When constructing
predetermined set of close-ended questions,
answers to choose ensure that the options
from cover all possibilities. If you
- It can include a binary include a list of options that
answer (yes/no, isn’t exhaustive, you can add
agree/disagree) or a an “other” field.
scale (likert scale with
five points ranging Phrasing the Survey Questions
from strongly agree to
● In terms of language, the
strongly disagree)
survey questions should be
- Best for quantitative
as clear and precise as
research as it
possible. Tailor the
provides you with
questions to your target
numerical data that
population, keeping in mind
can be statistically
their level of knowledge of
analyzed to find
the topic

Azalea A.┃7
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

● Use language that ➔ Letter of Intent

respondents will easily
➔ Letters to conduct survey
understand and avoid words
and interviews
with vague or ambiguous
meanings. Make sure your Principles in Writing a Research
questions are phrased Methodology
neutrally, with no bias
towards one answer or ● The methodology section should be
another written in the past tense

➔ Content Analysis ● Discuss the methods you used in

conducting your research. Explain
➔ Observation
what you did and how you did it to
1. Covert allow readers to evaluate the
- the subject/s reliability and validity of the
are not aware research. It should include:
they are being
➔ The type of research you did
observed
➔ How you collected the data
2. Overt
- the subject/s ➔ How you analyzed your data
are aware they
➔ Any tools or materials you
are being
used in the research
observed
➔ Participation ➔ Your rationale for choosing
these methods
● Tools
● Explain your methodological
➔ Voice Recorder
approach
➔ Video Recorder - What research problem or
question did you
➔ Google Forms
investigate? Did you aim to
➔ Email Addresses systematically describe the
characteristics of
➔ Pens, Paper, Highlighter, something, to explore an
Printer

Azalea A.┃8
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

under-researched topic, or ➔ Qualitative Methods

to establish a - Since methods are
cause-and-effect often more flexible
relationship? And what type and subjective, it is
of data did you need to important to reflect on
achieve this aim? the approach you took
- Is it qualitative or and explain the
quantitative? choices you made
- Discuss the criteria
● Describe your methods of data
you used to select
collection
participants or
➔ Quantitative Methods sources, the context
- For valid generalizable in which the research
results, you should was conducted, and
describe your the role you played in
methods in enough collecting the data
detail for another (e.g. were you an
researcher to active participant or a
replicate your study passive observer?)
- Explain how you
1. Interviews/Focus Group
operationalized
Discussions
concepts and
- Describe where,
measured your
when, and how the
variables; your
interview were
sampling method, or
conducted
inclusion/exclusion
- How did you find and
criteria; and any tools,
select participants?
procedures, and
- How many people took
materials you used to
part?
gather data
- What form did the
- Surveys, experiments,
interviews take
or existing data
(structured,
semi-structured,
unstructured)

Azalea A.┃9
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

- How long were the - What type of materials

interviews and how did you analyze
were they recorded? - How did you collect
and select them
2. Participant Observation
- Describe where, ● Describe your method of analysis
when, and how you - How you processed and
conducted the analyzed your data
observation or ➢ In quantitative
ethnography studies, describe the
- What group or data preparation,
community did you software used, and
observe and how did statistical methods
you gain access to applied
them? ➢ In qualitative studies,
- How long did you describe your analysis
spend conducting the (based on language,
research and where images, and
was it located? interpretation). How
- What role did you play you categorized
in the community? responses/data to
- How did you record identify themes and
your data (e.g. patterns
audiovisual
● Always evaluate and justify your
recordings,
methodological choices (data
note-taking)?
gathering procedures and
3. Existing Data analysis):
- Explain how you ➢ Why are these chosen
selected case study methods the most
materials (such as appropriate for your study?
texts or images) for
the focus of your
analysis

Azalea A.┃10
RESEARCH 1
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester
Lesson 4: Chapter 4 -
Results and Discussion
Results
● Where you report your main
findings of your research
● You can begin writing it once
you’ve finished collecting and
analyzing your data
● All relevant results should be
reported concisely and objectively
in a logical order. You may use
tables and graphs to illustrate
specific findings
● Don’t include subjective
interpretations of why you found
these results or what they mean —
your evaluation should be saved
for the discussion
● You can present it in a tabular
form. The use of tables with the
use of respective columns and
headings would summarize and
clearly present what you want to
emphasize in your research
● Explain the analysis in pure
unbiased description through a
paragraph in textual form
➔ Don’t interpret all data in the
table in textual form (only
11 HUMSS-01
2nd Quarter
the highest, second, and
lowest value)
➔ Synthesize this information
with your citations and
references from your
chapter 2
● If you’re doing empirical research,
it’s important to report the results
of your study first before you start
discussing their meaning. This
gives the reader a clear idea of
exactly what you found and keeps
the data itself separate from your
research
● You might also not include a
separate results chapter
depending on your field. In some
types of qualitative research, such
as ethnography, the results are
often woven together with the
discussion
● The results should be written in the
past tense. The length of this
chapter depends on how much
data you collected and analyzed,
but it should be written as
concisely as possible. Only include
results that are relevant to
answering your research
questions
Azalea A.┃11
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

Results of Quantitative Research question or whether the

hypothesis was supported
● Usually deals with statistical
results ● There are specific rules for writing
numbers in APA style
● Reports descriptive statistics to
describe things like averages, ● Make sure to include all relevant
proportions, and the variability of results, both positive and negative
your data
1. Include results that didn’t fit
● Reports the results of any with your expectations and
statistical test you used to assumptions
compare groups or assess
2. Do not speculate on their
relationships between variables,
meaning or consequences —
stating whether or not your
this should be saved for the
hypotheses were supported
discussion and conclusion
● The most logical way to structure
● You shouldn’t present raw data in
quantitative results is to frame
your results chapter, but you may
them around your research
include it in an appendix so that
questions or hypothesis. For each
readers can check your results for
question or hypothesis, present:
themselves
1. A reminder of the type of
Tables and Figures
analysis you used. A more
detailed description of your ● In qualitative research, it’s helpful
analysis should go in your to include visual elements such as
methodology section graphs, charts, and tables, but only
if they accurately reflect your
2. A concise summary of each
results and add value for the
result, including relevant
reader
descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics 1. Tables are used to
communicate exact values,
3. A brief statement of how the
giving a concise overview of
results relates to the
various results

Azalea A.┃12
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

2. Graphs and charts are used Results vs Discussion vs Conclusions

to visualize trends and
relationships, giving an Results Discussion Conclusion
at-a-glance illustration of
Should Subjective
key findings
objectively and You
● You must refer to all tables and report the interpretive synthesize
findings, words like your
figures in the text, but don’t repeat
presenting “appears”, interpretati
information. The text should only brief “suggests”, on of the
summarize or elaborate on observatio or “implies” results into
specific aspects of your tables and ns in are more an overall
figures, not just re-state the same relation to suitable for answer to
numbers that you’ve already each the your main
presented question, discussion research
hypothesis section question
● Give your tables and figures clear, or theme.
descriptive titles and labels so the
You will
reader can easily understand what interpret
is being shown Should not the results Sometimes
give an in detail, integrated
Results of Qualitative Research overall draw out into the
answer to their discussion,
● The results might not all be directly the main implications but it is
related to specific hypotheses. You research , and delve often a
can structure your results section question or into the separate
around key themes or topics that speculate meaning, chapter at
emerged from your analysis of the on the importance, the very
data meaning of and end
the results relevance
● For each theme, make general of the
observations about what the data results
showed.

● Further information can be

included in an appendix

Azalea A.┃13
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

Checklist: Research Results ● You can start by restating your

research problem and
1. You have completed your data summarizing your main findings
collection and analyzed results
● Show your interpretations and
2. Only results that are relevant to how they answer your research
your research aims and questions problems
are included
➔ Different approaches:
3. All tables and figures are correctly
labeled and referred in the text a. Show or identify
correlations, patterns,
4. The results are supported in using and relationships
tables, figures, or quotes among data
5. If hypothesis have been b. Discuss whether the
formulated, they are confirmed or results supported
rejected your hypothesis or
6. No information from other studies met your expectations
has been presented as your ➔ Discuss the implications
research results
a. Do the results agree
7. There is no interpretation or with prior research?
speculation in the meaning of
results b. Are the findings
different from other
studies?
Discussion c. Do the results support
or challenge existing
● This section should explain and
theories?
evaluate the findings, show how it
relates to the literature review and d. Are there any
research problems, and make an practical
argument to support your implications?
conclusion

Azalea A.┃14
RESEARCH 1 11 HUMSS-01
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester 2nd Quarter

➔ Acknowledge the limitations ✅ The contributions of the

research have been clearly
a. Limitations may be
examined

✅ No new data or arguments have

due to overall
research design,
methods, samples, been introduced
obstacles
How to Write a Research Conclusion
b. You can still identify
why your results are ● The conclusion is the very last part
valid in addressing the of your thesis or dissertation. It’s
research questions main purpose is to:

1. Clearly state the answer to

the main research question
Lesson 5: Chapter 5 - 2. Summarize and reflect on
Summary, Conclusion, and the research
Recommendation
3. Make recommendations for
Checklist: future work on the topic

✅ The main research question has 4. Show what new knowledge

you have contributed
been concisely answered

✅ The overall argument has been ● The conclusion should be concise

and engaging. It aims to leave the
summarized

✅ This is reflection on the aims, reader with a clear understanding

of the main discovery or argument
methods, and results of the that your research has advanced
research

✅ Any important limitations have Discussion vs Conclusion

been mentioned Conclusion

✅ Relevant recommendations - Contains similar elements to the

discussion, and sometimes these 2
have been discussed
sections are combined (especially
in shorter papers and journal

Azalea A.┃15
RESEARCH 1
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester
articles). But in a thesis or
dissertation, it’s usual to include a
final chapter that wraps up your
research and gives the reader a
final impression of your work
- Should be shorter and more
general than the discussion.
Instead of discussing specific
results and interpreting the data in
detail, here you make broad
statements that sum up the most
important insights of the research
- Should not introduce new data,
interpretations, or arguments
Length of the Conclusion
● The conclusion should typically be
around 5-7% of the overall word
count, depending on the type of
thesis. An empirical study will often
have a short conclusion that
concisely states the main findings
and recommendations, while a
humanities thesis might require
more space to conclude its
analysis and tie all the chapters
together in an overall argument
Answer the Research Question
1. The conclusion should begin from
the main question that your thesis
or dissertation aimed to address.
This is your final chance to show
that you’ve done what you set out
to do, so make sure to formulate a
clear, concise answer
11 HUMSS-01
2nd Quarter
2. Don’t repeat a list of all the results
that you already discussed but
synthesize them into a final
takeaway that the reader will
remember
3. Note that the research aim is not
directly restated but is implicit in
the statement. To avoid repeating
yourself, it is helpful to
reformulate your aims and
questions into an overall statement
of what you did and how you did it.
Summarize and Reflect on the
Research
● The conclusion is an opportunity to
remind the reader why you took
the approach you did, what you
expected to find, and how well the
results matched your
expectations.
● To avoid repetition, instead of just
writing a summary of each
chapter, you can write more
reflectively here. You might
consider how effective your
methodology was in answering
your research questions, and
whether any new questions or
unexpected insights arose in the
process
● You can also mention any
limitations of your research if you
haven’t already included these in
the discussion. Don’t dwell on them
at length, though — focus on the
positives of your research.
Azalea A.┃16
RESEARCH 1
UST-SHS GRADE 11 A.Y. 2022-2023┃1st Semester
Make Recommendations
● The conclusion is a good place to
elaborate and look ahead,
considering the implications of
your findings for theory and
practice
● Avoid exaggerating the
applicability of your research. If
you’re making recommendations
for policy, business, or other
practical implementation, it’s
generally best to frame them as
suggestions rather than
imperatives — the purpose of
academic research is to inform,
explain and explore, not to instruct.
● If you’re making recommendations
for further research, be sure not
to undermine your own work.
Future studies might confirm, build
on or enrich your conclusions, but
they shouldn’t be required to
complete them
Emphasize your Contributions
● Make sure your reader is left with
a strong impression of what your
research has contributed to
knowledge in your field. Some
strategies to achieve this include:
1. Returning to your problem
statement to explain how
your research helps solve
the problem
2. Referring back to the
literature review and
11 HUMSS-01
2nd Quarter
showing how you addressed
a gap in knowledge
3. Discussing how your
findings confirm or
challenge an existing theory
or assumption.
● Try to avoid simply repeating what
you’ve already covered in the
discussion. Pick out the most
important points and sum them up
with a succinct overview that
situates your project in its broader
context
Finish your Research
Once you’ve finished writing your
conclusion, it’s time to wrap up your
thesis with a few final steps
● It’s a good idea to write the
abstract next, while the research
is still fresh in your mind
● Then you need to make sure your
reference list is complete and
correctly formatted
● Once you’ve added any appendices
at the back, follow with
bibliography
● You can create a table of contents
and title page. Finally, read through
the whole document again to make
sure your thesis is clearly written
and free from language error. You
can proofread it yourself.
Azalea A.┃17