Abdominal muscles, fasciae.

Sites of weakness in abdominal

wall.
15th practical class

Normunds Bauers
MM. ABDOMINIS

Anterior abdominal muscles

M. rectus
abdominis
Origo: Proc. xiphoideus,
cartilagines costarum V - VII
Insertio: Os pubis - between
symphysis pubica et
tuberculum pubicum
Functio: Flexio trunci
M. pyramidalis
Origo: Ramus superior ossis
pubis
Insertio: Linea alba
Functio: Tenses linea alba
Lateral abdominal muscles
M. obliquus
externus
abdominis
Origo: External surfaces V to XII ribs
Insertio: Crista iliaca, linea alba (lig.
inguinale)
Functio: Flexio trunci
(bilateral contractions). Turns trunk
to oposite side (unilateral
contractions)
M. obliquus
internus abdominis
Origo: Lig. inguinale lateral part,
spina iliaca anterior superior, crista
iliaca, fascia thoracolumbalis
Insertio: X, XI, XII ribs, linea alba
Functio: Flexio trunci
(bilateral contractions). Turns trunk
to the same side (unilateral
contractions).
M. transversus
abdominis
Origo: Lig. inguinale, spina iliaca
anterior superior, crista iliaca,
fascia thoracolumbalis, internal
surfaces VII to XII
Insertio: Linea alba
Functio: Increases
intraabdominal pressure
Posterior abdominal muscles
Mm. quadratus
lumborum
Origo: Lig. iliolumbale, crista
iliaca
Insertio: Costa XII
Functio: Extensio trunci (bilateral
contractions), latero exio trunci
(unilateral contractions)
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Rectus sheath - vagina m. recti
abdominis
Lamina anterior
above umbilicus
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
externi abdominis
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
interni abdominis
super cial plate
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Lamina anterior
above umbilicus
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
externi abdominis
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
interni abdominis
super cial plate
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Lamina anterior
below umbilicus:
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
externi abdominis
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
interni abdominis
• Aponeurosis m. transversi
abdominis
Lamina anterior
below umbilicus:
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
externi abdominis
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
interni abdominis
• Aponeurosis m. transversi
abdominis
Lamina posterior
above umbilicus:
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
interni abdominis deep
plate
• Aponeurosis m. transversi
abdominis
Lamina posterior
above umbilicus:
• Aponeurosis m. obliqui
interni abdominis deep
plate
• Aponeurosis m. transversi
abdominis
Lamina posterior
below umbilicus:
• Fascia transversalis
• Peritoneum
Lamina posterior
below umbilicus:
• Fascia transversalis
• Peritoneum
Fascia abdominis
Fascia abdominis
Fascia investiens abdominis
Fascia investiens super cialis
Fasciae investientes
intermediae
Fascia investiens profunda
Fascia transversalis
Fascia endoabdominalis
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Fascia abdominis
Fascia investiens abdominis
Fascia investiens super cialis
Fasciae investientes
intermediae
Fascia investiens profunda
Fascia transversalis
Fascia endoabdominalis
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Anterior abdominal wall from the
inside
Plica umbilicalis
mediana
Lies in midline from apex
vesicae to anulus umbilicalis.
During development in foetus it
is urachus (primary urinary duct),
after birth it transforms into lig.
umbilicale medianum.
Plica umbilicalis
medialis dextra et
sinistra
Runs from lig. inguinale to
anulus umbilicalis. During
development in foetus it is a.
umbilicalis, after birth it
transforms into lig. umbilicale
mediale.
Plica umbilicalis
lateralis dextra et
sinistra
Runs from lig. inguinale to
m. rectus abdominis margin.
It is a. et v. epigastrica
inferior covered by
peritoneum.
Fossa
supravesicalis
borders:


• Medial margin - plica umbilicalis
mediana
• Lateral margin - plica umbilicalis
medialis with falx inguinalis (fascia
transversalis
formation)

• Inferior margin - apex vesicae
Fossa inguinalis
medialis borders:
• Medial margin - plica umbilicalis medialis
with falx inguinalis
• Lateral margin - plica umbilicalis lateralis
with lig. interfoveolare (fascia transversalis 

formation)
• Inferior margin - lig. inguinale

In this fossa the super cial inguinal ring

(anulus inguinalis super cialis) is projected. 

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Fossa inguinalis
lateralis borders:
Medial margin - plica umbilicalis
lateralis with lig. interfoveolare

Inferior margin - lig. inguinale


This fossa contains the deep
inguinal ring (anulus inguinalis
profundus) covered by peritoneum
Sites of weakness in the
abdominal wall
Sites of weakness
Canalis inguinalis (87%)
Anulus umbilicalis (9%)
Canalis femoralis (3%)
Linea alba (1%)
Trigonum lumbale
Canalis inguinalis
Canalis inguinalis
Length: 4 - 5 cm; diameter: 1 cm
in male and 0,5 cm in female.


Contents: funiculus
spermaticus in male and lig.
teres uteri in female.
Walls:
• Anterior wall - aponeurosis m.
obliqui externi abdominis
• Inferior wall - lig. inguinale
• Superior wall - m. obliquus internus
abdominis and m. transversus
abdominis inferior margin
• Posterior wall - fascia transversalis
and peritoneum
Openings:
• Anulus inguinalis
super cialis
• Anulus inguinalis
profundus
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Anulus inguinalis
superficialis
• Superior margin - crus
mediale
• Inferior margin - crus laterale
• Lateral margin - brae
intercrurales
• Medial margin - lig. re exum
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Anulus inguinalis
profundus
Anulus inguinalis profundus
is projected in fossa
inguinalis lateralis.
Anulus umbilicalis
Anulus umbilicalis
All layers of the anterior abdominal
wall fuse at the umbilical ring, a
small round defect in the linea
alba located just inferior to the
midpoint between the
xiphoid process of the sternum
and the pubic symphysis.
Canalis femoralis
Canalis femoralis
Anulus femoralis - canalis
femoralis internal opening; it
is in the medial part of the
lacuna vasorum
Bordered by:
Superiorly - lig. inguinale,

Inferiorly - ramus superior ossis pubis,
pecten ossis pubis covered by lig.
pectineale,

Medially - os pubis covered by lig.
lacunare,

Laterally - v. femoralis.

Canalis femoralis
walls:
• Medial wall: m. pectineus with
fascia pectinea
• Lateral wall: v. femoralis,
• Anterior wall: cornu superius
(formation of the fascia lata) 

Hiatus saphenus
Canalis femoralis external opening; it is
located 2 - 4 cm below lig. inguinale.
Opening is covered by fascia cribrosa.
Opening is bordered by cornu superius
and cornu inferius of the margo
falciformis.
Behind fascia cribrosa runs v. femoralis
and it recieves tributary v. saphena
magna.
Linea alba
Linea alba
The linea alba is a single midline brous
line in the anterior abdominal wall formed
by the median fusion of the layers of the
rectus sheath medial to the bilateral
rectus abdominis muscles.
It attaches to the xiphoid process of the
sternum and the pubic symphysis.
The umbilicus passes through the linea
alba.
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Trigonum lumbale
Borders:
• Crista iliaca,
• M. obliquus externus abdominis,
• M. latissimus dorsi.
• Base - m. obliquus internus
abdominis and m. transversus
abdominis