Electricals Solved Till September 2022

Electro technology
1. Describe the components of lead acid batteries with diagram

2. What are valve regulated lead acid batteries
3. With reference to a small 3 phase electrical motor, driving a transfer pump
that is not used on a regular basis, failing to rotate when the start button is
pressed
4. Sketch a reverse current trip
5. Explain why there is a time delay incorporated before reverse current trip
operates
6. Explain briefly how reverse current trip operates
7. Battery of internal resistance 1Ω is connected in series with two resistors.
8. A total current of 15A is let to flow as the input from source and it is shared
between two resistors. Find the current through the branches of individual
resistors and voltage across 2 resistors
9. Explain about nonlinear resistors with some examples and illustration on how
they differ from linear resistor
10. Diode half wave rectifier supplies a resistive load of 100Ω from a 100V ac
RMS voltage source. The diode is a resistance of 5Ω during conduction state.
Calculate the DC output voltage, DC avg load current
11. What is a circuit breaker? Explain its operation on each type
12. Explain about an electronic control system with example
13. Explain about an electric control system with example
14. Explain control theory
15. Discuss on Wheatstone bridge and one of its applications, namely “on the
electric steering gear”
16. Compare lead acid battery with alkaline battery
17. Explain the working of DOL starting of AC motor with the help of a diagram
18. Explain the auto transformer starting of an AC motor with the help of a
diagram
19. Explain single phasing protection for poly phase motor
20. A 440v, 10kW, 0.8pf, 3ph load is supplied as shown. Calculate short circuit
fault current at the load and at the main switch board
21. Give a brief outline general maintenance of transformer
22. Explain transformer rewinding and testing of transformer oil
23. A 100kVA, 1100/220 V, 50 Hz, Single-phase transformer has a leakage
impedance of (0.1+j0.4)Ω for the HV winding and (0.006+j0.015)Ω for the
LV winding. Find the equivalent winding resistance, reactance and impedance
referred to the HV and LV sides
24. A 3 phase induction motor which is wound for 4 pole, when running full load
develops a useful torque of 100Nm; also rotor e.m.f. is observed to make 120
cycles/min. It is known that the torque lost on account of friction and core
loss is 7Nm. Calculate the shaft power output, Rotor cu loss, motor input and
efficiency
25. Brief the condition to be satisfied for synchronizing
26. Explain the working of a synchroscope with sketch
27. Explain why each of the protective device is fitted to a main electrical switch
board
28. Explain the basics and tuning of PID controller
29. Explain automatic control system and its advantages
30. Explain about control loop transmitter.
31. Describe how you would overhaul an electric motor that has been flooded
with a sea water
32. Explain how to check the insulation resistance of the motor, stating the
minimum acceptable valve
33. Principle of rotation of motor and how to reverse the direction of a 3 phase
induction motor
34. With reference to an emergency power source of electrical power in cargo
ships
35. Draw and explain the shape of the characteristic curves of a p-n junction
diode in forward and reverse bias modes
36. What is a short circuit and how may a short- circuit develop in
37. Sketch a lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps
38. State the advantages of the lamps-bright system
39. State the disadvantages of the lamps-dark system
40. A 4-pole lap wound DC shunt generator has an open emf of 250v when the
flux per pole is 0.08Wb and the speed is 10rps. The speed of the generator is
reduced to 10% and the flux per pole is increased by 5% when the generator
supplies a load of 100A. determine terminal voltage, if the armature resistance
is 0.06Ω and the new total field circuit resistance is 200Ω
41. Describe the basic principles of a self-excited generator
42. The armature resistance of a 200V, shunt motor is 0.4Ω and the no-load
armature current is 2A. When fully loaded and taking an armature current of
50A, the speed is 1200 rpm. Find the no-load speed and state the assumption
made in the calculation
43. Describe the effect of running an induction motor on reduced voltage (The
Highs and Lows of Motor Voltage | EC&M (ecmweb.com))
44. A 90V DC generator is used to charge a battery of 40 cells in series, each cell
having an average emf of 1.9v and an internal resistance of 0.0025Ω. if the
total resistance of the connecting cells is 1Ω, calculate the valve of the
charging current
45. State the relationship between impedance, voltage and current
46. The filament of 230V lamps takes a current of 0.261A when working at its
normal temperature of 2000℃. The temperature coefficient of the tungsten
filament material can be taken as 0.005Ω/Ω/℃ at 0℃. Find the approximate
current which flows at the instant of switching on the supply to the cold
lamp, which can be considered to be at a room temperature of 20℃
47. Explain the matching of an induction electric motor to a pump required for
main circulating duty, with the aid of pump characteristic and torque/ slip
diagram
48. Draw a diagram showing the essential connection of 2 compound generators
A and B coupled to common bus bars for parallel operation. If A is running
on the bus bars and supplying all the load, describe the process of bringing B
into commission and adjusting it to take its share of the load
49. With the aid of clearly drawn and labeled sketches, describe the construction
and the principle of operation, of a galvanometer of permanent-magnet
moving-coil type. Is such an instrument suitable for use in AC circuits? Give
reason for your answer
50. Describe the principles of operation of an electro pneumatic controller
51. Describe the principles of a fuel – air ratio controller (own answer)
52. Describe a simple single phase transformer
53. A 15 kVA, 440/110 v, 50 cycle/sec, single-phase transformer has primary and
secondary resistances of 0.12Ω and 0.0077Ω respectively. The iron loss of the
transformer is 0.16 kW. Calculate the efficiency of the transformer
54. Name the 3 main types of AC motor and explain the use to which they are
put in marine engineering
55. A 4 pole motor is fed at 440v and takes an armature of 50A. The resistance of
the armature circuit is 0.28Ω. The armature winding is wave connected with
888 conductors and the useful flux per pole is 0.023wb. Calculate the speed.
56. Describe the normal criteria used for setting thermal protection relays and
their advantage compared to magnetic types
57. A series motor runs at 600r/min when taking 110A from a 230v supply. The
resistance of the armature circuit is 0.12Ω and that of series winding is 0.03Ω.
The useful flux per pole for 110A is 0.024wb and that for 50A is 0.0155wb.
Calculate the speed when the current has fallen to 50A
58. Describe the measures to be taken and the effect on various outputs when
running a 60Hz system on a 50Hz supply
59. A series circuit consists of a capacitor of 50μF and a coil of inductance 1.5H
and resistance 300Ω. Find the total impedance when working on a 50Hz
supply. Find weather the current leads or lags the voltage
1. Describe the components of lead acid batteries with diagram
Battery case
It is the outer structure of a battery which holds all the internal
components and keeps them in proper alignment. The battery case is
mostly made up of hard rubber, plastic, or some other material which has
resistance to electrolyte and mechanical shocks. The case should also be able to
withstand high temperatures.
Plates
There are two types of plates in a battery called as the positive and
negative plates. These plates are surrounded by the electrolyte.
Positive plates are made of antimony and covered by an active layer of lead
dioxide (PbO2) while the negative plates are made up of lead and are covered
with an active layer of sponge lead (Pb).
Separators
They are made from specially treated wood, performed rubber or
celluloid and are used to insulate the active plates from one
another. Separators should be such that acid electrolyte should be
able to pass through these separators. The plates should be separated
from each other in order to avoid shorting. For this purpose, the plates are
separated by a thin porous insulator. Electrolytes are allowed to pass freely
between the plates.
Cells
A group of positive and negative plates constitute a cell. In a cell,
these plates are immersed in their own electrolyte reservoir. Each
cell is capable of producing 2.1 volts, regardless of the size of the battery.
Electrolyte
The battery case is filled with an electrolyte solution which is a
mixture of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and water (H2O). The freezing
point of the electrolyte in a fully charged lead-acid battery will be lower than in
a discharged battery.
Cell cover
These are obtained by moulding hard rubber & are used to cover
the cell. There are vent-plugs in the cell cover for easy escape for
gas formed in the cell during charge.
Vent caps
Vent caps are placed on the top of the battery case to allow a
controlled release of hydrogen gas from the battery. This hydrogen
gas is formed during the battery being recharged with an external charger.
Plate connectors
They are made of pure lead. Positive & negative plates are welded
separately with it forming positive group & negative group post
terminals. An upward extension from each connecting bar form the terminal
poles
Cell connectors
Cells are connected in series to form battery. Plates in the cells are
so arranged that the negative terminal of one cell is closed to
positive terminals of the next cell & so on.
Sealing compound
It is made from bitumen compound and is used to form an acid
tight joint between the cover & container, so that acid may not
come out while cell is in use.
Terminal posts
The cells connected in series have two extreme terminals. One is
positive while the other one is negative. The positive terminal is
connected to the positive terminal post and the negative terminal
is connected to the negative terminal post. These posts protrude
from the battery case and provide connection points for the
vehicle‟s battery cables.
2. What are valve regulated lead acid batteries
Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries came in the market
during the 1950s. They have gelled electrolyte to immobilize the
electrolyte. When glass-fiber felts became available in 1970‟s,
Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries using glass-fiber felts to
immobilize the electrolyte came in the market in a big way. The
advantages of immobilized electrolyte include the internal oxygen
cycle accommodating the overcharging current avoiding any
chemical change within the cell and the suppression of acid
stratification. Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries need a valve for
gas escape since grid corrosion and hydrogen release are
unavoidable secondary reactions and hence, the cells can‟t be made
completely sealed.
These reactions obviously cause water loss and periodical topping

up of distilled water is necessary. The secondary reactions reduce
the service life of Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, operated at
higher temperature. There is comparatively high heat generation
during the internal oxygen cycle when overcharged. It is hence
necessary to control the temperature of Valve-regulated lead-acid
batteries.
3. With reference to a small 3 phase electrical motor, driving a
transfer pump that is not used on a regular basis, failing to
rotate when the start button is pressed
a. Outline the procedure to determine the possible cause
When a motor fails to take load, the following could be the
reasons:
 High temperature in the bearings, causes low
lubrication, increases friction, increase the load.
 Tightened belt causing increased temperature in the
bearings.
 Single-phasing of the supply in the running position of
the starter.
If a motor is not rotating in the E/R, you will carry out the
following checks:
 Check for the isolation
 Rotate the Coupling with your hand
 Check for the Circuit breaker
 Remove the fuses
 Look for the Overload Trip
 Visually inspect the motor terminals
 Visually Inspect the Starter Terminals
 Carry out Infinite Resistance Test
b. Explain the procedure to remove the motor should it be

faulty and require changing
Refer DGS e-learning video

MARINE ELECTROTECHNOLOGY (MET) - CLASS 4 MEO>
5. Distribution Systems>
Electrical Maintenance>
General>
Maintenance of Induction Motor>Video
4. Sketch a reverse current trip
5. Explain why there is a time delay incorporated before reverse

current trip operates
A time delay of 5 seconds avoids tripping due to likely reverse
power surges whilst synchronizing when the alternator frequency
is a bit less than the running one while synchronizing.
6. Explain briefly how reverse current trip operates
A light weight non-magnetic aluminum disc is mounted on a
spindle. It has low friction bearings. It is positioned in a gap
between electromagnets. The upper electromagnet is provided
with a voltage coil connected to phase to N voltage of the
alternator output. The lower electromagnet is provided with a
current coil also supplied from the same phase through a (CT)
current transformer. The voltage coil has a high inductance so that
the current in the coil lags the voltage by an angle 90°. Magnetic
field produced by the current lags the voltage and also lags the
magnetic field of lower electromagnet. Both magnetic fields pass
through the aluminium disc and cause eddy current. The effect of
eddy current produces a torque in the disc. With normal power
flow, the trip contacts on the disc spindle are open and the disc
rests on the back stop. When the alternator power reverses, the
disc rotates in the other direction, moves away from the stop.
Now, the contacts are closed and trips circuit breaker. A time delay
of 5 seconds avoids tripping due to likely reverse power surges
whilst synchronizing when the alternator frequency is a bit less
than the running one while synchronizing. The settings of RPP
relay are 8% to 10% for diesel prime movers and 2% to 6% for
turbine prime movers.
7. Battery of internal resistance 1Ω is connected in series with
two resistors.
a. Compute current in the circuit
b. The pd for 10Ω resistor
c. Voltage across 5Ω resistor
d. The terminal pd of the battery
Solution:
The circuit is redrawn in figure so as to show the battery

resistance.
We have
Req = 10Ω + 5Ω + 1Ω = 16Ω
Hence the circuit is equivalent to the one shown in above figure in
the right.
(a) Applying V = IR to it, we have:
(b) Since I = 1.0 A, we can find the p.d. from point b to point c as
(c) and that from c to d as
Notice that I is the same at all points in a series circuit.

(d) The terminal p.d. of the battery is the p.d. from a to e
therefore,
Or, we could start at e and keep track of the voltage changes as we
go through the battery from e to a
Taking voltage drops as negative, we have

8. A total current of 15A is let to flow as the input from source
and it is shared between two resistors. Find the current
through the branches of individual resistors and voltage
across 2 resistors
Voltage across each resistor
V1 = I1 R1
= 10 x 3
= 30v
V2 = I2 R2
=5x6
= 30v
9. Explain about nonlinear resistors with some examples and
illustration on how they differ from linear resistor
An electrical circuit having a linear component, such as a linear resistor (or inductor,
capacitor), as its component is called a linear circuit. A linear circuit is an electric circuit
in which the output voltage and current of a linear circuit are linear functions of its input
voltage and current. Resistances, connected individually or in series or parallel
combinations, are constant and don't change with time or with the level of voltage or
current in the circuit. When a sinusoidal input voltage or current of frequency (f) is applied
to this linear circuit, any steady state output parameters of the circuit remain sinusoidal
with frequency (f). A linear circuit has no non-linear components in it.
Non-linear circuits having non-linear resistors, connected
individually or in series or parallel combinations, change with time
or with the level of voltage or current in the circuit
Linear circuits obey superposition theorem. They are governed by linear

differential equations. They can be analyzed with Fourier Analysis and
Laplace Transform and with scientific calculators.
Non-linear circuits do not normally have closed form solutions.
Non-linear circuits can be analyzed using approximate numerical
methods.
The behavior of resistors in linear circuit can be specified by a single number or

a straight line on a graph.
The behavior of non-linear resistors is specified by its detailed
transfer function, given by a curved line on a graph.
Linear resistors obey Ohm’s Law. The current through the linear resistor is
inversely proportional to its resistance value, provided the temperature is
constant. Its V-I curves are straight lines.
There are some elements which do not obey Ohm‟s Law. Their V-
I curves are not straight lines i.e., the V-I curves are non-linear.
Such resistors are called nonlinear elements.
Filaments of incandescent lamps are typical examples of non-linear

elements. Diodes, thermistors and varistors also have non-linear V-I curves.
10. Diode half wave rectifier supplies a resistive load of 100Ω
from a 100V ac RMS voltage source. The diode is a resistance
of 5Ω during conduction state. Calculate the DC output
voltage, DC avg load current
(answer needs to be confirmed before studying)

Given:
RL = 100Ω
Vrms = 100V AC
Rd = 5Ω
To find:
1. Vdc =?
2. Idc =?
1. Vdc = Idc x RL
= 0.42 x 100
Vdc =42.87v
2. Idc =
=
√
=
√
=
Idc =0.42A

11. What is a circuit breaker? Explain its operation on each type
Circuit Breaker is an electrical switch which controls an electrical
circuit containing loads. With the help of commands from the
protective devices of the load or the supply system, it helps to
isolate the load circuit from the supply system at the shortest
possible time. Thus it helps avoid damages to the load due to
faults caused by overload or short circuit etc., and saves the system
too from getting affected by the faults of loads.
The basic function of a circuit breaker is to interrupt the circuit

continuity or to cut the electricity flow immediately.
For Operation Explanation, Refer DGS e-learning

Protective devices>
Circuit breakers>
Working of Circuit Breaker>
Video
12. Explain about an electronic control system with example
Electronic control systems are now very commonly being used.
Such systems usually function as primary controls which control
secondary control systems that could be pneumatic, hydraulic, or
electrical or a combination.
Certain critical systems are integrated bridge system, machinery

alarm and monitoring system and incinerator combustion system.
Electronic control system is used to perform both simple and

complex control actions.
Example
Data logging is one such complex operation. A data logging system
collects the data from sensors, stores the data in database and
compares it with the set values. If the deviation is within limits, it
takes a corrective action else it raises an alarm. Data logging also
involves printing and displaying conditions of processes.
The function of each element in this system is as follows:
1. Sensors are the detecting elements which measures
pressure, temperature, flow, level and convert the
received signal into proportional voltage signals.
2. Scanner receives the dc output from sensors which are
analogous in nature.
3. Analog to digital converter converts the received signal
into digital signal.
4. The analog transducers of pressure and temperature
sensors produce a voltage signal proportional to the
measured parameters.
5. The transducer signals are received by a multiplexer
which scans up to 400 points per second.
6. The signals are line arised and sent to analog digital
converter.
7. The digital signal is then passed to a computer where it
is compared with a reference signal.
8. From the computer it is sent to a digital to analog
converter.
9. The analog signal is sent to the output multiplexer
which sends a correcting signal to the regulating unit.
Each medium has its own advantages and disadvantages. For

instance, hydraulic medium has limited applications as leakage of
the medium can cause hazards. Certain control systems use
combinations of these media, depending on the area of application
and requirement.
13. Explain about an electric control system with example
Electrical control systems are used to control electrical machines,
communication equipment, and a variety of safety systems. These
systems are fast and accurate compared to pneumatic and
hydraulic systems. This system also offers the flexibility of working
symbiotically with pneumatic or hydraulic systems.
Certain critical systems and equipment used in ships are the

propulsion control system, bilge alarm system, load sharing system
and inert gas system.
For more details, Refer DGS e-learning

7. Electronics>
Control systems>
Types of Control System>
Electric Control System>
Video
14. Explain control theory
The main control strategies used in designing a control system are:
 Open loop control
 Closed loop control
An open loop control system has no feedback and controller

action is not related to the final output.
For instance, a purifier desludging timer when set at four hours operates only
after four hours, even if the purifier is dirty.
A closed loop control system has a feedback from the system and
controller action is related to the final output.
For example in ALCAP purifier the water content in the output is measured
and if water content increases above the set limit then the purifier desludges.
Closed loop control systems are further classified as:

 Feedback control system
 Feed forward control system
Feedback control system is used in nowadays. It corrects the

deviation between set point and the measured value in a system.
The basic function of a closed loop feedback control system is shown
schematically in the block diagram.
The feedback controller consists of:
 A measuring unit, which measures the state of process,
like temperature and pressure transducers.
 An input set point device to set the desired value.
 Comparator for comparing the measured value with
the set point and calculating the deviation.
 Control unit to correct this deviation so that the
process returns to its desired value.
 Output unit converting the output from the controller
to physical action.
Feed forward control system attempts to correct the effect of

disturbances by measuring them in advance and predicting a
control action to counteract the disturbances.
15. Discuss on Wheatstone bridge and one of its applications,
namely “on the electric steering gear”
A Wheatstone bridge is one of the methods for measuring the

value of unknown resistances. This bridge circuit is most sensitive
when all the four resistors have similar resistance values. However,
the circuit works quite well with practical resistance measurement instruments.
In the below media, if Q can be varied over a 10:1 resistance range and P is of
a similar value, we can switch decade values of S into and out of the circuit
according to the range of value we expect from the RX. Using this method, we
can accurately measure any value of RX by moving one multiple-position
switch and adjusting one precision potentiometer.
For media, Refer DGS e-learning

1. The Electrical Circuit>
Wheatstone Network Bridge Control systems>
Video
For steering gear application media, Refer DGS e-learning

1. The Electrical Circuit>
Application to Steering Gears>
Video
16. Compare lead acid battery with alkaline battery
17. Explain the working of DOL starting of AC motor with the
help of a diagram
This is a very simple method of starting and is widely used. In the
direct on line (D.O.L) starting of A.C motor, the 3 phase A.C
supply is given to an induction motor with its rotor at rest and the
back emf will be zero. Hence, the starting current will be very high,
say up to 6 times the F.L current. The current will get reduced
gradually to full load current when the motor reaches the rated
speed. This method can be used in small capacity motors where
frequent starting is not needed. In case of heavy loads, the motor
may not start in this method.
If this method is used in large motors, the draw of large currents

would lower the system voltage affecting the system and the
functioning of other equipment connected to the system. The
system hence needs to withstand DOL starting.
Working
The control circuit of a D.O.L starting system has a contactor
connected in series with its self-sealing contact and also the
normally closed „stop P.B‟ contact and normally closed contacts
protection devices such as O/L relay and single phase protection
relay.
The total circuit is connected across two phases of input supply.
On contactor energizing, the contacts of the contactor close and

connect the A.C motor to the supply.
When the start P.B is pressed, contactor picks up and motor gets
supply and starts running.
If any of the protection device contact is closed due to a relevant

fault, the contactor drops opening the N.C (normally closed)
contact and stops the motor. Likewise, the contactor drops when
„Stop PB‟ is pressed and stops the motor.
The “Start P.B” and “Stop P.B” can be located at a remote place
and connected electrically through cables. This facilitates remote
operation of the motor.
Electrical contactor has a solenoid. The plunger of the solenoid

moves a set of electrical contacts from one position (closed) to
another position (open) or from open to close position. The
former contact is called as normally closed (N.C) and the later as
“Normally open”. There will be a combination of N.O and N.C
contacts according to the need in the control system.
It is known that the plunger of the solenoid picks up on the

energization of a electromagnetic coil and when the coil is de-
energized, the plunger returns to its original position due to the
action of spring. On de-energization, the contacts go back to the
original position.
The main electrical equipment is connected to the supply through

the contacts of the contactor. Another contact of the contactor is
connected is the control circuit.
Conclusion
DOL starter is used for starting the squirrel cage induction motor.
In this method, motor is directly connected to full supply voltage
during starting. So, this method is not applicable for high capacity
motors. This starter is used only in small capacity motors of up to
3 HP.
18. Explain the auto transformer starting of an AC motor with
the help of a diagram
By applying gradually rising voltage to the motor at the starting
through and auto transformer is one of the methods of A.C motor
starting. Full voltage is applied once it reaches rated speed. The 3
phase auto transformer has a range of tapping points enabling is to
apply a range of variable voltages to the motor.
During starting, the output from the auto transformer is fed to the
motor. By changing the taps, variable voltage is obtained. Reduced
voltage gives low current and low torque. When speed reaches
nearer to rated one, voltage is transferred directly to motor. There
may be large surge of current when the transfer is affected.
The scheme is also costly. During the starting, torque developed is

proportional to the square of the voltage applied to motor. If
voltage is 50%, torque is 25% and hence no jerk is applied to the
motor.
However, a high magnetizing current is drawn by the auto
transformer while starting, heating up the transformer winding.
Too many starts in short intervals will cause overheating of the
transformer and the transformer needs critical design to avoid this.
The arrangement shown obviates the above problem, by
introducing an automatic scheme as discussed below.
At the starting, switch 1 is open. Sw2 and Sw3 are closed. After
reaching the maximum voltage output from the auto transformer
by changing the taps, Sw3 is opened. Now, a small portion of the
winding of the transformer is in service with the motor winding
applying more voltage to the motor. After a further time delay,
Sw2 is opened and Sw1 is closed to run the motor in normal
condition.
Conclusion
Starting of a 3-phase induction motor using Auto transformer
starter has been explained here. During starting, reduced voltage is
applied to stator winding by varying the tapings of the auto
transformer. Once motor reaches 80% of the rated speed, normal
voltage is applied to it.
19. Explain single phasing protection for poly phase motor
Unbalanced voltage may be caused due to any one of the following
reasons
 Single phase loads.
 Imperfect transposition of feeders.
 Blown fuses in power factor correction plant.
 Loose connections.
 Oxidation of aluminum conductors at the terminals
etc.
 Due to unbalanced supply voltages, the currents
flowing through the machine are also unbalanced.
Effects of Single Phasing on 3 phase Induction Motors

 Single phasing is a particular case of unbalance.
 Single phase is often the cause of damage to the motor
and its effects are far more serious than those of
practical values of unbalanced supply voltages
Single phasing is the operation of a poly phase induction motor,

when one of the supply lines to the motor is severed or dead.
Single phasing is also referred as „Open Phasing‟ or „Phase Failure‟
and a peculiar case of unbalanced supply voltage.
Single phasing may be caused by the blowing off of a fuse

somewhere in the system through an earth fault. Loose contacts or
burning out of a contact in control equipment will also result in
phase failure
The usual cause of blow-outs in induction motors is single-

phasing.
 A stationary motor will not start with one line broken.
 In fact, due to heavy standstill current, it is likely to
burn-out quickly unless it is immediately disconnected.
Performance of the fully loaded motor under single phasing
Once it is stopped it will not restart, or ever if it starts, it will do so
very slowly. The most likely cause of stalling in induction motor is
the loss of one phase of the supply, for example, due to the blowing of a
back up fuse by the inrush current when the motor is first energized. The
actual value of the stalling current drawn by the machine will be less than three
phase stalling current, being equal to 0.866 of this value. However excessive
overheating of the parts of the rotor winding is likely to ensue, as shown in the
preceding articles.
It is difficult to distinguish between healthy starting condition and

stalling condition as in both the cases the current is of very high
value. The only differentiating factor would be the time or the
extent of negative sequence components. In the former condition
this high current will be maintained over a longer period and will
have a negative sequence current equal or greater than positive
sequence current while in the latter case the high current will last
only for a short starting duration and will have almost negligible
negative sequence current.
20. A 440v, 10kW, 0.8pf, 3ph load is supplied as shown. Calculate
short circuit fault current at the load and at the main switch
board
1. Suppose now a short-circuit fault occurs at the load terminals

The total impedance is
ZF = 0.025 + 0.01 + 0.015 = 0.05 Ώ
and the prospective short-circuit fault current is

IF = V/ZF = 440V/0.05 Ώ = 8,800 A
So the prospective fault current level at the load is 8800 A.
2. For a short-circuit at the main switchboard 440 V the fault level

is:
440 V/ 0.025 Ώ = 17,600 A
So the prospective fault current level at MSB is 17600 A.

21. Give a brief outline general maintenance of transformer
Introduction:
Periodical maintenance is required for ensuring proper working of transformers.
The insulation resistance should be measured with megger periodically.
Periodical analysis of the dissolved gases assists in the detection of incipient
faults in the transformer. Checking of condenser bushings, Buchholz relay,
cooling fans, temperature indicator must be done regularly. The breather in the
transformer is used to remove all the unwanted particles and dust from
atmospheric air entering into the transformer. The silica gel in the transformer
breather must be checked regularly. Transformer oil test is done to find out
dielectric strength of the transformer oil. Rewinding of transformer coils is done
when there is any fault such as open circuit, short circuit and insulation failure
in the transformer winding.
Cotton cloth coated with insulating varnish is known as varnished cambric.
This type of material is used for insulating purposes in electrical equipment,
particularly in transformers.
General Maintenance - Transformers

 The insulation resistance should be measured with
megger periodically. All the windings to earth need to
be meggered individually. Meggering between windings
is also essential.
 Polarisation Index (P.I) value (I.R value at 10 min
divided by I.R. value at one minute) of the winding
insulation shall be checked.
 Connection points should be checked for tightness
observing for any hot spots.
 The D.C resistance value of the windings should be
measured in all taps.
 All the parts including windings shall be cleaned and
inspected for any signs of physical damage or spot
heating.
 Gaskets in the covers shall be checked and must be
securely placed back.
Dissolved Gas Analysis:

Gases such as hydrogen, some hydrocarbons, carbon oxides and
atmospheric gases are formed in the transformer oil due to aging.
Periodical analysis of the dissolved gases assists in the detection of
incipient faults, if any, in the transformer. Fault conditions
generate gases in higher quantity and in different proportions.
Condenser Bushings:
Bushing of transformers at EHT level is of sealed Condenser type.
Before commissioning, the capacitance and tan delta values of the
condenser type bushings shall be measured and recorded for
future comparison.
Tap Changer
 OLTC manual operations
 IR value of the entire OLTC circuits
 Operation of the motor protection relay
 OLTC operation by "Local electrical control"
 Tap changer mechanical indicator at the Driving
mechanism
 Electrical indicator of tap position at the remote panel
 Operation through "Remote independent control
Buchholz Relay:
 Operation of the Buchholz top and bottom floats must
be checked.
 The gas accumulated in the Buchholz chamber must
be collected and analyzed.
Cooling Fans/Oil Pumps:
 The operation of fan motors, if provided, must be
checked.
 The IR value of all fan control circuits and fan motors
must be checked.
 The operation of the fans must be checked first by
manual control.
 Oil pump motors, if provided, must be checked for
operation.
 The IR value of all pump motors must be checked.
Temperature Indicators:
 The oil and winding temperature meters must be
calibrated using a standard thermometer and a heated
oil bath.
Alarm and Trip Circuits:

Simulate and check the following for annunciation/ flag indication.
 Buchholz top float
 Oil temperature high
 Winding temperature high
 Conservator low oil level
Simulate and check the following for Annunciation with master

trip/flag indication.
 Winding temperature trip
 Differential relay contact
 Buchholz bottom contact
 Pressure relief valve contact
 OLTC surge relay contact
22. Explain transformer rewinding and testing of transformer oil
The transformer has two coils. One is LT coil i.e, low voltage
winding and the another one is HT coil i.e., high voltage winding.
Generally small size transformer uses rectangular cylindrical coils.
In small transformers, the laminations in the core are used to

reduce the core loss. In a transformer, the joints in the alternate
layers of lamination are staggered in order to avoid gaps. The
laminations in a transformer core are insulated from each other by
a coat of varnish.
In a transformer, core is constructed of sheet steel laminations that

are assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with a
maximum of air-gap between the laminations.
In transformer, the air gap between the windings and the core is
kept small.
If there is any fault such as open circuit, short circuit and

insulation failure in the transformer winding, you have to rewind it.
The media below explains about rewinding of a small size
Transformer.

General>
Rewinding of Small Transformer>
Video
Transformer oil test is used to find out dielectric strength of the
transformer oil. It is a periodical test coming under preventive
maintenance. The characteristics of the transformer oil will vary
due to the presence of moisture content, chemical particles,
different temperature of atmosphere etc. Oil drain valve is
provided at the bottom most level of the tank.

General>
Transformer Oil Test with Oil Testing Kit>
Video
23. A 100kVA, 1100/220 V, 50 Hz, Single-phase transformer has a
leakage impedance of (0.1+j0.4)Ω for the HV winding and
(0.006+j0.015)Ω for the LV winding. Find the equivalent
winding resistance, reactance and impedance referred to the
HV and LV sides
(Formulas referred from: Equivalent Resistance of Transformer Winding - Formula &
Explanation (electricaldeck.com))
Given:
VHV = 1100
VLV = 220
Leakage impedance
HV = (0.1+j0.4)Ω
LV = (0.006+j0.015)Ω
which means, according to Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance;
Winding resistance
RHV = 0.1Ω
RLV = 0.006Ω
Leakage reactance
XHV = 0.4Ω
XLV = 0.015Ω
K= = = =
K2=0.04
To Find:
1. Equivalent winding resistance
2. Equivalent Reactance
3. Equivalent Impedance
1. Equivalent winding resistance
Referred to HV side
RHVeq = RHV +
= 0.1 +
= 0.25Ω
Referred to LV side
RLVeq = RLV + K2 RHV
= 0.006 + 0.04 x 0.1
= 0.01Ω
2. Reactance
Referred to HV side
XHVeq = XHV +
= 0.4 +
= 0.775Ω
Referred to LV side
XLVeq = XLV + K2 XHV
= 0.015 + 0.04 x 0.4
= 0.031Ω
3. Impedance
Writing Equivalent resistance and reactance in the format
Impedance = Resistance + j Reactance;
Referred to HV side
0.25 + j 0.775 Ω
Referred to LV side
0.01 + j 0.031 Ω
24. A 3 phase induction motor which is wound for 4 pole, when
running full load develops a useful torque of 100Nm; also
rotor e.m.f. is observed to make 120 cycles/min. It is known
that the torque lost on account of friction and core loss is
7Nm. Calculate the shaft power output, Rotor cu loss, motor
input and efficiency
Given:
Poles =4
Torque = 100 Nm
Torque lost = 7Nm
Rotor e.m.f. = 120 cycles/min
=> rotor frequency = 120/60 = 2Hz
Supply frequency is considered F = 50Hz
To find:
1. Shaft power output
2. Rotor copper loss
3. Motor input
4. Efficiency
1. Shaft power output Synchronous speed,

= 2πNT/60 Ns = 120F/P
= 2π x 1500 x 100 / 60 = 120 x 50 / 4
= 15707.96 W = 1500
2. Rotor copper loss

= (slip) x (rotor input)
= (rotor frequency / supply frequency) x (2πNT/60)
= (2 / 50) x (2π x 1500 x (100 +7) / 60)
= 672.3W
3. Motor input
= rotor input + stator loss (not mentioned in the question)
Case 1: taking stator loss = 0

= 16807.52W
Case 2: taking stator loss = 750W

= 16807.52 + 750
= 17557.52W
4. Efficiency
= output / input
For case 1:
= 15707.96 / 16807.52
= 93.4%
For case 2:
= 15707.96 / 17557.52
=89.4%

25. Brief the condition to be satisfied for synchronizing
What is synchronizing?
The connecting of two or more alternators in parallel electrically is
called synchronizing of alternators. Since we have normally more
than one alternator in any system, we need to synchronize them
for parallel operation when load conditions exceed the capacity of
a single alternator. This process avoids the interruption of supply
to loads when any one of the running paralleled alternators goes
out.
Conditions to be satisfied before synchronizing

1. Their phase sequences to be the same
If the phase sequence of the incoming alternator
and the running bus are not the same, the
synchronism should never be done. This is the very
first condition. Once this is established during
commissioning, there is no need to check it every
time.
2. The bus bar and incoming machine voltages should

be equal
Differences of voltage between the running and
incoming machines at the moment of paralleling,
will cause currents to flow in a similar manner to an
internal circulating effect; but small differences in
voltage up to 5 per cent are unimportant.
3. The frequency of the two supplies should be the

same
A difference in frequency indicates that the amount
of stored energy in the rotor of the incoming
machine is either greater or less than the alternator
running already. Therefore if paralleling is carried
out when a frequency difference exists, a surge will
take place, the synchronizing torque developed
being sufficient to correct the difference in
momentum. The condition is one which will give
rise to oscillation called „hunting‟, which will
normally be damped out by the rotor losses.
4. The phase angle between the two systems should be

within 6 degrees.
A difference in phase between the running and
incoming machines at the moment of paralleling will
produce a synchronizing current of the phase angle
difference, and therefore of the resultant voltage
available for the production of synchronizing
currents. This condition can be avoided only when
the frequency of the two supplies are the same and
the phase sequences are also same.
If the switch/breaker contacts can be closed when all the above

conditions are satisfied, it is the perfect synchronizing. No
disturbances to the incoming alternator or to the running system
will be produced.
26. Explain the working of a synchroscope with sketch

6. Alternate current machines>
Parallel running and synchronising theory>
Synchroscope>
Video
27. Explain why each of the protective device is fitted to a main
electrical switch board
a. Reverse power
b. Under voltage
c. Main circuit breaker overcurrent
d. Preferential trips
a. Reverse power
This protective device is needed when alternators are connected
for parallel operation. When the output power of the alternator to
be protected decreases below a level, which is not sufficient to
meet its own losses like friction, windage etc., the alternator will
start drawing power from the other alternator and would start
running as motor. Such running will affect the pistons of the
engine and will cause damage. Sufficient protection is hence
needed to prevent such running of the alternator using reverse
power.
Reversal of current flow cannot be detected using current as a
parameter; but reversal of power parameter can be detected. The
principle and construction of the reverse power relay is similar to
an energy meter. This Reverse Power Protection (RPP) relay
actually measures the quantum of reverse power taken by the
alternator. When the reverse power exceeds a limit, the RP relay
picks up and trips the alternator breaker and prevents motoring.
Thus, it would prevent damage to a prime mover.
b. Under voltage
Closing of circuit breaker of an alternator inadvertently, when the
machine is dead, needs to be prevented. This is feasible with an
under voltage relay trip (UV release). This relay is needed, when
alternators are connected for parallel operation. Instantaneous trip
is also necessary to prevent closure of the breaker on dead
machine.
Under voltage trip also gives protection against the reduction of
voltage, when the machine is supplying power to switchboard.
Tripping in this case needs to be delayed for discrimination, if the
voltage drop is caused by an external fault. Time delay is provided
for the faulty circuit or equipment to get isolated first. Such a
scheme prevents the loss of main power supply.
Under voltage protection is normally used in induction generators.
c. Main circuit breaker overcurrent

The important purpose of a power system is to generate and distribute electric
energy to the clients without any interruption. But the power systems are
vulnerable to faults that can be caused by natural disasters or by mal-
operation. These faults may lead to permanent damage to the expensive and
critical components of the power system and also disrupts the power supply to
the clients. To cope up with the faults and also to reduce the damage in critical
parts, overcurrent protection relays are extensively used.
An overcurrent protection relay is a protection device that

safeguards the power system from a sudden rise in current that
leads to detrimental faults. This relay can apply inverse-time
characteristics so that the tripping time can be determined, based
on the level of fault current, to protect the electrical elements from
abnormal operating conditions. Thus the relay will be able to
provide a shorter tripping time for currents of high magnitude
when compared to the currents of the low magnitude.
d. Preferential trips
In any electrical distribution system, an important requirement is
that the supply of power to the system must be maintained, as far
as possible. If not, a “lock-out” situation due to tripping of
alternator breaker may lead to “black out” which can endanger the
stability of the system. Likewise, the supply of power to the Main
Switch Board (MSB) must be maintained, as far as possible in ship
to maintain the safety of the vessel itself.
The breaker therefore is arranged to be tripped instantly through

instantaneous relays of a serious fault such as short circuit in the
circuit between the alternator and including the MSB Bus.
However, the breaker will be tripped instantly or with time delay

for internal faults of the alternator which does not come under
preferential trip category.
Different time delays are provided using Inverse Definite

minimum time relays by way of preference trips for the different
trip relays which are designed to shed non-essential switchboard
loads, if the load on the alternator increases beyond its capacity.
Preference trips are initiated by relays set at about 110% of normal
full load and different time delays to open the breakers feeding
non-essential feeders such as galley load, ventilation fan, air-
conditioning equipment etc, thereby reducing alternator load and
saving main breaker to trip.
28. Explain the basics and tuning of PID controller
A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a
control loop feedback mechanism (controller) commonly used in
industrial control systems.
A PID controller continuously calculates an error value as the

difference between a desired set point and a measured process
variable.
Basic tuning parameters of PID loop are:

 Gain: Also called proportional band or P-gain, the gain
determines how much change the OP will make due to
a change in error.
 Reset: Also called integral or I-gain, the reset

determines how much to change the OP over time due
to the error (regardless of the direction of movement
of the error).
 Preact: Also called derivative or D-gain, the preact

determines how much to change the OP due from a
change in direction of the error or PV.
For more details, Refer DGS e-learning

7. Electronics>
Controller and Desired value>
Basics and tuning of PID control>
Video
29. Explain automatic control system and its advantages
A control system is necessary to safely and effectively maintain a
process at the required operating conditions. The quality of the
product can be maintained by the control system. With the use of
a control system, we would be able to obtain high-value products
while also increasing yield. It can comply with environmental
standards, such as, reducing pollution and ensuring safety.
Repeated tasks in many industrial processes may be done quite
easily with the help of automatic control systems.
The automatic control system is used for the regulation and quality
control of processes as well as the environment. A control system
is employed in many industrial processes (controlled equipment,
plant, or system). It manages the process by converting the
variable to a desired variable. Control systems can be either manual
or automatic. If a human operator is necessary to provide input at
any point during the process, it is considered as “manual” control.
In an “automatic” control system, there is a controller that can
take the position of a human operator, which is highly efficient
and this automatic controller is programmed to precisely regulate
the process.
The controlling of physical variables like temperature, voltage,

frequency, flow rate, current, location, speed, etc., is done by a
control system. These physical variables are named "controlled
variables" in most cases.
Advantages of an automatic control system

 It helps in boosting productivity.
 Quality can be improved.
 Eﬃciency in terms of energy and comfort.
 It is possible to use the remote control.
 Input can be controlled.
As illustrated in the image above, in a manual control system, a
person will operate the machine, whereas, in an automatic control
system, the machine will operate itself.
The automatic control system is equipped with a controller that

allows it to do the task on its own. The control system is basically a
collection of elements and subsystems that must maintain a certain
quantity.
With the help of feedback control, the control system can sustain a
process, which will help keep the specified variables close to the
desired values.
As a result, the control system can meet the process's requirements

by altering the system's selected variables. The feedback control
can use a system's output to influence the input of another system.
Electronic equipment will be used in the automatic control system

and it communicates through current and voltage. Sensors, valves,
and other devices in the process will also be controlled.
30. Explain about control loop transmitter.
Based on the process control terminology, a transmitter is a device
that converts the signal produced by a sensor into a standard
instrumentation signal that indicates a process variable that is being
measured and controlled. The typical pneumatic signal for the
transmitter is between 3 and 15 psi. The terms transducer and
transmitter are frequently used interchangeably in the field of
instrumentation.
The transmitter output range represents 0 to 100% of the

measured physical variable during process control. For instance,
for a measured temperature range of 0 to 150 degrees Fahrenheit,
the transmitter will produce output current at a range of 4 to 20
mA (0 to 100 percent).
Transmitter's role in the process control loop

The transmitter converts the sensor signal to a Process Variable
(PV) signal, which reflects the physical variable being measured.
The controller examines the difference between the Process
Variable (PV) and the Set-Point (SP).
The controller then decides what action should be taken and
creates an output signal that is a function of the result of
comparison. Controllers in a process control loop are either a DCS
or a PLC. The Final Actuator is a device, or a valve, that has a
direct impact on the process in response to the controller's
directions.
Variables measured by transmitter

Pressure, Level, Temperature, and Flow are the four key process
variables that are monitored and displayed by a transmitter. Other
factors like Position and Speed, as well as chemical qualities like
pH and Conductivity, are measured using transmitters used in
industry. Instrumentation Transmitters can be connected in either
a 4-wire or a 2-wire arrangement.
31. Describe how you would overhaul an electric motor that has
been flooded with a sea water
Dismantle the parts of sea water flooded motor. Wash and clean
the motor parts and windings with water jet/spray. It is likely that
there will not be any mechanical damages. It is also likely that the
insulation resistance (I.R) value measured with a megger would
show zero at this stage.
Dry the motor winding with core using hot electric blowers. Motor
winding can also be dried by placing it inside an enclosed tarpaulin
cover or a metallic box, taking care to see that the tarpaulin doesn‟t
touch the motor parts and that there is sufficient space around the
motor winding; and electric heaters can be placed inside at a
distance from the motor core. In any of the cases, take care to see
that the temperature doesn‟t go beyond 80 deg.C.
Test for insulation resistance every hour. Test the insulation

resistance between the three phase windings, after separating the
individual phase windings at the terminal box, as well as between
the three windings and the metallic body or the armature core of
the motor.
When the winding shows around one mega ohm I.R value, restore
the original inter-connections of the windings and test the stator
winding for short circuit using internal growler and hacksaw blade.
Vibration in the blade will indicate if there is any short-circuited
coil in the winding. Ensure that there is not any short circuited coil
in the winding. For testing open-circuited coils, keep the growler
inside the stator and measure the voltage between the coils using
milli voltmeter. The meter shows a particular value, indicating that
there is no open coils in the winding.
Continue with the drying of the winding till a constant I.R value is
obtained for at least four hours. Apply varnish. And again dry the
winding as done before. Check the insulation resistance of the
windings finally and record for future reference purpose.
There is no need to test the I.R value of the squirrel cage rotor.
Paint the body of the motor, assemble the motor and test run.
If a poly phase motor fails to start, the precautions to take before
checking are as follows:
 Isolate motor
 Remove fuse
 Post caution sign
If a poly phase motor driving an engine room pump fails to start,

then
 Check whether the insulation is open
 Check whether there is no restriction for movement of
motor/pump
 Check the overload relay trip
When trying to identify the cause of failure, visually examine the

motor and starter for open circuit fault and perform the insulation
resistance test.
32. Explain how to check the insulation resistance of the motor,
stating the minimum acceptable valve
 Get permission to work on the motor.
 Switch off the supply to the motor.
 Discharge the motor winding using earth rod by connecting the
earth wire of the earth rod to a good earth point or earth grid.
 Disconnect the motor at the motor terminals.
 The three phase windings are connected together in delta or
star. Connect the earth terminal (usually E) of the megger and
also the body of the motor to an earth point or earth grid.
 Keep the live wire open and crank the megger at its full sped.
The megger pointer should show infinity value. If not adjust the
provided arrangement in the megger to get infinity.
Short the megger‟s earth terminal and live terminal and crank the
megger slowly. It should now show zero. If not, adjust with
another arrangement provided in the megger till you get zero.
Now connect the live wire to any one of the motor terminals.
Crank the megger at full speed. When the pointer stabilises, note
down the insulation resistance value.
Remove the live wire from the winding terminal and discharge the
winding with earth rod.
If the I.R value reading is not satisfactory, carry out the

overhauling works and improve the I.R value.
At high temperatures, the IR value of the insulation falls or the
insulation becomes leaky. The realistic IR value is shown when
testing at hot or its working temperature. The changing
atmospheric conditions alter the IR value. Only a little information
can be obtained by a single reading. A downward trend is shown
when recording the test results regularly. This shows that the
impending trouble can be rectified by the preventive maintenance.
When a small three terminal motor is established with delta or star

connection then problem arises in the motor. One end of each
winding is convenient at the terminal block. The checking of
phase-to-phase insulation cannot be done. In order to rewind, a
three terminal motor, the repairer must convert a three terminal
motor into a six terminal arrangement.
During high voltage (500 V) megger test, damages may occur in

the electronic components like thyristors, transistors, IC chips etc.
So, to protect these electronic components while testing the
generator and its cables to earth, the following precautions are
taken:
 Electronic cards must be removed.
 All outgoing cable terminals must be short circuited
while doing IR test.
 At both the ends, the cables must be disconnected and
test is conducted separately.
Minimum acceptable value
In any case, the minimum IR value should be above 1 Mega-ohm

at 60℃.
The minimum insulation resistance in each case should be greater

than that given by the formula referred to above, in addition to the
P.I value discussed above.
33. Principle of rotation of motor and how to reverse the
direction of a 3 phase induction motor
The rotating flux passes through the air gap. It then crosses the
rotor surface and cuts the stationary rotor conductors. The
rotating flux has a relative velocity with reference to the stationary
conductors and hence an emf is induced in rotor.
The frequency of this induced emf is the same as supply

frequency. Magnitude of the emf is proportional to the relative
velocity.
This emf produces a current in the rotor conductors of the squirrel

cage rotor which form a closed circuit. Please remember that the
rotor does not receive electric power from supply, but by
induction from stator.
The rotor current also produce a magnetic flux which interacts

with the stator rotating flux which produces a torque (T) on the
rotor conductor bars.
Rotor torque size is determined as T ∞ θ IR cos Ø

where Ø is the stator flux,
IR is the rotor current and
θ is the angle between Ø and IR.
The rotor reactance varies with the rate of cutting flux which
depends on the rotor speed. Hence cos Ø will vary during motor
start-up as it accelerates up to its rated speed. If cosØ is ignored,
then shaft torque is approximately T ∞ V2 (as Ø ∞V and IR ∞ Ø)
The direction of the current (Lenz's law) is such as to oppose the
very cause producing it. The cause here which produces the rotor
current is the relative velocity said above.
Hence, the direction of the motor torque causes the rotor to rotate
in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field.
Hence the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of flux
trying to reduce the relative velocity, and tries to catch up with the
rotating flux.
Direction of Rotation
The direction of rotation of the motor depends upon the phase
sequence of the supply lines and the order in which these lines are
connected to the stator winding.
The direction of rotation of the motor can be reversed by

transposing or changing over any two line leads. The standard
direction of rotation of an induction motor is counterclockwise,
when looking from the front end i.e. non-driving end of the
motor.
34. With reference to an emergency power source of electrical
power in cargo ships
a. Describe a typical power source
An emergency generator is provided to supply power in case of the
failure of main generators. The emergency generator should be
maintained properly to ensure that it can start automatically when
there is a failure of the main source of electrical power supply.
After it starts, the emergency generator gets automatically
connected to the emergency switchboard. SOLAS requirements
for emergency generators must be complied with by all ships.
During normal operations, the emergency switchboard is supplied

from the main switchboard. The emergency switchboard should be
suitably protected against overload and short circuits. Periodic
tests of the complete system including automatic starting
arrangements should be diligently carried out and precautions
should be observed while starting emergency generators
b. Give a typical list of essential services, which must be
supplied simultaneously
c. Explain how the emergency installation can be
periodically tested
Maintenance:
Failure to start the emergency generator when needed can lead to
damages. A proper planned maintenance system should be
followed to ensure immediate running of emergency generators on
board ships, when needed.
Following are some important maintenance jobs that need to be

carried out in emergency generators on ships:
 Checking up of oil level in the sump
 Checking up of air and oil filter. Testing all the safety
devices and alarms
 Checking the tappet clearance of the inlet and exhaust
valve when the engine is cool
 The electrolyte level in the starter battery must be
checked at regular intervals. Use distilled water to make
up for the low level. Battery voltage should be checked
periodically.
 When V belt is used, inspect the same for looseness,
cracks and damages. Press the belt by thumb in midway of
the pulleys and check the inward deflection of the belt.
35. Draw and explain the shape of the characteristic curves of a
p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias modes
For explanation, Refer DGS e-learning

7. Electronics>
Junction diodes>
Video
36. What is a short circuit and how may a short- circuit develop
in
a. A generator
b. The external circuit
and what is the usual result in each case?
How may the occurrence of short circuit be minimized?
Short circuit is an electrical circuit in a device of lower resistance

than that of a normal circuit, especially one resulting from the
unintended contact of components and consequent accidental
diversion of the current:
Short circuit inside a generator or motor or transformer winding

occurs due to failure or damage of insulation between two phase
windings normally in overhang portion. Short circuit is the
extreme case of fault, when the two phases of a poly system or
phase & neutral of a single phase are directly shorted with
negligible resistance. The short circuit current will be the
maximum in such cases.
In the distribution systems, three phase cables are the common

locations for phase faults. Bus-bar cubicles are possible locations.
The short circuit in the external circuit of generators could be
either at the bus-bar inside the switchboard or in any of the
outgoing feeder circuit. Bus-bar fault could be clue to failure of
supporting insulators of the bus bars and due to entry of vermin
shorting two phases. Whereas outgoing feeders can have short-
circuit due to shorting at load points or within the equipment.
Avoiding of Short Circuit and Earth Faults in Transformers,

Alternators and Motors
This kind of failures can be avoided by maintaining the winding
insulation in good order by not allowing the winding to overheat.
This is done by controlling the load current within rated current
and maintaining good ventilation. Periodical cleaning of the
windings to remove oils and dusts is also essential to prevent
winding faults. Regular checks, running within limits, periodical
maintenance and condition monitoring can minimize the
occurrence of faults.
37. Sketch a lamp-bright configuration for synchronizing lamps
38. State the advantages of the lamps-bright system

The voltages of the bus-bars and incoming machine oppose each
other, as far as the two lamp circuit is concerned when there is
180° out of phase condition and the voltage around the lamp
circuit is zero. Hence the lamps are dark.
The lamps attain maximum brightness when actual synchronism
occurs. The exact time for closing the breaker can thus be
determined with perfect accuracy.
39. State the disadvantages of the lamps-dark system

The midpoint of the bright period in the bright lamp system can
be identified easily compared to dark lamp method.
Effective synchronization and closing of the breaker will not be
accurate and convenient in a dark lamp method.
40. A 4-pole lap wound DC shunt generator has an open emf of
250v when the flux per pole is 0.08Wb and the speed is 10rps.
The speed of the generator is reduced to 10% and the flux per
pole is increased by 5% when the generator supplies a load of
100A. determine terminal voltage, if the armature resistance
is 0.06Ω and the new total field circuit resistance is 200Ω

Given:
Poles =4
Emf = 250v
Flux per pole = 0.08Wb
n = 10 rps
Speed reduced to = 10% = 1rps

Flux increment by = 5% = 0.084Wb
Load IL = 100A
Armature resistance Ra = 0.06Ω

Total field circuit resistance If = 200Ω
To find:
1. Terminal Voltage
= E – Ia Ra -------------- 1
E = ФPNZ / 60 A Where A = P for Lap Wound

= ФnZ Where n = Speed in rps,
Z = Number of conductors
Finding Z
250 = 0.08 x 10 x Z
Z = 312
Now induced emf for reduction in speed and increment in
flux/pole
E = 0.08 x 1 x 312 = 26.02v
Finding Ia
Ia = If + IL
= V / R f + IL
= 26.02 / 200 + 100
= 100.131A
Applying E, Ia, Ra in eqn 1

Terminal Voltage, V = E – Ia Ra
= 26.02 – 100.131 x 0.06
= 20.01v

41. Describe the basic principles of a self-excited generator
For explanation, Refer DGS e-learning

Self-excitation in direct current generators>
Video
42. The armature resistance of a 200V, shunt motor is 0.4Ω and
the no-load armature current is 2A. When fully loaded and
taking an armature current of 50A, the speed is 1200 rpm.
Find the no-load speed and state the assumption made in the
calculation
Given:
Armature resistance Ra = 0.4Ω
V = 200v
No-load armature current Ia0= 2A
Full load armature current Ia = 50A
Full load speed N = 1200 rpm
To find:
No-load Speed, N0
On No-load On full load

E0 = V – Ia0 Ra E = V – Ia Ra
= 200 – (2 x 0.4) = 200 – (50 x 0.4)
= 199.2v = 180v
We know, E = ФPNZ/60
So, N = 60 E / ФPZ
Then N0= 60 E0 / Ф0 PZ
For shunt motor, the field is unaffected by the loading of the

armature.
So, Ф = Ф0
N0 / N = E0 / E
N0 = N x Eo / E
= 1200 x 199.2 / 180
= 1328 rpm
43. Describe the effect of running an induction motor on
reduced voltage (The Highs and Lows of Motor Voltage | EC&M (ecmweb.com))
When you subject a motor to voltages below the nameplate rating,

some of the motor's characteristics will change slightly and others
will change dramatically. To drive a fixed mechanical load
connected to the shaft, a motor must draw a fixed amount of
power from the line. The amount of power the motor draws has a
rough correlation to the voltage x current (amps). Thus, when the
voltage gets low, the current must increase to provide the same
amount of power. An increase in current is a danger to the motor
only if that current exceeds the motor's nameplate current rating.
When amps go above the nameplate rating, heat begins to build up
in the motor. Without a timely correction, this heat will damage
the motor. The more heat and the longer the exposure to it, the
more damage to the motor
The existing load is a major factor in determining how much of a

decrease in supply voltage a motor can handle. For example, let's
look at a motor that carries a light load. If the voltage decreases,
the current will increase in roughly the same proportion that the
voltage decreases. In other words, a 10% voltage decrease would
cause a 10% amperage increase. This would not damage the motor
if the current stays below the nameplate value.
Now, what if that motor has a heavy load? In this case, you already
have a high current draw, so the voltage is already lower than it
would be without the load. You may even be close to the
nameplate's lower limit for voltage. When you have a voltage
reduction, the current would rise to a new value, which may
exceed the full-load rated amps.
Low voltage can lead to overheating, shortened life, reduced
starting ability, and reduced pull-up and pullout torque. The
starting torque, pull-up torque, and pullout torque of induction
motors all change, based on the applied voltage squared. Thus, a
10% reduction from nameplate voltage (100% to 90%, 230V to
207V) would reduce the starting torque, pull-up torque, and
pullout torque by a factor of 0.9 x 0.9. The resulting values would
be 81% of the full voltage values. At 80% voltage, the result would
be 0.8 x 0.8, or a value of 64% of the full voltage value. What does
this translate to in real life? Well, you can now see why it's difficult
to start "hard-to-start" loads if the voltage happens to be low.
Similarly, the motor's pullout torque would be much lower than it
would be under normal voltage conditions.
On lightly loaded motors with easy-to-start loads, reducing the

voltage will not have any appreciable effect, except that it might
help reduce the light load losses and improve the efficiency under
this condition. This is the principle behind some add-on
equipment whose purpose is to improve efficiency.
The table below shows the effect of voltage variations with

constant frequency:
44. A 90V DC generator is used to charge a battery of 40 cells in
series, each cell having an average emf of 1.9v and an internal
resistance of 0.0025Ω. if the total resistance of the connecting
cells is 1Ω, calculate the valve of the charging current
Given:
Generator Voltage = 90v
Number of cells in series = 40
Average emf of each cell = 1.9v
Internal resistance = 0.0025Ω
Total resistance = 1Ω
To find
Charging Current, I
Emf of the battery, Eb = 40 x 1.9 = 76v

Internal Resistance, Ri = 40 x 0.0025 = 0.1Ω
Total resistance, R = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1Ω
We know, V =E+IR
Then, I =V–E/R
= 90 – 76 / 1.1
= 12.72A
45. State the relationship between impedance, voltage and
current
Impedance is the effective resistance of an electric circuit or an
electric circuit component whose resistance changes with a
different frequency of AC. Impedance can also be due to the
combined effect of ohmic resistance and reactance. And
impedance is represented by the letter „Z.‟
Since impedance is a frequency-dependent resistance, then the

relationship between voltage current and impedance can be
defined by Ohm‟s law as
V=IZ
Where,
V is the voltage drop across the impedance,
I is current across the impedance, and
Z is the impedance,
Although V=I Z is the scalar equation as we know impedance is a

function of frequency, then it can also be defined as vω= iω zω
Impedance can be defined for any two-port passive network which

can contain a resistor, capacitor, or inductor. When the network is
condensed into one component, the voltage drop across that
component is the impedance voltage.
46. The filament of 230V lamps takes a current of 0.261A when
working at its normal temperature of 2000℃. The
temperature coefficient of the tungsten filament material can
be taken as 0.005Ω/Ω/℃ at 0℃. Find the approximate
current which flows at the instant of switching on the supply
to the cold lamp, which can be considered to be at a room
temperature of 20℃
Given:
Voltage = 230v
Current = 0.261A
Temperature = 2000℃
Temp co-eff = 0.005
To find
Current at 20℃
Resistance of lamp @2000℃

Rhot = V / I
= 230 / 0.261
= 881.2Ω
Resistance, R0 Resistance @ 20℃

Rhot = R0 (1 + αThot) R20 = R0 (1 + αTcold)
881.2 = R0 (1 + (0.005 x 2000)) = 80.1 (1 + 0.005 x 20)
R0 = 80.1Ω = 88.11Ω
Current @ 20℃
I20 = V / R20
= 230 / 88.11
= 2.61A
47. Explain the matching of an induction electric motor to a
pump required for main circulating duty, with the aid of
pump characteristic and torque/ slip diagram
Torque-Slip Characteristics:
When the induction motor is shifted to full load condition from
no load condition, the speed of the motor is reduced and hence
the slip is increased. Since the load is increased, the motor needs to
produce more torque in order to satisfy the load demand. This
torque produced by the motor finally depends on slip as discussed
earlier. The behavior of the motor can be judged without any
difficulty by drawing a graph by plotting torque produced against
slip of induction motor. The curve found by plotting torque
produced against slip of the motor from s = 1 to s = 0 (at
synchronous speed) is known as torque-slip characteristics of the
induction motor.
Let‟s learn about the nature of torque-slip characteristics.

Refer DGS e-learning ---- Load Torque Chracteristics
The next discussion is up to which slip value, torque-slip
characteristic has a stable operation.
We have already learned that whenever the load is increased, the

slip value is also increased. This makes the torque to increase
linearly.
Each and every motor has its own limit in creating the torque. As
the load increases, the maximum torque produced by the motor is
T m.
This maximum torque usually occurs at S = Sm. Hence, it
continues to be linear till S = Sm.
If the load is added above this limit, motor slip performs

dominantly and pushes the motor into high slip region. Due to
unstable state, the motor attains a standstill state at such a load.
The maximum torque created by the motor in this circumstance is

known as breakdown torque or pull out torque.
The region from s = 0 to S = Sm is called low slip region. This
region is also called as stable region of operation. Motor usually
starts to work in this region. The region from S = Sm to S = 1 is
called high slip region. The curve in this region will look just like a
rectangular hyperbola. This region is also called as unstable region
of operation. Motor stops to rotate in this region.
When s = 1, N = 0. That is, the torque produced by the motor
initially is called as starting torque and it is denoted as TST
The figure given below illustrates the whole torque-slip

characteristics
48. Draw a diagram showing the essential connection of 2
compound generators A and B coupled to common bus bars
for parallel operation. If A is running on the bus bars and
supplying all the load, describe the process of bringing B
into commission and adjusting it to take its share of the load
Refer DGS e-learning video (1:39)

Also Refer Q25 also
synchroscope method
Without synchroscope (lamps method)

49. With the aid of clearly drawn and labeled sketches, describe
the construction and the principle of operation, of a
galvanometer of permanent-magnet moving-coil type. Is
such an instrument suitable for use in AC circuits? Give
reason for your answer
A galvanometer is a type of ammeter. It is an instrument for

detecting and measuring small electric current.
Moving coil galvanometer

In a circuit, the current can be measured using a device called
moving coil galvanometer.
The principle using which the moving coil galvanometer works is
that "a torque is experienced by a current carrying coil placed in a
magnetic field".
Construction
It has a rectangular coil of thin insulated copper wire. This coil has
a large number of turns which is wound over a light frame made of
metal. A strip made of fine phosphor bronze from a movable
torsion head is used to suspend the coil between the pieces of
poles of horse shoe magnet. The hair spring of the phosphor
bronze (HS) with few turns connects the lower end of the coil. A
binding screw is connected at the other end of the spring. Inside
the coil, a soft iron cylinder is placed symmetrically. A radial
magnetic field is produced by the hemispherical magnetic poles.
Here, the magnetic field and the coil‟s plane are parallel to each
other in all positions.
In order to measure the coil‟s deflection, suspension wire with a

small plane mirror (m) is used together with a lamp and scale
arrangement.
NO, galvanometer can‟t be used for AC circuits
Read why?
50. Describe the principles of operation of an electro pneumatic
controller
The electro-pneumatic action is a control system by the mean of

air pressure for pipe organs, whereby air pressure, controlled by an
electric current and operated by the keys of an organ console,
opens and closes valves within wind chests, allowing the pipes to
speak.
Electro-pneumatic actuators are widely used to automate a number

of areas of industrial applications, from production to assembly
and packaging systems. With electro-pneumatic actuators, the
pneumatic components are controlled by electrical components
including sensors, switches and industrial computer systems.
A pneumatic circuit is an interconnected set of components that

convert compressed gas (usually air) into mechanical work. In the
normal sense of the term, the circuit must include a compressor or
compressor-fed tank.
51. Describe the principles of a fuel – air ratio controller (own
answer)
The fuel flow is controlled as per firing rate demand. The fuel flow
signal is given to airflow control through the ratio station where
the required air-fuel ratio is set manually.
The output of the ratio station becomes a set point to the air-flow
controller which takes feedback from the airflow transmitter.
In a parallel air-fuel ratio control, the firing rate demand is directly

given as a set point to the fuel controller and is given through the
ratio station to the air controller simultaneously.
The fuel and air vary simultaneously as per firing rate demand.
52. Describe a simple single phase transformer
A transformer is static equipment which transforms electric power
of one circuit into electric power of the same frequency of another
circuit.
The basic principle of a transformer is mutual (electromagnetic)
induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux
possessing high mutual inductance.
Transformer ratio is the ratio of voltage in secondary windings to

the voltage in primary windings.
Turns ratio is the ratio of number of turns in secondary windings
to the number of turns in primary windings.
If the turns ratio or transformer ratio is greater than 1, the
transformer is said to be a step up transformer.
If it is less than 1, it is said to be a step down transformer.
When the transformer is under no-load conditions, the primary

input current magnetizes the core and supplies iron losses in the
core. Equivalent circuit model is used to describe the no-load
operation of transformer.
Iron loss and copper loss are the two main types of energy losses
of transformers. Iron loss is divided into hysteresis loss and eddy
current loss.
53. A 15 kVA, 440/110 v, 50 cycle/sec, single-phase transformer
has primary and secondary resistances of 0.12Ω and 0.0077Ω
respectively. The iron loss of the transformer is 0.16 kW.
Calculate the efficiency of the transformer
a. On full load unity power factor
b. On 80% full load at a power factor of 0.9 lagging
a. ηfl =
x = 1, cosФ = 1, I1 = P / V1 = 15k / 440

= 34.09 A
Pcu = I22 R2
= 136.362 x 0.0077 I2 = P / V2 = 15k / 110
= 143.17 W = 136.36A
ηfl = = 98%
b. η80%
x = 0.8, cosФ = 0.9,
η80% = = 97%
54. Name the 3 main types of AC motor and explain the use to
which they are put in marine engineering
1. 3-Ф Sq. cage induction motor (large)

a. Main S.W pump motor,
b. Main L.O pump motor,
c. Main J.C.W pump motor.
2. 3-Ф synchronous motor (large)

a. Main electrical propulsion motor
b. bow thruster motor,
c. syn. Motor acting as syn. Condenser in shaft generator
system.
3. Small 1-Ф syn motor

a. Radar motor,
b. gyrocompass motor,
c. clear glass motor.
4. Small 1-Ф Induction motor

a. Exhaust fan motors in oil mixer, grinder,
b. motors used in galley for hand grinder,
c. hand-drill, hand blower used in engine room.
5. Variable speed induction motor controlled by thyristor

driven (Medium Range)
a. used for engine room crane.
6. Double cage induction motor

a. Turning gear motor for high starting torque.
The application of three-phase induction motor is seen in most of
the machinery systems of the ship like propulsion, blower, sea
water pump etc. The torque and current features of these motors
can be enhanced by connecting the generator AC supply to the
motor by using a starter or an auto transformer.
Synchronous motor is a constant speed running motor. The speed

of the synchronous motor depends on the frequency of the supply
and the number of poles. It is used in places where constant speed
is required. For example: It is used in conveyor belts, CD/DVD
drives, dampers, valve operations etc. It is not a self-starting
motor.
55. A 4 pole motor is fed at 440v and takes an armature of 50A.
The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.28Ω. The armature
winding is wave connected with 888 conductors and the
useful flux per pole is 0.023wb. Calculate the speed.
Given:
Poles, P=4
Volt, V = 440v
Current, Ia = 50A
Resistance, Ra = 0.28Ω
Connection Wave
Conductors, Z = 888
Flux per pole, Ф = 0.023wb
Speed N = ? rpm
Eb = V – Ia R a
= 440 – 50 x 0.28
= 426v
Eb = ФPNZ / 60A A = 2 for wave connected

426 = 0.023 x 4 x N x 888 / 60 x 2
N = 625 rpm
56. Describe the normal criteria used for setting thermal
protection relays and their advantage compared to magnetic
types
Two metal strips having different elongation properties on change
of temperature are riveted at their ends. The strip is connected in
series with the load circuit. When the temperature increases due to
load current, one metal strip will elongate more than the other
causing it to bulge out or a deflection to some extent. When the
current exceeds the full load current, the metal strip elongates
more to a level that it closes the trip contact of the relay.
The characteristic can be modified by selection of the thickness of

the strip. This bulge/deflection characteristic is used to activate an
electrical switch which is in turn used to stop or trip a machine
when the monitored temperature of the concern part exceeds a
limit.
When a thermal-acting breaker is required to be used in an area of

unusually high, low, or constantly fluctuating temperatures, an
ambient compensating bimetal element must be used.
Bi-metal strips are generally used for voltage regulations and as
thermal elements in an over current protection relay.
Advantage compared to magnetic types

Overheating can only be detected by temperature rise within the
windings. Thermal relays are more suitable than electromagnetic
type in these applications of protection.
An electromagnetic overload trip will get reset immediately when

the temperature decreases the set trip value though the
temperature practically does not decrease totally immediately. This
means that the electromagnetic relays do not have the
remembering capacity of the rate of decline of the temperature.
Every time the electromagnetic relay takes the same time to
operate for the same current. Hence, if a motor is restarted
repeatedly before it cools down fully; it will end with the result of
excessively high winding temperature before the electromagnetic
relay operates.
But the thermal relays closely follow the actual temperature. Unless
temperature comes down, it is not possible to reset the trip relay
fully. If a motor is restarted repeatedly before it cools down fully,
the thermal relay will act faster and protect the motor effectively.
These thermal relays can also be used to detect the temperature

rise due to overloading or single phasing. Thermal relays are very
sensitive and reliable when compared to magnetic types.
57. A series motor runs at 600r/min when taking 110A from a
230v supply. The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.12Ω
and that of series winding is 0.03Ω. The useful flux per pole
for 110A is 0.024wb and that for 50A is 0.0155wb. Calculate
the speed when the current has fallen to 50A
Given:
Speed = 600 rpm
Voltage = 230v
Current = 110A
Resistance,
Armature Ra = 0.12Ω
Series winding Rs = 0.03Ω
Flux per pole,

Ф110 = 0.024wb
Ф50 = 0.0155wb
To find, Speed @ 50A
Eb110= VT – (Ia Ra + Is Rs) Eb50 = VT – (Ia Ra + Is Rs)

= 230 – 110(0.12 + 0.03) = 230 – 50(0.12 + 0.03)
= 213.5v = 222.5v
We know, E = ФPNZ / 60 A
So, Eb α ФN
Eb110 / Eb50 = Ф110 N110 / Ф50 N50

213.5 / 222.5 = 0.024 x 600 / 0.0155 x N50
N50 = 968 rpm
58. Describe the measures to be taken and the effect on various
outputs when running a 60Hz system on a 50Hz supply
Significant changes in frequency occur rarely on a large

distribution system except during a major disturbance. On the
other hand, the large changes in the frequency occur frequently on
isolated and low power systems wherein electric energy is created
by using diesel engines or gas turbines. Some of the examples of
such low power systems are as follows: emergency supply in a
hospital and the electrical system on a ship etc.
The change in the supply frequency mainly affects the speed of the
motor. When the frequency decreases by 10%, the speed of the
motor also decreases by 10%. When machine tools and other
motor-driven devices meant for 50 Hz is connected with the
power supply system producing 60-Hz, it will definitely cause
problem. Each and every part in the machine operates (60 - 50) x
(100/50) = 20% faster than normal and such things is not
accepted in all applications. In such case, we need to use either
gears to achieve the rated speed for the appliances coupled to the
motor or use an expensive 50-Hz source.
A 50-Hz motor works well on a 60-Hz line on condition that its

terminal voltage is increased to 60/50 = 6/5 (i.e. 120%) of the
name-plate rating. In such case, the new breakdown torque and
initial break down torque are the same and the starting torque Tst
is reduced only a little. However, the factors like power factor,
competence and increase in temperature remain acceptable.
In the same way, a 60-Hz motor can work well on 50-Hz supply
on condition that its terminal voltage is decreased to 5/6 (i.e. 80%)
of its name-plate rating.
The induction motors are normally subjected to operate on varying
voltages or frequencies depending upon the supply source. Under
such conditions, the performance of the motor will vary from the
rating. Under such circumstances, the function of the motor will
differ from the rating.
Some of the effects of small deviations of frequency are given

below.
If the frequency is more than the rated frequency, the load rotor
torque decreases. But, there will be an increase in speed, friction,
power factor and windage loss. When the frequency is 30% less
than the rated frequency, the speed and the power factor are
reduced and the locked-rotor torque is increased. Frequency
regulation is necessary in some types of motor loads. Ex: Textile
mills.
If voltage and frequency vary simultaneously, cumulative effects

will occur. The locked-rotor torque gets increased and the power
factor gets reduced when the voltage is high and the frequency is
low. Moreover, the rise in temperature increases with normal load.
The above mentioned details apply only to general-purpose

motors. This may not be always true in case of special-purpose
motors and very small motors, built for specific purposes.
59. A series circuit consists of a capacitor of 50μF and a coil of
inductance 1.5H and resistance 300Ω. Find the total
impedance when working on a 50Hz supply. Find weather
the current leads or lags the voltage
L = 1.5H
So, XL = 2πfL
= 2π x 50 x 1.5
= 471Ω
C = 50μF
So, Xc = 1 / 2πfC
= 1 / 2π x 50 x 50
= 63.70Ω
Total reactance, X = XL - XC
= 471 – 63.70
= 407.30Ω
Impedance, Z = √
=√
= 506Ω
Current will lag the voltage because the circuit is inductive

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Electro technology

1. Describe the components of lead acid batteries with diagram

These reactions obviously cause water loss and periodical topping

b. Explain the procedure to remove the motor should it be

Refer DGS e-learning video

5. Explain why there is a time delay incorporated before reverse

The circuit is redrawn in figure so as to show the battery

(c) and that from c to d as

Notice that I is the same at all points in a series circuit.

Taking voltage drops as negative, we have

Voltage across each resistor

Linear circuits obey superposition theorem. They are governed by linear

The behavior of resistors in linear circuit can be specified by a single number or

Filaments of incandescent lamps are typical examples of non-linear

(answer needs to be confirmed before studying)

(answer needs to be confirmed before studying)

The basic function of a circuit breaker is to interrupt the circuit

For Operation Explanation, Refer DGS e-learning

Certain critical systems are integrated bridge system, machinery

Electronic control system is used to perform both simple and

Each medium has its own advantages and disadvantages. For

Certain critical systems and equipment used in ships are the

For more details, Refer DGS e-learning

An open loop control system has no feedback and controller

Closed loop control systems are further classified as:

Feedback control system is used in nowadays. It corrects the

Feed forward control system attempts to correct the effect of

A Wheatstone bridge is one of the methods for measuring the

For media, Refer DGS e-learning

For steering gear application media, Refer DGS e-learning

If this method is used in large motors, the draw of large currents

The total circuit is connected across two phases of input supply.

On contactor energizing, the contacts of the contactor close and

If any of the protection device contact is closed due to a relevant

Electrical contactor has a solenoid. The plunger of the solenoid

It is known that the plunger of the solenoid picks up on the

The main electrical equipment is connected to the supply through

The scheme is also costly. During the starting, torque developed is

Effects of Single Phasing on 3 phase Induction Motors

Single phasing is the operation of a poly phase induction motor,

Single phasing may be caused by the blowing off of a fuse

The usual cause of blow-outs in induction motors is single-

It is difficult to distinguish between healthy starting condition and

1. Suppose now a short-circuit fault occurs at the load terminals

and the prospective short-circuit fault current is

So the prospective fault current level at the load is 8800 A.

2. For a short-circuit at the main switchboard 440 V the fault level

So the prospective fault current level at MSB is 17600 A.

General Maintenance - Transformers

Dissolved Gas Analysis:

Alarm and Trip Circuits:

Simulate and check the following for Annunciation with master

In small transformers, the laminations in the core are used to

In a transformer, core is constructed of sheet steel laminations that

If there is any fault such as open circuit, short circuit and

For media, Refer DGS e-learning

For media, Refer DGS e-learning

(answer needs to be confirmed before studying)

1. Shaft power output Synchronous speed,

2. Rotor copper loss

Case 1: taking stator loss = 0

Case 2: taking stator loss = 750W

(answer needs to be confirmed before studying)