Name: Lorhen Siembre

Section: BSSCIED 3B

Module 4
Cell structures of Bacteria

Prokaryotes lack cytoplasmic organelles and contain a nucleoid (nuclear

body) rather than an encased nucleus. Binary fission is used for
multiplication. Bacteria have distinct forms (cocci, rods, spirals, etc.) and
frequently form distinct aggregates. Bacteria are single-celled creatures that
reproduce by binary fission. Although most bacteria are capable of
autonomous metabolic existence and development, Chlamydia and
Rickettsia species are obligately intracellular organisms. Bacterial cells are
exceedingly tiny, and are best quantified in microns (10-6 m).

The distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells was originally

based on structure. The bacterial nucleoid is a structure that contains a single
chromosome. The number of copies of this chromosome in a cell is
determined by the cell cycle stage (chromosome replication, cell
enlargement, chromosome segregation, etc.).

The fundamental distinctions between Gram-positive and Gram-negative

bacteria's surface structures explain Gram staining yielded the following
findings. Crystal violet (CV) and iodine are taken up equally by
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (I). The CV-I complex, on the
other hand, is imprisoned within the Gram-positive cell as a result of
dehydration and decreased porosity of the thick cell wall the differential
washing process with 95% ethanol or another solvent combination.
Name: Lorhen Y. Siembre
Section: Bsscied 3b
Module 5
Microbial Metabolism
Microbial metabolism has been a driving factor behind the establishment
and preservation of the planet's ecosystem throughout its history. Plants and
animals, for example, are eukaryotic creatures that rely on organic molecules
for energy, growth, and reproduction. Microbes chemically transform such
compounds by metabolizing them. Microbial metabolism can create
compounds that are detrimental to other species in certain situations, but it
can also produce molecules that are necessary for the metabolism and
survival of other living forms in others.

Microbes have the ability to digest a wide range of carbon sources, including
lipids and proteins, in addition to carbs. All of these compounds' catabolic
routes eventually relate to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Several forms of
lipids can be destroyed by microbes. Extracellular lipases breakdown
triglycerides, releasing fatty acids from the glycerol backbone.
Phospholipases breakdown phospholipids, releasing fatty acids as well as the
phosphorylated head group from the glycerol backbone. Certain pathogenic
bacteria use lipases and phospholipases as virulence agents.

Glycolysis is the initial stage in the breakdown of glucose, producing ATP.

Substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH, and two pyruvate molecules are
used to create this product. Glycolysis
It does not consume oxygen and is not dependent on it. Fermentation
regenerates NAD+ by using an organic molecule as the final electron
acceptor. NADH is needed for glycolysis to continue.
Fermentation does not include an electron transport mechanism, and the
fermentation process does not directly produce ATP. During glycolysis,
fermenters produce extremely little ATP—only two ATP molecules per
glucose molecule. Microbial fermentation procedures have been used to
produce foods and medications, as well as to identify bacteria.