Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.

D 2nd Prof)

Family Plants Botanical name Part used Active constituents Pharmacology Uses
Ranunculaceae Aconite Aconitum Dried roots Aconitine, Neurotoxin, 1. Cardiac effects
 50 genera napellus picraconitine, antitumor, 2. Local analgesic
 2000 spcs hypaconitine, aconine, antibacterial, 3. For neuralgia
napelline antifungal, anti- 4. Rheumatic and gout
inflammatory inflammation
analgesic 5. Antipyretic
ALPH 6. Used in homeopathy
Larkspur Delphinium Dried roots and Delphinidin,denudatin, Neuronal 1. Anticonvulsant
denudatum whole dried herb delphine, condelphine, transmission 2. In dropsy and
ajacine,ajacinine inhibition, asthma
Delphinium 3. Toothache
ajacis 4. Snake and scorpion
bite
5. Bitter tonic
6. Cholera and jaundice
Pulsatilla Anemone Whole dried plant Ranunculin, Antibacterial 1. Antibacterial
pulsatilla protoanemonin, antifungal, antifungal,
Pulsatilla vulgaris anemonin antimalarial, antimalarial
cytotoxic 2. Emetic, purgative
3. Amenorrhea,
4. Analgesic
5. Used in homeopathy
Hydrastus Hydrastus Dried roots and Hydrastine, berberine, Antimicrobial 1. Eye wash
Canadensis rhizomes canadine, starch, when applied 2. Flu preparations
resin, V.O. topically, 3. Bitter tonic

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
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 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

antitubercular, 4. GIT & nasal

anti-inflammatory, preparations
blockade of 5. In hemorrhages
glucose uptake by 6. As uterine
cancer cells hemostatic
Papaveraceae Opium Papaver Air dried latex Morphine, codeine, Addictive, 1. Narcotic analgesic
 26 genera somniferrum from incisions of papaverine, narcotine, relaxation of 2. Hypnotic and
 300 spcs unripe capsule od thebaine smooth muscle Sedative
opium tone, sedative 3. In epilepsy
analgesic 4. In diarrhea &
OS dysentery
5. Pre-anesthetic
6. Abdominal cramps
7. Astringent and
aphrodisiac
Sanguinaria Sanguinaria Dried rhizomes Isoquinoline alkaloids: Expectorant, 1. Cathartic
canadensis sanguinarine , antimicrobial 2. Emetic
chelerythrine, 3. Expectorant
protopine 4. Topically for eczema
and ringworm
5. Lowering high pulse
and in heart
diseases
6. In plaque ad
gingivitis
7. Labor inducing
effect

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

Leguminosae Acacia(gond kikar) Acacia Senegal Gummy exudate Arabin (Ca salt of No significant 1. Demulcent
Acacia arabica from stem Arabic acid) systemic effects, 2. topically for healing
local effects, used wounds
in past as IV for 3. suspending and
GSCAT low BP emulsifying agent
4. in tablet preparation
Glycyrrhiza Glycyrrhiza Dried roots and Glycyrhhizin & K and Anti-inflammatory 1. flavoring agent
(mulaithi) glabra stolons Ca salts of glycyrrhizic due to inhib. of 2. demulcent
acid, glucose, sucrose, PGE2, antibacterial, 3. in peptic and
starch, proteins, fats antiviral, antiulcer, duodenal ulcer
dec. scalp sebum 4. in shampoos
5. anti-inflammatory
6. expectorant
Senna(sana maki) Cassia acutifolia Dried leaves Sennosides A,B,C &D, Peristalsis of large 1. Laxative, cathartic,
Cassia polysaccharides, intestine by purgative for usual
angustifolia mucilages irritation and habitual
constipation,
2. For evacuation of
bowel for
colonoscopy
Cassia(amaltas) Cassia fistula Dried ripe fruit Sennosides, V.O., Anti-inflammatory, 1. As cathartic
sugars, rhien, waxy & Anti-cholinesterase 2. As anti-inflammatory
resinous derivatives Antitumurous, in gout
anti-bacterial, 3. For throat
antiviral, inflammation
Liver protective, 4. As anthelmintic
Laxative, 5. Antioxidant

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

cholesterol 6. Lowers blood sugar

lowering, pain level
relieving, mild
estrogenic, fever
reducing
Tamarind(imli) Tamarindus Dried ripe fruit Sugar, tartaric acid, Cause thirst, 1. Laxative
indica malic acid, citric acid, nutritive, cooling 2. For indigestion
pectin, gum, effect, irritation of 3. Applied on
potassium bitratarate intestine inflammations
4. In gargles or sore
throat
5. Restoration of
sensation in case of
paralysis
Umbelliferae Fennel(sonf) Foeniculum Dried ripe fruit Anethole, fenchone, Inc. digestion, 1. Flavoring agent
 275 vulgare limonene, camphor, α- estrogenic 2. Carminative
genera pinene, F.O. properties, inc. 3. Stimulant
milk secretion, 4. Estrogenic agent
 2850 spcs
menstruation, 5. Promote lactation
birth, libido and menstruation
6. Aphrodisiac
Caraway(zeera) Carum carvi Dried ripe fruit V.O.:carvone,carveol, Inc. GI secretions, 1. flavoring agent
FCCCA limonene; F.O., CNS stimulant, 2. carminative
Smooth muscle, 3. stomachic
stimulant 4. for colic
5. as lactagogue
Coriander(dhaniya) Coriandrum Dried leaves and Coriandrol, limonene, Inc. gastric enzyme 1. flavoring agent

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

sativum fruit p-cymene, pinene secretions, relieves 2. carminative

nervous tention on 3. expectorant
GI smooth muscles 4. antiseptic
5. aromatic stimulant
Conium(shukran) Conium Dried unripe fruit Coniine, N-methyl Curare like 1. analgesic
maculatum coniine, conhydrin, muscular paralysis, 2. sedative
pseudoconhydrin nicotine like 3. anti-cancer
ganglionic 4. emetic
blockade, VC 5. in tetanus
6. antispasmodic
Asafetida(hing) Ferula foetida Oleo-gum resin V.O.(having sulphur Inc. GI enzymes 1. carminative
from incisions in compounds), gums secretion, 2. sedative
roots & rhizomes resins(have ferulic acid antiasthmatic 3. laxative
and asaresinol 4. expectorant
ferulate), 5. anti-asthmatic
6. in whooping cough
7. hysteria
Apocynacese Rauwolfia(choti Rauvolfia Dried roots and Reserpine, ajmaline, biogenic amines 1. Antihypertensive
 250 chandan) serpentina rhizomes amalinine, ajmalicine, Uptake blocker, 2. Sedative
genera serpentine, antihypersensitive 3. Antiemetic
serpentinine, 4. In epilepsy
 2000 spcs
5. For reptile poisoning
Catharanthus Catharanthus Dried whole plant Vincristine, Anti- 1. Anticancer
RC (sadabahar) roseus vinblastine, reserpine, cancer,binding 2. In leukemia
Vinca rosea serpentine with tubulin 3. In lymphomas
protein causing 4. Anti-diabetic in folk
polymerization medicine

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

leading to failure
of mitotis,
Solanaceae Belladonna Atropa Dried leaves and Atropine, Antimuscarinic, 1. Mydriatic
 85 genera (deadly belladonna flowering tops hyoscine, cause sedation and 2. Bronchodilator
 2800 spcs nightshade) hyosciyamine, hallucination when 3. In peptic ulcer
apoatropine act on CNS, 4. Relieves spasm of GIT
tachycardia,slight & UT
BSC-H effect on BP, 5. In CV problems
bronchodilation, 6. As local anesthetic
mydriasis, 7. Sedative
Smooth muscle 8. Treatment of
relaxation of GIT & Parkinson's disease
UT 9. For cholinergic &
mushroom poisoning
Stramonium Datura Dried leaves and Tropane alkaloids: Antimuscarinic, 1. Sedative
stramonium flowering tops Hyoscine, cause sedation and 2. In eye
hyosciyamine hallucination when preparations as
Tropine act on CNS, mydriatic
Psuedotropine tachycardia,slight 3. Local anesthetic
effect on BP, 4. Relieves spasm
bronchodilation, of GIT & UT
mydriasis, 5. As recreational
Smooth muscle drug
relaxation of GIT &
UT
Hyoscyamus Hyoscyamus Dried leaves and Hyoscyamine, little Antimuscarinic, 6. Sedative
niger flowering tops amount of cause sedation and 7. In eye

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

scopolamine hallucination when preparations as

act on CNS, mydriatic
tachycardia,slight 8. Local anesthetic
effect on BP, 9. Asthma
bronchodilation, 10. Antiseptic
mydriasis, 11. Toothache
Smooth muscle 12. Mydriatic
relaxation of GIT &
UT
Capsicum (laal Capsicum Dried ripe fruit Capsaicin, V.O., Powerful irritant, 1. Carminative
mirch) annuum ascorbic acid, red depletion of 2. spice
carotenoids, F.O. substance P, 3. used topically
release of GI to relieve pain in
enzymes arthritis, lumbago
and rheumatism
4. for neuralgia
Scrophulariaceae Digitalis (fox glove) Digitalis Dried leaves Purpurea glycosides A Improves cardiac 1. In cardiac failure
 275 purpurea & B, hydrolyze to conduction --> 2. Cardiac arrhythmias
genera D. lanata digitoxin and gitoxin, improve
further hydrolyze to contractility,
 5500 spcs
digitoxigenin and Red. Arrhythmias,
gitoxigenin; digoxin, Antitumor
gitaloxin
Verbascum Verbascum Leaves and Saponins, tannins, Expectorant, 1. In sore throat
DV Thapsus flowers glycosides,mucilages, demulcent, 2. In cough
V.O. antiviral preparations
3. As antiviral

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

Labiatae Salvia (magic mint) Salvia officinalis Dried leaves and Thujane, Pinene, Salvinorin A: most 1. In psychic disorder
 200 S. divinorum flowering tops resins, tannins, potent naturally 2. Antispasmodic
genera Salvinorin A occurring 3. Analgesic
psychoactive 4. Carminative
 3300 spcs
agent, selective 5. Antiseptic
kappa opioid
receptor agonist,
carminative
Peppermint Mentha piperita Dried leaves and Menthol, menthone, Stimulate intestinal 1. Carminative
SPOTS (podina) flowering tops menthofuran, motility and gastric 2. antispasmodic
piperitone, pinene, secretion, 3. antiseptic
cineol Smooth muscle 4. abortificient
relaxant, 5. flavoring agent
Antiseptic, 6. stimulant
Uterine 7. counter irritant
contraction
Thyme (ban ajvain) Thymus vulgaris Dried leaves and Thymol, Carminative, 1. carminative
flowering tops carvacol,pinene,cineol antispasmodic 2. antiseptic
Antitussive, 3. in cough
expectorant, preparations
antiseptic, 4. for sore throat
5. in asthma
6. as sedative
7. anthelmintic
8. antifungal
Ocimum (tulsi) Ocimum Dried leaves Euginol, menthyl Inc. gastric  carminative
basilicum euginol, carvacol, secretions,  antispasmodic

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

limonene, citral, Smooth muscle  antiseptic

camphene, anethole relaxant,  in gonorrhea
Antiseptic,  as anxiolytic
Effects on CNS
Spearmint (podina) Mentha spicata Dried leaves and Carvone,limonene, Inc. gastric enzyme  carminative
flowering tops menthone, tannins, secretion,  antispasmodic
resins, antiseptic  antiseptic
 diuretic
Liliaceae Aloe (kanvar Aloe barbadensis Dried juice of Mixture of glycosides Orally: stimulate 1. Purgative
 249 gandal) Aloe vera leaves Aloin: barbaloin, intestinal motility, 2. For sun burn and
genera Aloe ferox isobarbaloin, aloe- Topically: wounds as sun block
Aloe spicata emodin, beta emollient, in creams etc.
 3700 spcs
barbaloin; protective, anti- 3. Emenagogue
Flavonoids, resins septic, immune 4. Vermifuge
stimulating 5. Tonic
Colchicum Colchicum Dried ripe seed Colchicine, Anti-inflammatory: 1. In gout
ACG (surinjan) autumnale and corm clchicoresin, binds to cellular 2. In arthritis
C. leuteum demecoicine protein tubulin, 3. As cathartic
inhibits leukocytes 4. As emetic
and phagocytosis 5. In leukemia
6. In homeopathy
Garlic (lehsan) Allium sativum Dried ripe bulb Allicin, Allin, V.O., F.A., Anti-bacterial, anti- 1. Anti-bacterial
albumin, mucilage septic, reduce risk 2. anti-septic
of atheriosclerosis, 3. anti-fungal
Reduce sugar level 4. in diabetes
in diabetes 5. in heart diseases
6. in asthma and

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com
 Pharmacognosy Drug Scheme (Pharm.D 2nd Prof)

whooping cough
7. as expectorant and
aphrodiasic
Zingiberaceae Ginger (adrak) Zingiber Dried rhizome V.O., Gingerol, Anti-oxidant, 1. Carminative
 49 genera officinale camphene, cineol, anti nauseatic, 2. Anti-emetic
 1300 spcs citral, zingiberene, anti-inflammatory 3. In cold
zingirone, starch, preparations
mucilage, protiens 4. Anti-oxidant
5. anti-
inflammatory
Curcuma (haldi) Curcuma longa Dried rhizome Cucuminoids, V.O., Carminative 1. Carminative
GC zingiberine, borneol, anti-inflammatory 2. In cold
cineol, starch ,gums anti-cancer preparations
anti-septic 3. anti-
inflammatory
4. anti-cancer
5. anti-septic
6. in Alzheimer's
disease

Prepared & Compiled By: Islah UD Din khan Safi

(The Volunteer Pharmacist)
Pharm.D (Doctor of Pharmacy) 2nd Prof (Session2012-2017)
Faculty of Pharmacy,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab Pakistan.
Prepared & Compiled By: Islah Ud Din Khan Safi Pharm.D (2012-17) Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB Bahawalpur
Islah.iub@gmail.com