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Review Dossier: New Research on Aesthetics and Politics in Latin America. Guest Editor: Gavin Arnall
Neoliberalism in Crisis
Karen Benezra
Pages 461-467 | Received 24 Sep 2020, Accepted 28 Sep 2020, Published online: 06 Jan 2021
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https://doi.org/10.1080/13569325.2020.1838458
Abstract
This review article examines two recent books, Verónica Gago’s La potencia
feminista o el deseo de cambiarlo todo (Buenos Aires, Tinta Limón, 2019) and Diego
Sztulwark’s La ofensiva sensible: Neoliberalismo, populismo y el reverso de lo
político (Buenos Aires, Caja Negra, 2019). Both works approach the crisis of
neoliberal governance in Argentina, and the new forms of collectivity that it has
produced, as a heuristic lens for understanding the dynamics of contemporary
political economy. In doing so, both authors also make important claims on their
own mode of inquiry, which, derived from their earlier work as members of the
Colectivo Situaciones, aims to decipher, rather than prescribe, forms of practical
knowledge operating in the political situations they study. The present essay
explores the way each book formulates the specificity of this knowledge and the
language of its transmission.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569325.2020.1838458 1/21
language of its transmission.
6/9/2021 Full article: Neoliberalism in Crisis
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La potencia feminista presents a social ontology of feminised work and adopts the
women’s strike as a heuristic lens allowing us to see the implication among the
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569325.2020.1838458 2/21
women s strike as a heuristic lens allowing
6/9/2021
us to see the implication among the
Full article: Neoliberalism in Crisis
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phenomena
Volume of femicide,
29,Article
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Figuresthe frailty
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in
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masculine
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authority,
and the exacerbated precarity of an already uneven regime of salaried labour. In the
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author’s view, the strike bears witness to the ways in which contemporary capitalism
expropriates specifically feminine forms of knowledge and interrelation and, in so
doing, transforms the masculine, urban, industrial, and European face of the
working class. La potencia feminista also outlines the possible ways in which the
strike thinks the exploitation of feminine labour in the context of a socioeconomic
formation defined by the transposition of different modes of production.
Simultaneously, the book considers its own analysis, together with the practices and
discourses of the women’s strike, as “situated” forms of knowledge inextricable from
the empirical facts and bodily experiences that they contemplate.
Sztulwark’s inquiry into the historical subject of the present takes a somewhat more
circuitous path. Sztulwark argues that neoliberalism, whether in its social
democratic or technical fascist varieties, functions at once as an economic order and
as what the author terms a “severe pedagogy,” or ethics based on the celebration of
possessive individualism (Sztulwark 2019, 47). According to the author, the book’s
title aims to capture the “ambivalent expression” of the affective and ethical plane of
neoliberalism’s productive rationale and its potential subversion (180). Like La
potencia feminista, La ofensiva sensible contemplates the extent to which its own
analytical perspective is implicated in the psychic and political conditions of
neoliberalism, which it defines in terms of the normalisation of the political and
ethical “forms of life” that had emerged as a response to the financial crisis of 2001.
In the introduction to La ofensiva sensible, Sztulwark thus notes that “2001
possesses, above all, a cognitive value” (14). It is in this sense that the book calls for
“a politics of the symptom” that “adopts the perspective of the crisis” (48). In contrast
to Gago’s account of the women’s strike, however, Sztulwark diagnoses the present
as a moment in which “the revolution is not under way, though there are
revolutionary becomings” (48). One could argue that Sztulwark’s principal objective
in La ofensiva sensible is to assign a name and a series of predicates to a form of life
and potential political power ignored, misrecognised, or negated by other recent
accounts of Kirchernismo and theories of populism.
Rather than prescribe a better strategy for the Left, both Gago and Sztulwark inquire
into the conditions and methods of intellection necessary in order to appreciate the
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569325.2020.1838458 3/21
into the conditions and methods of intellection
6/9/2021
necessary in order to appreciate the
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collective
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of
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in
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work at
the local,
grassroots level. Key to their approach is the notion, borrowed from Antonio
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Gramsci and Louis Althusser via José Aricó and René Zavaleta Mercado, of the crisis
or historical-political conjuncture as providing a privileged epistemological
perspective. Not coincidentally, Gago and Sztulwark were founding members of the
Colectivo Situaciones (Situations Collective), a group of intellectuals and activists that
grew out of a previous collective formed at the Social Sciences Faculty of the
University of Buenos Aires in the late 1990s. With the term “militant research,”
Colectivo Situaciones inscribed its approach in the tradition of Italian Workerist
journals such as the Cuaderni Rossi and their short-lived influence over the
Argentinean journal Pasado y Presente. In a 2003 text, Colectivo Situaciones defined
militant research as a kind of counter-methodology or willingness neither to know
nor to affect a given political situation, but rather to register the kinds of practical
knowledge that emerge from it (Colectivo Situaciones 2003, np; Sztulwark 2019,
111). Drawing upon their own earlier individual and collective work, both Gago and
Sztulwark claim to engage in a form of militant research (Sztulwark and Benasayag
2000, 26).2 In this sense, they understand their objects of study not primarily as the
practices of the strike or the ambivalent attitude of precarious workers towards the
interpellations of the state but rather the embodied “vision from the perspective of
the crisis” that each provides (Sztulwark 2019, 137).
Both books alternately reflect on and perform the difficulties and limitations of
capturing this experiential knowledge in writing. Though the effort is more
pronounced in La ofensiva sensible, both books also attempt to name and describe
the attributes of a collective way of life that has been overlooked or negated by
existing theoretical frameworks. Simultaneously, however, both books also code the
situation in a specific theoretical language, oftentimes borrowed from Félix
Guattari’s schizo-analysis and Antonio Negri’s recently compiled texts on Foucault.
Gago’s and Sztulwark’s propensity for a certain register of philosophy poses its own
methodological question about how to formalise or conceptualise the knowledge
produced by the symptom, to paraphrase Sztulwark, or embedded within the
experience of a given situation, as Gago suggests. The question of transmission also
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knowledge
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as such
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in the
In this passage, in particular, Gago aims to create a certain genealogy of the general
strike and its theorisation. She cites the general strike of black slaves in DuBois’s
Black Reconstruction (1935), the rural strikes the Spanish and Chilean peons
massacred in the events of the “Patagonia Rebelde” in the early 1920s, and the 1907
rent strikes of tenants in Buenos Aires’s tenements or conventillos. In doing so,
Gago also attempts to inscribe the equally disparate organisations and claims of the
2017 – and 2018 – women’s strike throughout the Spanish-speaking world within
this lineage.
The passage also speaks to the book’s much larger ambition. La potencia feminista
is not content to position itself within a certain canon of Third World or postcolonial
Marxism. Rather, it presents the women’s strike as the weakest link in and analytical
key to reframing long-standing debates in Marxist theory and Marxist feminism, in
particular, about the exploitation of feminine labour and the subordination of non-
capitalist forms of property, work, and socialisation under capital. Gago displaces
the issue of whether reproductive labour is directly productive for capital or,
inversely, if the Fordist political economy of Western Europe effectively socialised
labour beyond the walls of the factory, drawing our attention instead to the ways
that capital incorporates earlier modes of production and informal networks of
economic support (Gago 2019, 95).
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understanding
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power in the
Sztulwark analyses the Kirchners’ political and economic policies, for example,
incentivising internal consumption, generating revenue for the state based on the
extraction and exporting of commodities, extending private consumer credit,
broadening social programmes, and reclaiming the militancy of the 1970s, at once
as a reaction to the contingency of the 2008 grain and cattle breeders’ strike, which
represents a continuation of the consumer-citizen model of political subjectivity
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569325.2020.1838458 7/21
represents a continuation of the consumer
6/9/2021
citizen model of political subjectivity
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90s,
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a lost
opportunity to channel the political force of the new forms of collective organisation
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produced in response to the 2001 crisis. Sztulwark thus explores what he refers to
as the “the dialectic of inclusion and exclusion” practised by the Kirchner and
Fernández de Kirchner governments and assumed by contemporary theorists of
populism and of the Pink Wave of the early 2000s. Whether through the
interpellation of individuals as bearers of rights and consumer credit or the
“precarious mediation” of social organisations by the state, Sztulwark asks whether
we might not seize upon moments of increased popular consumption of the kind
fomented by the Kirchner and Fernández de Kirchner policies of political and
economic inclusion in order to identify potentially new dynamics of collectivity, to
extend productive structures, and to invent new modes of consumption and even
happiness (Sztulwark 2019, 101). In doing so, however, Sztulwark does not propose
a uchronic vision of the past. Rather, his view of Kirchnerismo aims to underline the
shortcomings of other recent critical approaches to the popular subject responsible
for Macri’s 2015 election. In this sense, Sztulwark does not propose an alternative
analysis to recent accounts of Kirchernismo, such as Javier Trímboli’s, or theories of
populism like Damián Selci’s, both of which he cites. Rather, he attempts to trace an
alternative framework or point of view that might allow us to capture the
vicissitudes of the people in a single frame and as a possible source of productive
resistance to the same economic and ideological structures that constitute them.
La ofensiva sensible attempts to name and describe the collective subject of popular
sovereignty under the conditions of politicised finance specific to neoliberal
governance. Sztulwark proposes “the plebeian” (lo plebeyo) as a way of naming a
political ethos born of neoliberal governance and its successive crises. He presents
plebeianism alternately as a line of flight from the present sociopolitical order that
cannot yet be named and as a concrete and highly localised ethos, as testified by the
other vernacular terms with which other authors have tried to name the same
subject. Sztulwark cites a 1980 class by Deleuze as the inspiration for his choice of
“plebeian.” With the resignification of the word “plebeian” Sztulwark creates the
possibility of registering a sensibility that has been ignored or negated by political
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social factory
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A second-hand
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political
PDF essayist Ezequiel Martínez Estrada bookends La
ofensiva sensible and aptly describes its analytical operation. According to
Sztulwark, Martínez Estrada’s “methodical bitterness,” a phrase proposed by critic
Christian Ferrer, consists of thinking the present without assigning it any value or
making any evolutive or utopian wager on the future, even at the risk of “remaining
without the desire to believe” (Sztulwark 2019, 29). As if summarising the aims of La
ofensiva sensible, its author writes, “The affects that bitterness is willing to traverse
seek neither nirvana nor happiness, but rather an orientation towards that which
Spinoza called ‘adequate ideas’, by which he refers to those ideas that express the
greatest causality and thus liberate the greatest potential to exist.” He then adds,
“Adequate ideas also possess the added value of removing from circulation other
ideas that no longer work” (30). Sztulwark’s calls for a politics of the symptom belie
the optimistic rationalism of Spinoza’s theory of knowledge. Or, perhaps better said,
for Sztulwark, attending to the singularities of the symptom serves as only the first
step in grasping an ontology of politics that might, in turn, allow us to view in a new
light the specificity of the conjuncture. Much as one finds in La potencia feminista,
La ofensiva sensible does not distil the popular knowledge or desire embedded
within the apparent ambivalence and spontaneity of this plebeian ethos, but rather
undertakes the preparatory work of attributing to it a plausible relation to the
conditions of neoliberal governance in Argentina.
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Karen Benezra
Karen Benezra works on twentieth-century visual art and critical social
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Notes
1 An English translation of La potencia feminista has been published under the title
Feminist International: How to Change Everything. 2020. Translated by Liz Mason-
Deese. London: Verso.
References
1. Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1994. What is Philosophy? Translated by Hugh
Tomlison and Graham Burchell. New York: Columbia University Press.
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