Lesson 1: Research: An Introduction
What is Research?
- The systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts
a reach new conclusion.
Why study research?
- To improve and develop new methods.
- To contribute knowledge and progress.
- To develop better understanding of published
works.
- To develop independent critical thinking skills
along with oral and written communication
skills.
Qualities of Good Researcher: CUTE SPG
Care -distinct characteristic of a researcher
Utility Competency – ability to troubleshoot during
unexpected scenario
Technical Competency – ability to use available
technologies
Effort – time and skill
Service – willingness of the researcher to serve others,
to do good
Patience – intra(within) and extra (outside) group
Guts and Risk – considering options
PHILOSOPHICAL WORLD VIEW IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Conceptualization Phase - concept making
2. Design Phase – planning
3. Empirical Phase – data collection
4. Analytical Phase – data analysis and
interpretation
5. Dissemination Phase – utilization
RESEARCH APPROCHES
1. Qualitative Research – for exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
2. Quantitative Research – for testing objective
theories by examining relationship among
variables.
3. Mixed Approach – involving collecting both
quantitative and qualitative data and integrating
the two forms of data.
RESEARCH FORMAT
1. Traditional – manuscripts are written by
chapter.
2. International – manuscripts are written in
Introduction- Method-Results-Discussion
(IMRAD) format and content based on American
Psychological Association (APA, 7th Edition
Standards)
3. OLFU-RDIC – promotes the use of APA style and
content, use of 6k – 9k word range for the
whole manuscript and the following
sections/outline of the manuscript.
OLFU-RDIC SECTION/ OUTLINE OF THE
MANUSCRIPT
1.0 Introduction – Contextual
2.0 Literature Review – Contextual
3.0 Methods- Procedural
4.0 Results – Substantial
5.0 Discussion – Substantial
6.0 Conclusion - Substantial
7.0 Recommendation – Substantial
GANNT CHART
- A chart in which series of horizontal line shows
the amount of work done or production
completed in certain period of time in relation
to the amount planned for those periods.
LESSON 2: Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research Approach
- Statistical, mathematical or computational
method
- Expressions are in numerical forms, objectivity
of data
- Aim is to find the relationship between one
variable to another.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
- clearly defined research question
- generalized concepts more widely, predict
future results
- gathered using structured research instruments
- uses tools, such as questionnaires
- based on larger sample sizes
- data are arranged in tables, charts, figures or
other non-textual forms
- can usually be replicated or repeated
 LESSON 4: Research Title

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH TITLE

- Contains a few words as possible: many journals

limit titles to 12 words
- Be easy to understand
- Describe the contents of the paper accurately
and specifically
- Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and jargons
- Not include any verb
- Not contain low-impact words such as “Some
notes on...” “Observations on…” “Investigations
on…” “Study of…” “Effect of…”
- Not be flashy as in newspapers
- Report the subject of the research than the
results

SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC

1. Own Experience and Interest

- Identify your own interest and formulate a
problem that reflects them
- Sense of familiarity in your territory and
terminology
2. Colleagues
- Brainstorming with friends about problems they
have encountered may help clarify research
ideas.
3. Critical Friends
- Experts are good sources of research problems
4. Literature
- previous studies and research findings in which
LESSON 3: VARIABLES gaps were identified

What are variables? EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH TITLES

- Defined as anything that has a quantity or 1. Interrogative Form

quality that varies - “What is the motivation for using Facebook?”
- They are anything that takes on different 2. Combinatorial: Question and Title
values, typically numerical values - “Who uses Facebook? An investigation into
- Examples: Age, gender, height, hair color, relationship between the Big Five, shyness,
health parameters (vital signs, hobbies and a narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage.”
lot more) 3. Combinatorial: Powerful Phrase and Title
- “Too much face and not enough books: The
TYPES OF VARIABLES Relationship between multiple indices of
Facebook use and academic performance.”
1. Independent (X)
4. Use of Novel Method
- This is the presumed cause
- “Attitudes of elderly Korean patients toward
- The variable that is being manipulated by the
death and dying: an application of Q-
researcher
methodology.”
- It is stable and unaffected by another variable
5. Result of the Paper
that you are trying to measure.
- “Preventive health behaviors influenced by
2. Dependent (Y)
self-perceptions of aging”
- This is the presumed effect
- Assumes the change brought about by the
independent variable
- The variable being measured by the researcher
3. Extraneous/ Erroneous
- The unwanted variables
- Aka as Confounding variables as their presence
influences the outcome in undesirable way.
- There is a need to limit or control this type of
variable as much as possible
 LESSON 5: Research Problem
What is Research Problem?
- Clear statement of an inquiry or gap that needs
to be addressed through a systematic approach.
- Blind Spot
- Blank spot
GUIDELINES IN MAKING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
- SMART
➢ Specific- Measurable – Achievable –
Relevant – Time-Based
- Formulate
➢ Formulate a research problem that reflects
the significance of seeking solutions and
answers
- Restrict
➢ Do not state your research
problem/questions that is answerable by
yes or no.
- Statement
➢ Research can be stated in declarative or
interrogative manner
- Make sure that the quantitative research
problem is answerable by appropriate
statistical method.
- Formulate a research problem that is aligned
with your research topic.
Samples:
Correlation
• Is there a significant relationship between
variable 1 and variable 2?
Comparative
• Is there a significant difference between Group
1 and Group 2?
LESSON 6: Review of Related Literature
What is RRL?
- It’s an analysis and synthesis of articles related
to the research topic being studied
RRL PROCESS
- Searching Relevant articles
- Reading and analyzing research reports
- Writing the description of the existing
information on a topic in a manner that is
ethical and based on standards
PURPOSES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
- Allows researcher to identify a research
problem of interest
- Aid the researcher to improve his research
questions or hypothesis
- Enables the researcher to discover what are
known and unknown about a certain topic.
TYPES OF LITERATURE
1. Research Literature
- Based on research findings –
- example: journal articles, findings literature
reviews, abstract of research studies
2. Non-Research References
- No based-on research findings
- Example: literary/artistic works, opinion articles,
brochures, magazines, anecdotes
SOURCES OF RESEARCH LITERATURE
1. Primary Source
- -description of studies written by the
researchers themselves
- Example: -researches published in a journal -
abstract prepared by the researcher/s -
dissertations -thesis -undergraduate researches
2. Secondary Source
- description of studies written by someone else,
other than researches who conducted them
- Example: -literature review -abstract prepared
by the reviewer -presentation of research done
by someone else other than the researcher
WHAT IS CITATION?
- a signpost and an acknowledgement
- It can appear in different parts: within the text,
at the bottom of the page, at the end of the
paper
PROPERLY CITING SOURCES
1. Implicit Citation
- Statement (Author, Year)
2. Explicit Citation
- Author (year) verb statement
- Verb Author (year) Statement
LESSON 7: PLAGIARISM
- Plagiarism is stealing. It is offensive whether it is
done intentionally or by accident
- Using exact words or ideas without citing the
rightful owner of the source is a form of
academic dishonesty
- Wrongful use of idea or language or another
author and representing as if they are your
original work
5 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
1. P OF WORDS - The use another author’s exact
words without citing him/her
2. P OF AUTHORSHIP - Turning in a replication of
another’s work. Submitting a paper that you got
off the internet or from a friend and presenting
it as your own.
3. P OF IDEAS - Presenting another’s idea as if they
are your own without giving the owner credit
4. P OF STRUCTURE - The author cited the source,
but he just paraphrased other words by
changing sentence construction or word choice,
5. P OF SELF - The use of one’s previous work for a
separate assignment or requirement. Although
the ideas and words are owned by the author,
receiving two credits for a single output is
considered cheating.
HOW TO PREVENT PLAGIARISM?

- Develop a topic based on previously written

material but ensure that you also write
something new and original.
- Although you can rely on experts’ opinions
regarding a certain topic ensure that you are
making a contribution by improving those
opinions.
- Do not fail to give credit where and when it is
due.
- It is advisable that the researcher follows a
certain documentation format like the American
Psychological Association

PENALTIES FOR PLAGIARISM

- Receiving zero in an assignment or project,

suspension and expulsion
- Losing one’s earned degree
- Possible penalties are failing the course

LESSON 8: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

- Conceptual models or frameworks, like theories,

deal with abstractions (concepts) that are
assembled by virtue of their relevance to
acommon theme.
- It broadly presents an understanding of the
phenomenon of interest and reflects the
assumptions and philosophic views of the
model’s designer.
- It is also a graphical presentation of concepts
under study and existing relationship that exists
between or among these concepts.

PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

- To make research findings meaningful

- To link observations and facts into a meaningful
and orderly structure or scheme.
- To allow researchers to make prediction on the
occurrence of phenomena.
- To serve as catalyst for future research
endeavor

DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK IN QUANTITATIVE

STUDY

- In developing a framework, once must be able

to create generalization by the process of
reasoning from specific observation, this
process is known as induction. You may follow
these steps:
➢ Select a topic and clarify your objectives
➢ Review the literature and discuss problem
with colleagues
➢ Develop ideas based on the reviewed
literature and based on one’s own
experience.
➢ Create a conceptual scheme based on the
developed ideas.