INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

6TH MEETING: PHONETICS

(ORGAN OF SPEECH AND SEGMENTAL SOUNDS)

By:
Edi Brata
Mathla’ul Anwar University
 Overview

1 What is Phonetics?

2 Organ of Speech

Segmental Sounds
3 (Vowel, Diphthongs, and Consonants)

Consonants Articulation
4 (Voicing, Place, and Manner)
What is Phonetics?

Phonetics
Sound
Study
Phonology/
Phonemics
 What is Phonetics?

Phonetics
Phonology
Phonemics
 What is Phonetics?
• The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds
(Yule, 2006:30)
• The study of speech sounds (Fromkin et.al., 2005:222)
• The inventory and structure of the sounds speech
(O’Grady et.al, 2005:15)
• The concrete, instrumentally measurable physical
properties and production of speech sounds (Odden,
2005:4)
• The study of production, transmission and reception of
speech sounds (Todd, 1995:13)
 What is Phonetics?

The study of sounds production

Phonetics Acoustics

Auditory

Articulatory
 Acoustics
(Transmission of speech
sounds through the air)
 Auditory
(Perception of Sounds)
 Articulatory
(Production of speech sounds)
Production/ Transmission/ Perception/
Articulatory Acoustics Auditory
Articulatory
Phonetics
Organ of Speech
Lip (Labium)  Labial
 1

1. Upper Teeth (Dentum)  Dental

3 2. Lower Teeth (Dentum)  Dental
3. Uvula  Uvular
4 4. Blade of the Tongue (Laminum)  Laminal
5 5. Back of the Tongue (Dorsum)  Dorsal
6 6. Middle of the Tongue (Medium)  Medium
7. Tip of the Tongue (Apex)  Apikal

7
Uvula  Uvular
 Subdivisions of the
Tongue

1. Tip (apex)  apikal

2. Blade (lamina/ laminum)  laminal
3. Middle (medium)  medial
4. Back (dorsum)  dorsal
Ridge (Alveolum)  Alveolar
Hard Palate (Palatum)  Palatal

Soft Palate (Velum)  Velar

SEGMENTAL SOUNDS
 SEGMENTAL SOUNDS

Consonants Vowels Difthongs

Formed when Produced with ‘Combined’
the air stream a relatively vowel sounds
is restricted at free flow of air
some points
between the
vocal cords
and the lips
ARTICULATION
(Consonants)
 •Voicing
Consonants
•Place of Articulation
Articulation
•Manner of Articulation
 Voicing
Voiced Voiceless
Sounds Sounds
which are made
made with without
vocal fold vocal fold
vibration vibration
 Place of Articulation

Bilabial
The lower and
upper lips approach
or touch each other
as in the
sounds [p], [b],
and [m]
 Place of Articulation
Labiodental
The lower lip
approaches or
touches the upper
teeth as in the
sounds [f] and [v]
 Place of Articulation
Dental and
Interdental
The tip or blade of
the tongue
approaches or
touches the upper
teeth as in the
sounds [θ] and [ð]
 Place of Articulation

Alveolar
The tongue tip
approaches or touches
the alveolar ridge, the
ridge immediately
behind the upper
teeth as in the
sounds [t], [d],
and [n], [s], [z] and [l]
 Place of Articulation

Palatal
The body of the tongue approaches or touches the hard
palate as in [j]. The tongue body approaches the hard
palate, but closely enough to create turbulence in the
airstream.
 Place of Articulation

Velar
The body of the tongue
approaches or touches
the soft palate, or velum
as in [k], [ɡ], and [ŋ].
 Place of Articulation

Glottal
The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. In
an [h], this opening is narrow enough to create some
turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds.
Manners of Articulation
Oral Nasal

(Velum is lowered, allowing air to

enter the nasal cavity)
 Manners of Articulation:
Plosives (Think Explosion) or Stops

Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g

 Manners of Articulation:
Fricatives (Think Friction)

Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or

post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ
 Manners of Articulation:
Nasal

Bilabial: m Alveolar: n Velar: ŋ

 Manners of Articulation:

Affricatives
A combination of stop + fricative:
ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate
ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate
 Manners of Articulation:

Approximant
Articulators approach each other but
do not touch: w r j
 Manners of Articulation:

Lateral
Also called lateral approximant; air
flows over sides of tongue: l