Practical Research 2 (Final Term)
Writing Chapter 1
 Introduction
 Background of the Study
 Statement of the Problem
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
 Significance of the Study
Introduction:
- Scope: The topic you will be covering
- Context: The background of your topic
- Importance: Why your research matters in
context of an industry or the world
- It will help the readers understand the topic’s
background
- It will explain why your research paper is
worth reading
- It will catch your reader’s attention
Background of the Study
- Part of research provided in the introduction
section of the paper.
- Good background of the study might determine
your questions or topics in a problem, and
method being used to solve the issue or
problem
 Guidelines in writing background of the study
- Introduce your topic
- Create some context
- Plan to carry out your research
- State your rationale
- Explain why your research is important
 Steps in writing the Background of the Study
- Describe the field you will be researching
- Tell us why this field is important
- Describe the current and relevant “hot topics”
in the field
- Describe the specific area you will be
researching in the field
- Tell how your research will add to the field
(explain why your work is important, does it
address any unanswered questions in this
field?)
- Describe your research as answer to research
questions you have been assigned to the study
- Summarize the current research based on your
specific area of interest and highlight any gaps
in the research that you plan to address with
your research
 Suggested information that you can include in
the background of the study:
1. Definition: define concepts included in
your study
2. Cause and Effects
3. Methodology: cite methods use in other
research to address the problem at hand
4. Historical Background: previous and
notable research from which your topic is
based
5. Problem/Issues: current issues or
problems regarding your specific topic
should also be seen in your background
6. Comparisons of ideas/methods used:
compare and contrast the ideas and
methods indicated in previous researches
related to your topic
7. Advantages and/or disadvantages: you
may highlight the need for further
investigation of your topic by presenting
its advantages and disadvantages cited in
the previous researches
Statement of the Problem
Research Problem
 is the main concern or issue in a certain topic?
 something that the researcher aims to solve
Research Questions
 Generated by the research problem
 Questions that you would like to specifically
answer in your research.
 Sometimes referred to as sub-problems that
specify the type of date you will collect and the
process of data analysis you will employ.
Characteristics of a good Research Question
1. Clear
 It must be specific and the
concepts are well defined
 Provides enough specifics
that the readers can easily
understand
2. Feasible
 Research questions must be
answerable within practical
constraints
3. Significant
 Questions that will be
beneficia to your readers
 Must add value to your
research
4. Ethical
 Consider the ethical
standards of the society in
constructing the questions
 Do not violate the rights of
individuals in your study.
Writing a Research Question
 Specify your specific concern or issue
 Decide what you want to know about the
specific concern into a question
 Ensure that the question is answerable
 Check to make sure the question is not too
broad or too narrow.
Formulating the Research Question
Classification of Research Question
 General – comes from the research problem
 Specific – related to the general question
Example:
General Problem: What is the relationship of alternative
learning mode to the academic
performance of senior high school students in General
Mathematics?
Specifically, is seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the different alternative learning
modes offered by the school?
2. What are the academic performances of senior
high student in General Mathematics?
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Practical Research 2 (Final Term)

3. Is there a significant relationship between the 3. Geographic Location

alternative learning mode and the academic 4. Variables
performance of the senior high school students - List the academic theories applied to the date
in General Mathematics?” so the reader knows the lens of analysis you are
Example: using
Significance of the Study
Here is an example format of Statement of the Problem:
 Discusses the purpose that the research will
This study seeks to determine the (Title of your research) serve to the society, to the country, the
government, to the institution, to the agency
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: concerned, to the curriculum planners and
developers, and to the research community.
1. What are the profile of the respondents in terms  Describes the contribution of the study to the
of: (a) age (b) sex? existing body of knowledge
2. What is the level of (it can be awareness,
implementation, etc.)?
3. Is there a significant difference between…? (if
you are comparing two
variables)
4. Is there a significant relationship between the
(ex. Profile and the level of… if you
are testing the relationship between or among)
Research Topic
 A research topic is a subject or issue
that a researcher is interested in when
conducting research.
 Topic selection involves the tedious
process of establishing what a
researcher wants to investigate.
Possible sources of topics
1. Interest in particular field
2. Discussions with peers and academics
3. Existing literature
Basic type of sources
1. General (articles, monographs, books, and
other documents)
2. Primary (journals)
3. Secondary (textbooks)
Getting Started: Deciding on Research Topic
 Identify a topic interest
 Focus the topic interest
 Draft a working title
a. Be brief avoid wasting
words
b. Use single title or double
title
c. Consider a title no longer
than 12 words
d. Eliminate most articles and
prepositions
Scope and Delimitation
 Scope of the Study: coverage of the research to
be explored which includes the facts and the
theories about the subject
 Delimitation of the Study: it limits the scope
and outlines the boundaries of the study
 Features in formulating scope and limitations
of the study:
- State categorically the periods covered by the
study
- List specific aspects of data
1. Personal Information
2. Sample Size

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Practical Research 2 (Final Term)
Writing Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
 Process of identifying, evaluating, and
summarizing the literature relevant to a
particular field or topic
 Systematic, explicit and reproducible method
for identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing
the existing body of completed and recorded
work produced by researchers, scholars, and
practitioners (Fink, 2005)
 One major activity in research that makes you
examine and re-study ideas or concepts related
to your research that people already published
in books, journals, or other reading materials in
the past
 In doing RRL, you gather and interpret ideas,
then merge your thinking with other people’s
knowledge. Combining your understanding
with authors’ point of view enables you to
analyze existing works that are related to your
research study
 Conclusion/ recommendation—kapag kukuha
na ng RRL
 Purpose of RRL
1. To acquire background knowledge and
information related to your research study
2. To obtain theories and principles behind your
research and increase your understanding of its
underlying concepts
3. To compare or contrast your research to
previous research studies
4. To define technical terms included in your
research study
5. To show the necessity for further research on a
certain topic
 Style or Approaches of RRL
- There are 2 basic methods of reviewing related
literature: traditional (qualitative) and
systematic (quantitative)
1. Traditional review- (qualitative research)
- Summarize knowledge of different concepts,
ideas, theories, and related research studies on
a topic, then you interpret and evaluate the
information using your own explanation and
understanding
- Asks research questions; but they are more
subjective and open-ended
Different types of Traditional Review
1. Conceptual Review- synthesis of concepts and
ideas to give meaning to the world or national
issues
2. Critical Review- focuses on hypotheses and
theories and interprets the results based on their
situations
3. State-of-the-Art Review- deals with latest or
newest research studies about a certain topic
4. Expert Review- makes a well-known expert to
write the RRL based on certain ideologies,
paradigms, or beliefs
5. Scoping Review- forms situation for new
research in the future in the form of making a
project about developing the community,
health services, government policies, etc
2. Systematic Review- (quantitative research)
- Begin with asking research questions
- Sometimes called “question-driven
methodology”
- Begins with one big question which states main
problem and set of sub-questions that asks
specific aspects of research study
- Questions here aim to yield exact, specific, and
objective answers
 Steps in Conducting a Systematic Review
1. Understand the research questions clearly
- Research questions serve as your guide
throughout conducting your research which is
why you need to have a clear understanding of
the main question and specific questions
2. Plan how to gather data based on your research
questions
- Imagine how you will go about obtaining your
data based on your understanding of your
questions
- Think of the different multimedia resources
you can use
3. Search for relevant literature
- Use keywords to easily look for information
from different multimedia resources like the
internet, books, newspaper, journals,
government publications, periodicals, and other
references
4. Evaluate the quality and credibility of the
gathered information
- Not everything you read in the internet is
accurate and some information in books and
other references are already outdated or
obsolete which is why you need to check which
information to get and which data to discard
- How to check validity of the information:
check credibility of author
5. Summarize the information you gathered from
various resources
- You may use a graph, table, or other formats to
organize your data and present the ideas clearly
and briefly
 Meta-Analysis in Quantitative Research
- Kind of RRL where you combine the results of
2 or more quantitative studies to develop a
single conclusion from statistical data to
indicate a stronger research outcome
- Combine results together and strengthen the
impact of independent variable to the
dependent variable
- Helps to guarantee the accuracy of the
measuring tool used in quantitative research
method
- Could only be used in homogeneous studies—
Studies similarities with research question,
design, treatment, and technique
- Heterogenous studies are not used for this type
of RRL because of several differences from
other studies—Narrative synthesis dapat
gamitin which is more commonly used in
qualitative approach- which uses verbal written
language to explain or describe research results
- Has similarity with systematic review that it
compares different studies to support
conclusion
- Analyzation in a highest level
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Practical Research 2 (Final Term)

Patterns of Citation
Baraceros (2016), different citation patterns that a
researcher may apply to avoid plagiarism:
1. Summary - this is a shortened version of the
Standard Styles in RRL, Citation, and References
original text using your own interpretation.
- One essential principle in research is that the
-choose only the most important details from
ideas you get from various reading materials
the text.
that contain information related to your
2. Paraphrase – explaining the meaning of the
research do not belong to you. You have to
text using your own words.
acknowledge the borrowed concepts and ideas
-You may write it in a different structure,
from the authors or owners of those
decrease the words, or elaborate on it keeping
knowledge. Doing this gives you honesty,
in mind the same thought or idea.
courtesy, and appreciation for other peoples’
3. Short Direct Quotation – this is copying only
contribution to your research. This is called
a part of the author’s whole sentence or some
ethics in research.
sentences, but it should not exceed forty (40)
Parts or sections to show recognition for borrowed ideas:
words
1. Acknowledgement –found in beginning portion of
–You must also put the page number where the
research paper that identifies the people who have
borrowed ideas were copied from.
contributed to your research.
4. Long Direct Quotation –lets you copy forty
2. References or Bibliography –found at the end of the
(40) up to one hundred (100) words from the
research paper which contains complete list of all the
author.
reading materials you have used
-If you are using APA style, it is limited to
3. Citation or In-text Citation –found within the main
eight (8) lines and is placed at the center of the
body of the text specifically in RRL, wherein you refer to
page like a stanza in a poem.
the authors’ names with the borrowed ideas incorporated
5. Tense of verbs for reporting –you may use
in the body of your research.
active verbs in the present, simple past, or
present-perfect tense in reporting the author’s
Two most common referencing styles:
ideas.
1. APA (American Psychological Association)
Examples:
- also called “Author-Date Style” and is mostly
 Present tense – Santos explains…
used in the field of natural and social sciences,
education, and psychology.  Past tense – Santos explained…
Examples:  Present perfect tense – Santos has explained…
 (Malibiran, 2019) or Malibiran (2019)
Plagiarism
 (Lascano et al.,2018)
- act of presenting somebody else words in your
 According to Agustin (2017) …
work and passing it off as your own without
 One study by Magtanong (2016) states that… citing references or acknowledging the author
2. MLA (Modern Language Association) of the text
- also called “Humanities Style” and is - Considered as criminal act which is punishable
oftentimes used in literature, arts, and history. by law
Examples: - Safest way to avoid it—paraphrasing or
 (Cruz 256) (Aquino, Quezon, Ramos 201-210) explaining ideas using own words, properly
 (Reyes et al. 64-120) cite references and give due credit to the owner
 (Cabusao: 5: 74-83) – for periodicals of ideas
 The latest study by (Valerio 14) shows that…
Styles of Citation
1. Integral citation
- Way of citing the author whom you referenced
in your research.
- uses active verbs to report the ideas of the
author.
- expresses the author’s stand, position, or
attitude towards a certain topic.

2. Non-integral citation
- gives emphasis to the idea or information
rather than the author.
Examples:

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Practical Research 2 (Final Term)
Chapter 3: Methodology
Sample Research Proposal Format (Prieto, Naval and
Carey, 2017)
In general, the Research Proposal may have the
following parts:
1. Title
2. Introduction
 This part presents an overview of the proposed
quantitative research project. It should provide
background information about the research
problem and reasons for the conduct of the
study.
3. Objectives of the Study
 The objectives of the study states exactly how
you plan to find answers to your research
problem. The objectives help you identify the
type of study you will conduct.
4. Significance of the Study
 This part states the importance of the proposed
study by citing the work’s possible
contribution to society, other organizations and
institutions, to the researcher and other
researchers.
5. Research Questions
 The Statement of the Problem is written in this
portion, with the main problem and the specific
questions.
6. Respondents of the Study
 This section discusses the population from with
the sample will be taken from, the sampling
technique to be used as well as the research
setting or locale. The method of obtaining the
informed consent from the the participants of
the study as well the guarantee of the
confidentiality of the respondents’ identity and
their responses.
7. Research Methodology
 The choice and reasons for choosing a
particular research design and research
methods and procedures should be outlined in
this section.
For the STEM strand, the Department of Education
requires Science Investigatory project-related researches
to follow the guidelines in writing a Research Plan before
conducting the research study. The recent Deped
Memorandum about the National science and
Technology Fairbelow shows the required parts of the
Research Plan.
How to Write the Methodology in a Research Paper
METHODOLOGY
This section provides the discussion of the research
design, the sampling design, data collection procedures,
limitations of the study and data analysis.
Research Design
o The method of research is identified qualitative,
quantitative or mixed methods.
o The research design is clearly stated.
o The research design is clearly justified.
o The research design is appropriate to the research
method.
o The research design is appropriate to the research
study.
Sampling Design
o The population of the study is clearly defined.
o The sampling technique is described and justified.
o Sample size is adequate and representative of the
population.
Development of the Research Instrument
o The research instrument is identified and
completely described (parts, content,
instructions).
o The instrument has undergone validation and
reliability tests.
o The instrument is long enough to get the
essential data.
o All directions in the instrument are clear and
complete.
o The questions in the instrument are presented
from general to specific for logical and
objective responses.
o The format of the instrument is constructed in
such that the data are easily tabulated and
interpreted.
Data Collection Procedures
o The research locale and period of study are described.
o Permits to gather data from the respondents are
prepared.
o The techniques used for data collection are fully
discussed.
Statistical Treatment of Data
o The statistical tool is appropriate for the data analysis.
o Sufficient explanation for the choice of statistical
technique is provided.
o Conditions required by the chosen statistical techniques
are described.
Writing Style and Composition
 Presented here are the general guidelines for
the organization and form of research reports.
Your school may have standard policies on the
writing styles, organization and format for
research reports.
1. The organization of the research report should be
logical and comprehensive.
2. The chapters should be connected and cohesive
that all the chapter form the whole research report.
3. Transitions between chapters are smoothly
connecting and understandable.
4. The research report follows standard form and
style.
a. Headings
b. Pagination
c. Citation format
d. Reference format
e. Listing of items within the text
f. Margins
g. Chapter titles
h. Section title format
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Practical Research 2 (Final Term)

i. Page format
j. Font style and font size
k. Spacing within paragraph, between
paragraphs and between sections within
chapters.
5. The research report shows a professional and
scholarly appearance throughout.
a. Correct formatting or sentence structure.
b. Short paragraph structure (3-5 sentences per
paragraph)
c. Short, clear and concise sentence structure
(with 1-3 lines per sentence)
6. Citations must be used for direct quotations,
paraphrased sections, facts and related studies. 7. In-
text citations should have reference entries or
bibliographical entries