Preamble

This manual details some important actions which if well undertaken

by Tanzanian Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) can help
them to attain financial self-reliance but I should from this onset
stressed that I do not claim that this manual is a magic bullet to
challenges of resource mobilization faced by NGOs.

This manual has been written by an NGO practitioner who has

worked on promoting NGO Sustainability in Tanzania and tips given
in this booklet are based on the author’s experience of facilitating
resource mobilization among Tanzanian NGOs and not otherwise.

While this manual may be also useful for other forms of civil society
organizations and networks it whoever focuses primarily on NGOs
which are registered under the NGO Act No.24 of 2002 and more so
the small and emerging NGOs operating in the Tanzanian NGO policy
and legislative context.

The author also borrows tips from NGO Management “gurus” among
them but not limited to Allan Fowler, David Bonbright, Richard
Holloway, Sarah Gibbs, Piers Campbell, Fernardo Vincent, John
Bennet and Resource Alliance. Other authors whose hints have been
fused in this manual are John Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies,

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Murray Culshaw, Roshni Sharma, Kumi Nadoo, CIVICUS World
Alliance, Ian Smillie, John Hailey, Micheal Edwards, John Clark, Bruce
Shearer, Leslie Fox, ICNL, Susan Pezzullo, Maria Noriaga, TANGO, FCS,
NaCoNGO, Zanzibar Resource Centre, Rehema Batti, CORHA and
many more local and international experts on resource mobilization
for NGOs.

In this manual we also make distinction between often confused

notions of resource mobilization and fundraising base on Richard
Holloway 2011’s distinction.

The manual also touches on the many forms of resource mobilization

and explains how undertaking planned actions in the identification,
collection, and utilization of both foreign and local resources for the
achievement of organizational mission and goal is done—and also
explains how NGOs can use various resource mobilization strategies
with great emphasis being on the importance of NGOs ensuring
accountability to stakeholders (government, donors, development
partners, beneficiaries, peers, and society as a whole.

The manual also gives hints on how NGOs can maintain relationships
with resource providers so as to sustain their means of acquiring
resources—hinting that resource mobilization is a process that
involves identifying the resources essential for the development,
implementation and continuation of work of achieving the
organization’s mission (CORHA 2010).

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Three sectors of the modern
Political Economy
The manual also hints on why it is important to understand the inter-
connection among the three sectors of the modern political
economy which are the state, business and third or citizens sector in
resource mobilization—stressing that this is because in this
formation the state has legitimate power of coercion, the business/
market that of exchange and the NGOs (third sector) fosters private
choice or public good. In the sense of this booklet NGOs mobilize
citizens through values that they share with other citizens and
through shared commitment to action with other citizens (Salamon
and Anheier 1999).

In essence the author tries to highlight the positive scope of

Tanzanian NGOs and their potential by providing examples and tips
which NGOs can use in mobilizing resources from both local and
external sources. The author also gives a gist of how local NGOs can
use foreign resources to build self-reliance and sustainability. The
author also emphasizes that the most key resource for an
organization is the human resource because it is the human resource
which mobilizes and manages other resources.

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CONTENTS
Part One Resource Mobilization
Fore thoughts

What are the Strategies and Categories of Resource Mobilization?

What is Individual Philanthropy?

How can NGOs build Grass-root Organizations?

What is the earned Incomes concept and is it important for NGOs?

How can NGOs access to public funding?

How can NGO access funding from corporations?

What are foreign Donors/Agencies and how can NGOs access

funding from them?

What E-fundraising and how can NGOs do this?

What are Social investments and how do they help NGOs?

What are Non-Financial Resources and how can NGOs access these?
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What are international and Indigenous Foundations and can NGOs
access funding from these?

PART TWO PROPOSAL WRITING

What is the Importance of proposals?

What challenges are attendant to proposal writing?

What is a proposal?

How many types of funding?

What are the terms used in proposals?

What is project design?

What are the element of a proposal?

How does one format a proposal?

What are project goals, objectives & activities?

How to does one develop indicators?

What is budget planning?

How does one undertake M&E and Report on projects?

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What is due-diligence?

What are the other factors to consider?

What is priority setting for NGO funding in Tanzania?

PART THREE MONITORIND & EVALUATION

Introduction and purpose of M&E

What is effective monitoring?

What is evaluation?

Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

What are goal and objective and how are they formulated?

What are activities and how are they formulated?

What are indicators and how are they formulated?

What are M&E Tools?
How does one develop a logical framework?
What is the Theory of change why is it important and how is it
developed?
What objective or Result Statements?

What are critical Assumptions?

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 What performance Indicator Statements?

What are project or proposal measurement methods and data

sources?

ANNEX3: COMPARISONS AMONG DIFFERENT DONOR AGENCIES’

TERMINOLOGIES for RESULTS/LOGICAL FRAMEWORKS
Ultimate End Intermediate Outputs Interventions
Impact Outcomes Outcomes

Needs-based Higher Specific Cause Solution Process Inputs

Consequence Problem
CARE Program Project Impact Effects Outputs Activities Inputs
terminology Impact
CARE Program Project Final Intermediate Outputs Activities Inputs
logframe Goal Goal Objectives
CRC Goal Strategic Intermediate Outputs Activities Inputs
Proframe Objective Results
PC/Log Goal Purpose Outputs Activities
frame Goal Strategic Intermediate (Outputs) (Activities) (Inputs
USAID Objective Results
Results
framework
USAID Final Goal Strategic Intermediate Activities Inputs Final Goal
Logframe Goal/ Results
Objective
DANIDA, Goal Purpose Outputs Activities
DFID,
CIDA, EU & Overall goal Project purpose Results/Outputs Activities Inputs
GIZ
FAO, UNDP Development Objective Immediate Outputs Activities Inputs
&NORAD Objectives
UNHCR Sector Goal Project Objective Outputs Activities Input/Resources
World Bank Long-term Objectives Short-term Outputs Inputs
Objectives

AusAID Scheme Goal Major Outputs Activities Inputs

Development
Objectives

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References & further readings

1. “Sustaining Civil Society—Strategies for Resource Mobilization”.

Edited by Bruce Shearer and Leslie Fox. CIVICUS.1997

2. “The World Wide Fundraisers’ Handbook—a Guide for Southern

NGOs and Voluntary Organizations” by Michael Norton. Directory of
Social Change, UK in collaboration with the International Fund-Raising
Group, London. 1996

3. Towards Greater Financial Autonomy—a guide for voluntary

organizations and community groups” by Piers Campbell and Fernand
Vincent. IRED, Geneva. 1989

4. NGO Funding Strategies” by Jon Bennet and Sarah Gibbs. INTRAC,

Oxford. 1997

5. A One Day Orientation to Alternative Financing” by Richard

Holloway. Pact Zambia, Lusaka. 1996 .
6. “The Emerging Sector Re-Visited” by Lester Salamon and Helmut
Anheier. John Hopkins University Centre for Policy Studies,
Baltimore. 1998

7. “Earning Income through Trade and Exchange” by Horacio

Morales Jr. in “Sustaining Civil Society—Strategies for Resource
Mobilization” edited by Fox and Shearer. CIVICUS. 1997.
This contains further case studies, lists for further reading, and

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resource organizations.

8. “New Directions in NGO Self-Financing” by Lee Davis. Social Change

and Development Occasional Papers 1997. The John Hopkins
University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS),
Washington 1997

9. “Income Generation” in “The WorldWide Fundraiser’s

Handbook—a guide to fund-raising for Southern NGOs and
Voluntary Organizations”, by Michael Norton. Directory of
Social Change and International Fundraising Group. London
1997.
10. Chapter 2 “Building Foundations” in “The Unit of Development
is the Organization, not the Project” by Richard Holloway,
SAIS/JHU, Washington DC. 1997
11. “The Process and Techniques of Foundation Building: experience
from Eight Organizations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America”, The
Synergos Institute. New York 1996.

13. Grassroots Development Vol 19. No. 2, 1995. A Journal of the

Inter-American Foundation.

14. “Generating Revenue” by the International Federation of Red

Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva 1995.
15. “The Rosetta Stone of Logical Frameworks” was compiled by
Jim Rugh for CARE International and InterAction’s Evaluation
Interest Group. Adapted here to include CRS. 21 CARE Impact
Guidelines, October 1999.
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16. PC/LogFrame (tm) 1988-1992 TEAM technologies, Inc.
Results Oriented Assistance Sourcebook, USAID, 1998. Outputs,
Activities and Inputs are described in the narrative.
17. The Logical Framework Approach to portfolio Design, Review
and Evaluation in A.I.D.: Genesis, Impact, Problems and
Opportunities. CDIE, 1987.
18. A Guide to Appraisal, Design, Monitoring, Management and
Impact Assessment of Health & Population Projects, ODA [now
DFID], October 1995.
19. Guide for the use of the Logical Framework Approach in the
Management and Evaluation of CIDA’s International Projects.
Evaluation Division.
20. ZOPP in Steps. 1989.
21. Project Cycle Management: Integrated Approach and Logical
Framework, Commission of the European Communities
Evaluation Unit Methods and Instruments for Project Cycle
Management, No. 1, February 1993.
22. Project Appraisal and the Use of Project Document Formats
for FAO Technical Cooperation Projects. Pre-Course Activity:
Revision of Project Formulation and Assigned Reading. Staff
Development Group, Personnel Division, August 1992.
23. UNDP Policy and Program Manual 31, The Logical Framework
Approach (LFA). Handbook for Objectives-oriented Project

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 Planning.
24. Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of
Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for UNHCR Staff and
Implementing Partners. Second Ver. March 2002.
25. AusAID NGO Package of Information, 1998.

For more information call +255785820560 or +255 743471971

Email: zaajohn@yahoo.com or cbtongo@yahoo.com

Website: https://cbtongo.wixsite.com/cbto

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