Phylogenetics

BIOLOGY 3 (EXPLORING DIVERSITY)

https://answersingenesis.org/evolution/phylogenetics/
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, we must be able to:

• Compare phylogeny and ontogeny

• Explain early ideas related to phylogeny and ontogeny
• Describe phylogenetics and its relation to systematics and taxonomy

Before anything else. . .

Tell us a few things about yourself. .

• Full name
• Domicile
• Elementary school
• What made you decide to take Biology 3 as a core/elective?
• What do you expect from the subject teacher?

Everything’s here!
Google Drive: Biology 3 (Exploring Diversity) | Section 1

• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/
1Uz3uM9sR4nQz_1mEa3N7FFXplt-qBYRv?usp=sharingDomicile

• Modules
• Lecture Slides
• Zoom Meeting Recordings
• Curriculum Guide
• Grading System

Embryonic Development of Vertebrates

What morphological
similarities in embryonic
stages can you see?

How are these organisms

grouped together?

What is the reason behind

these observed patterns?
Introduction
There are two concepts
related to phylogenetics.

• Ontogeny – this is the

individual growth and
development of an
organism depicting the
changes occurring from
early to later stages of
development. In
recapitulation theory, it
refers to the morphological
changes occurring in the
embryo.

Introduction
There are two concepts
related to phylogenetics

• Phylogeny – this refers to

the evolutionary history and
relationships of a species. It
describes the morphological
or molecular changes that
occurred in the species’
lineage from its origin to the
most recent ancestor

Phylogeny
• Hypothesis that explains evolutionary relationship among taxa
• Species
• Higher taxonomic classi cation

• DNA sequences

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 Recall | Definition of Life

Biology Basics

• De nition of Life

• Organization
• Evolutionary Adaptation
• Response to Stimuli
• Homeostasis
• Metabolism
• Growth
• Reproduction
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Recall | Biological Organization

Biology Basics
Patterns of Embryonic Development
Phylogenetics
• Dynamic discipline that is
applied to systematics and
aims to uncover
evolutionary processes
behind the origin of species

• These hypotheses about

relationships are
represented by tree
diagrams

• A representation that
shows the evolutionary
relationships among all
groups of organisms is
called the Tree of Life

 Phylogenetic Tree

Linnaean classification PhyloCode

( hierarchical and sci. names) (based on evolutionary relationship;
all descendants and ancestors listed)

Extinct (ancestor) = dead

Extant (descendants) = living
The goal of phylogenetic inference is to resolve the
branching orders of lineages in evolutionary trees.
Related Disciplines
Comparative Biology

• Involves investigating
biological patterns

• Makes use of
organisms’ features to
infer evolutionary
relationships

• Phylogenetics utilizes
comparative data to come
up with the historical
course of evolution in
organisms

 Try this!

1. Given the character, construct a cladogram.

2. Teacher will ask at lease three (3) students to show their

output to class.

Related Disciplines
Systematics

• Involves the organizing and

classifying species

• Based on evolutionary
relationships

• Integrates information from

phylogeny

• Uses data from various

sources such as fossils,
body structures and
even DNA sequence

Related Disciplines
Taxonomy

• Naming of organisms using

binomial nomenclature

• Uses Linnaean System

which is based on
morphological features

• May mislead the

grouping of the organism
since it attempts to rank
organisms with arti cial
rankings

• KPCOFGS

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Recall | Six Kingdoms of Life

Biology Basics
Summary
• Ontogeny and phylogeny are two different concepts and there is
no parallelism between developmental stages of an organism and
its evolutionary history.

• Phylogenetics is a growing and changing discipline that explores

the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms.

• Phylogenetics informs the elds of systematics and taxonomy as

these classify and categorize organisms based on evolutionary
relationships.

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