Structural Dynamics - 2019 - Bai - Answers To Exercises

10.1002/9781119605775.oth, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119605775.oth by Algeria Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [01/02/2023].
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Answers to Exercises
Chapter 1
1.1 What is the purpose of structural dynamics analysis? What are the
characteristics of structural dynamics?
The purpose of structural dynamics analysis:
To study the dynamic characteristics of structural systems (mainly the
period, frequency, mode shape and damping characteristics). To deter-
mine the dynamic response of the structure under dynamic load (includ-
ing internal force, strain, displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc.) The
fundamental purpose is to provide a solid theoretical basis for improv-
ing the safety and reliability of engineering structure system in dynamic
environment.
Characteristics of structural dynamic problems:
First, the dynamic problem has the characteristics of changing with time.
Because the dynamic load changes with time, it is necessary to solve a series
of solutions at all time points for calculating the dynamic response of the
structure, which is more complicated and consumes more calculation time
than the static problem.
Secondly, the influence of inertia force must be considered in dynamic
problems. Compared with the static problem, since the displacement of
the structure changes rapidly with time in the dynamic response, and the
inevitable acceleration produces the inverse inertial force, the inertial force
has an important impact on the structural response.
1.2 Express the types and characteristics of dynamic loads.
Types of dynamic loads:
According to whether the load is pre-deterministic, the dynamic load can
be divided into prescribed loads and random loads. According to the law
Yong Bai and Zhao-dong Xu (eds.) Structural Dynamics, (417–422) © 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC
417
10.1002/9781119605775.oth, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119605775.oth by Algeria Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [01/02/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
418 Answers to Exercises
of load changing with time, dynamic deterministic loads can be divided

into periodic loads and nonperiodic loads: for periodic loads, it can be
divided into simple harmonic periodic loads and non-harmonic periodic
loads, and nonperiodic load can also be divided into impulsive loads and
other regular loads; random loads can be divided into wind loads, seismic
force loads and other nondeterministic loads.
Dynamic loads
Prescribed loads Random loads
Other
Nonperiodic Seismic force
Periodic loads Wind loads nondeterministic
loads loads
loads
Simple harmonic
Impulsive loads
loads
Nonharmonic Other regular

loads loads
Characteristics of dynamic loads:

Prescribed loads: The law of load variation with time has been predeter-
mined and is a completely known process.
Random loads: The law of load changing with time is uncertain in before-
hand, and it is a stochastic process.
Periodic loads: Load changes harmonically periodically with time.
Nonperiodic loads: Load changes periodically with time.
Impulsive loads: Load amplitude increases or decreases sharply in a very
short time.
Arbitrary dynamic loads: The magnitude, direction and action point of the
loads are complex and random, so it is difficult to express the loads by
analytic function.
1.3 What are the procedures of structural discretization? What are their
characteristics?
The procedures of structural discretization include lumped mass method,
generalized coordinate method and finite element method, etc.
Answers to Exercises 419
First, the lumped mass method. Concentrating the mass of the actual
structure on some geometric points according to certain rules, the
members of the structure except these points are massless. The infinite
degree of freedom system is transformed into a finite degree of freedom
system.
Second, the generalized coordinate method. Using the series expan-
sion method, we use generalized coordinates to represent the size of
shape functions. Generalized coordinates themselves are not real physi-
cal quantities, only when n terms are superposed can they be real phys-
ical quantities.
Third, the finite element method. The displacement of each point on
the structure is expressed by the displacement of structural nodes. In
this method, the characteristics of lumped mass method and generalized
coordinate method are synthesized. Similar to the generalized coordinate
method, the concept of shape function is adopted, but the interpolation of
segments is used, so the expression of shape function is relatively simple.
Similar to the lumped mass method, the generalized coordinates of finite
element method also use real physical quantities and have direct and intu-
itive advantages.
Chapter 2
2.1 The basic components in structural dynamic analysis are: mass ele-
ments, elastic elements, and damping elements.
Damping mechanism: The physical meaning of damping is the attenu-
ation of force, or the energy dissipation of an object during motion. In
layman’s terms, it is to stop the object from continuing to move. When an
object vibrates by an external force, a reaction force that attenuates the
external force is generated, which is called a damping force (or damping
force).
Damping mode: Friction damping, radiation damping, etc.
2.2 D’Alembert principle: At any moment of the system’s motion, if the
main force and the restraining reaction force of the actual action structure
are added, plus the imaginary inertial force, the system will be in an imag-
inary equilibrium state at this moment.
mu cu ku p(t )
2.3
m
Fm
k a sin(φ1)
Fp
Fk
l
a cos(φ1)
φ1
a
sin(φ1) ~ φ1
cos(φ1) ~ 1
O
l sin(φ1)
Solution: In the tangential direction of the mass, we have the following forces,
Spring force Fk a cos( 1 )k a 1k
Inertia force FI 1 l m
External force FP sin( 1 ) m g 1
The virtual displacement can be defined as shown in Figure,

uk uk a um uI l
m
Fm
Fpsin(φ1)
Fkcos(φ1) δum
k
δuk
l
φ1
a
δφ1
sin(φ1) ~ φ1
cos(φ1) ~ 1
O
According to the virtual displacement principle, the principle of virtual

work can be derived as
( Fk cos( 1)) uk ( Fm ( FP sin( 1 ))) um 0
Substituting the virtual displacement equation into Equation xx and

cancel out δφ1 the following equation of motion is obtained,
m l2 1 (a 2 k m g l ) 1 0
Chapter 3
3.1 In the undamped and damped free vibration, what factors are associ-
ated with the natural frequencies and dynamic responses?
In undamped free vibration, the natural frequencies are related to the stiff-
ness K and the mass m of the structure, and the dynamic responses are
related to initial displacement, initial velocity, stiffness K and the mass m
of the structure.
In damped free vibration, the natural frequencies are related to the
stiffness K, mass m and damping ratio of the structure, and the dynamic
responses are related to initial displacement, initial velocity, stiffness K,
mass m and damping ratio of the structure.
3.2 As the dynamic system shown in the picture, using jack to make m pro-
duce lateral displacement of 30 mm, then the jack is suddenly released the
system begins to vibrate freely. The lateral vibration was measured 10mm
after 8 periods. Determine: (1) Damping ratio and damping coefficient of
the structure (2) Amplitudes after 20 weeks of vibration (3) If the lateral
displacement is 15mm after 8 periods of vibration, and the damping and
mass remain constant, the stiffness must be set at what value?
1) damping ratio
ui 30mm, j 8, ui j 10cm
1 ui 1 30
ln ln 0.02
2 j ui j 16 10
12 EI 8
k 2 EI
h3 9
8 2 2mEI
c 2 mk 2 m EI 0.02
9 75
2) At j 20
1 30
0.02 ln
2 20 u20
30
u20 2.43mm
e 0.8
1 ui 1 30
3) ln ln 0.014
2 j ui j 16 15
2 2mE0 I 0
c 2 mk
75
2 E0 I 0 8
k EI
752 2
9
9E0 I 0
EI 2.04 E0 I 0
4 752 0.014 2
3.3 Single degree of freedom system, known m = 100kg, k = 6000N / m. Free

vibration begins when initial condition u(0), 20mm, u(0), 0.1m/s. Determine:
(1) The natural frequency and period of the system (2) The displacement and
velocity when t = 1.0s for two cases of c = 0, c = 200N.s / m.
k 6000
1) n 7.75 rad / s
m 100
2 2
Tn 0.81 sec
n 7.75
2) At c 0, u t A cos n t B sin n t, u t n A sin n t n B cos n t
u 0 A 0.02
u 0 n B 0.1, B 0.013
u t 0.02 cos 7.75t 0.013 sin 7.75t ,
u t 0.155 sin 7.75t 0.101 cos 7.75t
At t 1.0s , u 1 0.02 cos 7.75 1 0.013 sin 7.75 1 0.015m
u t 0.155 sin 7.75 1 0.101 cos 7.75 1 0.144m / s
At c 200 N s / m,
c 200
0.129
2m n 2 100 7.75
2
D n 1 7.75 1 0.1292 7.68rad / s
2 2
TD 0.818 sec
D 7.68
2 2
2 u0 u0 2 0.1 0.129 7.75 0.002
A u 0 0.02 0.025
D 7.68
u0 D 0.02 7.68
D arctan arctan 0.908
u0 u0 0.1 0.129 7.75 0.02
t
u(t ) Ae sin D t D 0.025e t sin 7.68t 0.908
t t
u t Ae sin D t D Ae D cos D t D
0.025e t sin 7.68t 0.908 0.192e t cos 7.68t 0.908
At t 1.0s, u 1 0.025 e 1 sin 7.68 0.908 6.83 10 3 m
u1 0.025e 1 sin 7.68 0.908 0.192e 1 cos 7.68 0.908

0.054m / s
3.4 The basic power system shown here has the following characteristics:
m = 20kg, k = 3 ×104 N / m. If the system is subjected to a resonance har-
monic load (ω = ωn) and the initial state is static, specify the value of the
dynamic magnification factor Rd(t) after five cycles (ωt = 10π), (1) Undamped
system (2) ζ = 0.02; (3) ζ = 0.05.
1) Rd
1 1
2) At 0.02, Rd 25
2 2 0.02
1 1
3) At 0.05, Rd 10
2 2 0.05
3.5 What are the methods for calculating damping ratio?
(1) Logarithmic Decay Rate Method
Damping ratio is measured by the ratio of two amplitudes separated by one
period. When the structural damping is very small and the free vibration
attenuates is slow, the structural damping ratio can be calculated by the ratio of
amplitudes separated by several periods, and better accuracy can be obtained.
(2) Bandwidth Method

From the amplitude-frequency characteristic curve of the dynamic ampli-
fication coefficient, it can be seen that the shape of the curve is completely
controlled by the damping ratio, so the damping ratio of the system can be
determined by the width of the half power point. Forced vibration test is
used in this method. It can be used not only in single-degree of freedom
system but also in multi-degree of freedom system. It requires sparse reso-
nance frequency for multi-degree of freedom system.
(3) Resonance Amplification Method
The amplification coefficient of any given frequency is the ratio of the
response amplitude of the frequency to the zero frequency response ampli-
tude. When resonance occurs, the dynamic amplification coefficient can be
obtained and then the damping ratio can be obtained.
c c c 1 ui
ln
ccr 2m n 2 km 2 2 j ui j
3.6 What are the types of impact loads, and what are the basic ideas and
procedures for their dynamic responses?
The types of impact loads include sine-wave impulse load, rectangular
impulse load, and triangular impulse load.
The response to impact load is usually carried out in two stages: the first
stage is forced vibration under load, the special solution under this load
is obtained, and then the full solution satisfying the initial conditions is
obtained by considering the initial displacement and velocity; the second
stage is free vibration without load, and the initial conditions are displace-
ment u(t) and velocity u t at the end of the first stage of impact load.
3.7 Use MATLAB language to draw up a procedure that solves structural
dynamic response (displacement response and acceleration response) with
Duhamel integral.
Taking the time interval of 0.02s, using MATLAB programming analysis,
the program is as follows:
fid=fopen('elcentr.txt','r'); dzhbo=fscanf(fid,'%f ',401);
%response analysis of structure-elastic time history analysis method

%structure parameter
k=3e+6; %initial stiffness
m=2e+4; %mass
%earthquake parameter
ct=1.4; %wilson cita method
dt=0.02;
xs=200/max(abs(dzhbo)); %adjust acceleration amplitude
ag=dzhbo*0.01*xs; %earthquake wave,400 epoches,dt=0.02s,unit-m?s^2
ndzh=400;
ag1=ag(1:ndzh);
ag2=ag(2:ndzh+1);
agtao=ct*(ag2-ag1);
%initial value
wyi1=0;
sdu1=0;
jsdu1=0;
wyimt=0;
sdumt=0;
jsdumt=0;
[x,d]=eig(k,m);
w=sqrt(d);
c0=2*m*w*0.05;
for i=1:ndzh
kxin=k+(3/(ct*dt))*c0+(6/(ct*ct*dt*dt))*m;
dpxin=-m*agtao(i)+m*(6/(ct*dt)*sdu1+3*jsdu1)+c0*(3*sdu1+ct*dt/2*jsdu1);
dxtao=kxin\dpxin;
dtjsdu=6*dxtao/(ct*(ct^2*dt^2))-6*sdu1/(ct*ct*dt)-(3/ct)*jsdu1;
jsdu=jsdu1+dtjsdu;
dtsdu=(dt/2)*(jsdu+jsdu1);
sdu=sdu1+dtsdu;
dtwyi=dt*sdu1+(1/3)*dt^2*jsdu1+(dt^2/6)*jsdu;
wyi=wyi1+dtwyi;
jsdu=-m\(m*ag2(i)+c0*sdu+k*wyi);% % justify acceleration
wyi1=wyi;
sdu1=sdu;
jsdu1=jsdu;
wyimt=[wyimt wyi*1000]; %unit mm
sdumt=[sdumt sdu]; %unit m/s
jsdumt=[jsdumt jsdu]; %unit m/s^2
end
t=0:dt:ndzh*dt;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,wyimt(1,:),'r-');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,jsdumt(1,:),'r-');
3.8 What are the basic steps in the frequency domain analysis of structural
dynamic responses?
(1) Fourier transform of external load P (t) to P (ω);
(2) According to Fourier spectrum P (ω) and complex frequency response
function H (iω), the frequency domain solution U (ω) of structural
response is obtained.
(3) Using inverse Fourier transform, the time domain solution U (t) is
obtained from U (ω).
3.9 What are the structural dynamic tests? What are the common exci-
tation and sensing devices?
(1) Common dynamic tests include forced vibration test (including sinusoidal
loading test), shaking table test, pseudo-dynamic test, impact test (percussion
test and impact test), free vibration test and field dynamic simulation test.
(2) Excitation equipment: exciter, shaking table, impact hammer.
(3) Sensing equipment: strain sensor, acceleration sensor, displacement
sensor, speed sensor.
3.10 A reciprocating machine weighs 2 × 104 N, it is known that when the
machine operates at a speed of 40Hz, a vertical harmonic force of 1000N
amplitude is generated. In order to limit the vibration of the machine to
the building, the four corners of its rectangular bottom are supported by a
spring. What is the spring stiffness required to limit all the harmonic forces
that pass from the machine to the building to the 100N?
In this case, the force transmissibility is
100
TP 0.1
1000
From formula (3.197), because of damping ratio 0

1 2
1 10
TP
then
2
2 W
11
kg
Thus, the total spring stiffness is obtained:

2
W
k 2.97 105 N / m
11 g
Therefore, the stiffness of each spring in the four supporting springs is:
k 2.97 105
5.94 104 N / m
4 4
It is also noted that the static displacement of the support springs due to
the weight of the machine is:
2
ust 0.0673m
29.7
Chapter 4
4.1 The mass matrix and stiffness matrix of the structure:
2560 0 0
[M ] 0 2540 0
0 0 560
k11 k12 k13 1.445 0.9 0

[K ] k21 k22 k23 0.9 17.20 0.82 105
k31 k32 k33 0 0.82 0.82
The characteristic equation of the equation of motion:

2
([K ] [ M ]){ X }
2
1445000 2560 90000 0
90000 17200000 2540 2
820000 {X }
2
0 820000 820000 560
Frequency equation:
2
[K ] [M] 0
Obtain:
2
1 8.8982 1 2.9830
2
2 27.1848 2 5.2139
2
3 43.4478 3 6.5915
Assume ϕ3n = 1
X1n X1n
{ X }n X 2n X 2n
X 3n 1
Then the vibration mode equation is:
2 X1n
1445000 2560 90000 0 0
2
90000 1720000 2540 820000 X 2n 0
2 0
0 820000 820000 560 1
Substituting separately:
2
1 8.8982
2
2 27.1848
2
3 43.4478
Obtain:
1.0000
First-order model { X1 } 1.3800
1.4590
1.0000
Second-order model { X 2 } -0.4970
-1.0020
1.0000
Third-order model { X 3 } -3.7640
13.016
Verify orthogonality:
XTi MXjT= 0(i, j = 1, 2, 3 i ≠ j)

XTi KXTj = 0(i, j = 1, 2, 3 i ≠ j)
4.2 All the mass of the rod can be assumed to be concentrated at point O,
so the following equation can be established according to the equilibrium
relationship:
l l
m1u1 k1 (u1 u2 ) k2 (u1 u2 ) 0
2 2
l l l l
m2u2 k1 (u1 u2 ) k2 (u1 u2 ) 0
2 2 2 2
So we can obtain:
l
m1u1 (k1 k2 ) u1 (k2 k1 ) u2 0
2
l l2
m2u2 (k2 k1 ) u1 (k1 k2 ) u2 0
2 4
4.3 The system has two degrees of freedom, so the flexibility method is
T
EI
M y1
ux (t ) u y (t )T
yy
xy
4
1
3
1
4 EI
mu y (t )
mu y (t )
l3
-
[ ][M][u]
4
1
24
7
L
yx
yx
xx
;[u]
mux (t )
mux (t )
xy
u y )T ;[ ]
,
m
[u]
0
3EI
l3
1
L/2
m
0
uy
ux
yy
[u] (ux
M x1
,
L/2
24 EI
Dynamic equation
[M]
7l 3
xx
adopted.:
where:
hence:
432
(1) The natural frequency and vibration mode of the calculation system are
M3
115
2 EI
0.16
3
32
3
0.1
23
0.1
4.4 The system has three degrees of freedom.
,
40
EI
EI
1
easily obtained by the flexibility method:
M2
33
31
m3
,
88
EI
13
6
m2
,
1
22
EI
2
,
9 EI
m1
21
4
11
12
M1
M
1
Mass matrix:
1
0
3.636 10 5 X12 2.909 10 5 X13 0

2
n
1
X12 1.673 10 3 X13 0

5
3
2.909 10
1.673 10
3
1.164 10
2
n
1
395.564rad / s
153.295rad / s
23
13
19.164rad / s
m2
33
2
m2
n
1
5
3
m2
3.636 10
1.045 10
3
1
1.6 10
: 2
i
2
1
n
3
1
1.6 10
32
1
12
i
m1
m1
22
1
m1
X11 1
2
n
1
Frequency equation:
5
3.636 10
1.818 10
8.081 10
6
3.636 10
2
n
1
We can obtain:
8.081 10
1. First mode
21
m1 31
m1
m1 11
434
obtain:
X12 48.583
X13 32.589
T
so: X 1 1 48.583 32.589
T T
X2 1 3.784 3.545 ; X3 1 0.122 0.094
(2) Establishment of regular coordinate transform:
u1 1 1 1 q1
u u2 xq 48.583 3.784 0.122 q2
u3 32.589 3.545 0.094 q3
(3) Generalized mass:
M1 X T1 MX 1
0.1 1
1 48.583 32.589 0.1 48.583 406.058t
0.16 32.589
T
M2 X MX 2
2
0.1 1
1 3.784 3.545 0.1 3.784 3.543t
0.16 3.545
M3 X T3 MX 3
0.1 1
1 0.122 0.094 0.1 0.122 0.103t
0.16 0.094
(4) Generalized load:
P1(t)
F1(t) = X1T P(t) = (1 48.583 32.589) 0 = P sin θ1t
0
P1(t)
T
F2(t) = X P(t) = (1 3.784 –3.545)
2
0
0
= P sin θ1t, θ1 = 2πθ/60 = 8π
P1(t)
F3(t) = X3T P(t) = (1 –0.122 0.094) 0 = P sin θ1t
0
(5) Canonical coordinates:
..
2
X Tj P(t) P sin 1t
qj q
j j
Mj Mj
Since the load is a harmonic load, the steady-state solution of the system
can be obtained.:
P sin 1t
qj 2
2
Mj j 1 1 j
Thus, it can be obtained.:
P sin 1t 3 sin 8 t
q1 2 2
2
M1 1 1 1 1 406.058 19.164 2 1 8 19.164
1.844 10 7 sin 8 t
P sin 1t 3 sin 8 t
q2 2 2
2
M2 2 1 1 2 3.543 153.2952 1 8 153.295
3.703 10 5 sin 8 t
P sin 1t 3 sin 8 t
q3 2 2
2
M3 3 1 1 3 0.103 395.564 2 1 8 395.564
1.869 10 4 sin 8 t
(6) Particle displacement:
u1 q1 q2 q3 1.960 10 4 sin 8 t
u2 48.583q1 3.784q2 0.122q3 1.240 10 3 sin 8 t
u3 32.589q1 3.545q2 0.094q3 1.02 10 3 sin 8 t
The vertical amplitude of particle 1 is: A1 = 0.196mm
The horizontal amplitude of particle 1 is: A2 =−1.240mm
The horizontal amplitude of particle 2 is: A3 = −1.02mm

2
4.5 If the two n1 , 2 are negative real numbers or complex numbers, then
n1
, n2 should be imaginary numbers or complex numbers, then u1, u2
which obtained in the substitution formula (4.9) will be hyperbolic func-
tions containing time, which obviously contradicts the stability of the sys-
tem under restoring force at the equilibrium position (t = 0). From this, we
2
can find two real roots of n, namely n1 ,2 0.
4.6
y1 (m1 m2 m3 ) 9.8 k1 0.1018

y2 y1 (m2 m3 ) 9.8 k2 0.1355
y3 y1 y2 m3 9.8 k3 0.2440
0.1018
{X } 0.1355
0.2440
l n
m( x ) gY ( x ) dx mi gY ( xi )
2 0 i 1
n l n
2
m( x )Y ( x ) dx miY 2 ( xi )
0 i 1
1 8.909rad / s
Chapter 5
5.1
t2 t2
[T (t ) V (t )]dt Wnc (t ) dt 0
t1 t1
vdt
Mn v ’
vdx dt Mnv ’
v
t
t2
p
t1
dx
0
p vdx dt N
v
x2
dx
2
dx
x 0, v 0, v ’ 0
x
v
0
v
2
t2
2
N
2
N
v
v
t2
t2
MB
v
t
Boundary conditions of the uniform

N
2
v
EI 4
x
v
x3
4
L
0
m
L
2
EI
3
2
v
x2
L
0
L
2
t2
0
t1
x L, EI
0
t2
pv dx
EI
t1
v
T
2
2
V
t
Wnc (t )dt
L
m
Equation of motion
Wnc
t2
t1
Chapter 6
6.1 Stationary White Noise Model; Filtered White Noise Model; Improved
Filtered White Noise Model; Housner model; Multi-Peak Power Spectrum
Model; Stabilized Stochastic Process Model.
6.2 The time-domain analysis of the structural stochastic response is to
solve an analytic formula of the correlation function of dynamic response
of the system.
The frequency-domain analysis of the structural stochastic response is
to solve the power spectral density function of the dynamic response of the
system, and then calculate the mean square response of the system by the
integral operation.
6.3 Perturbation Method: In addition to the existence of a main vibration,
there are small additional vibrations in a vibration system. These small
additional vibrations are like a micro-disturbance and so called perturba-
tion. The perturbation method is the method using perturbation to solve
nonlinear vibration systems, which is also called small parameter method
in mathematics. The perturbation method in nonlinear stochastic vibra-
tion is basically the same as that used in deterministic analysis.
Equivalent Linearization Method: The basic idea is that a nonlinear
equation can be approximated by an equivalent linear equation, where
the equivalent parameter is determined by the condition where the mean
square of the difference between the two equations is the smallest. Since
these parameters (frequency, stiffness, or damping) are related to the fac-
tors to be determined, it is generally done by iterative method.
Chapter 7
7.2 Vibration Mode Decomposition Method
F1i 1 1 X1i Gi
0.9
Tg
1 max
T1
n
Gi X1i
i 1
1 n
Gi X12i
i 1
2 3 max
n
Gi X 2i
i 1
2 n
Gi X 22i
i 1
n
Gi X 3i
i 1
3 n
Gi X 32i
i 1
Bottom Shearing Force Method
FEk Geq
1
7.3 What types can structural vibration control be divided into? Explain
the ideas of various control methods.
The modal analysis transforms the physical coordinates in the motion
equations of the linear dynamical system into modal coordinates and
decouples the equations into a set of independent equations describing
modal and modal parameters in order to obtain the modal parameters
of the system. It is the basis of dynamic design, vibration isolation, vibra-
tion control, health monitoring, and fault diagnosis. The actual vibration
of buildings, machines, aerospace vehicles, ships, cars, and other complex
structures are different and modal analysis provides an important way to
study the actual structural vibrations.
7.4 What are the methods of dynamic damage identification? And what are
the basic ideas of them?
In structural damage detection, we mainly need to solve the follow-
i roblems:
Whether the structure is damaged. Judgment of Structural Damage
Position. The severity of structural damage. The effect of structural
damage on the structural performance, or the prediction of the residual
life of the structure. The method of damage diagnosis mainly includes
dynamic identification method, static identification method, neural net-
work method, statistical analysis method, and so on.
7.5 In dynamic analysis, what is physical nonlinearity? And what is geo-
metric nonlinearity?
The physical nonlinearity in structural dynamic analysis mainly refers to
the nonlinear problem of structural restoring force.
The geometric nonlinear problem is: If the deformation of the bar is
large, you cannot analyze the balance of the force on the basis of the origi-
nal geometry, but should analyze on the basis of the deformed geometry. In
this way, there is a nonlinear relationship between force and deformation
which is called geometric nonlinearity.
7.6 What is the basic idea of sub-structure law? When is it often applied?
Sub-structure method is usually dividing the structure into finite sub-struc-
tures and through the analysis of a limited sub-structure, the analysis of
the entire structure is achieved. In the analysis process, a set of elements
need to be condensed into a single matrix and this single matrix element is
called a supercell. The use of sub-structure is mainly to save time and allows
solving large-scale problems on the basis of a limited number of computer
equipment resources. Its effectiveness is reflected in nonlinear analysis and
analysis with a large number of repetitive geometries. In the nonlinear
analysis, the linear part of the model can be constructed as a sub-struc-
ture so that the unit matrix of this part does not have to be repeated in
the nonlinear iteration process. In models with repetitive geometries, you
can generate supercells for duplicate parts and then copy them to different
locations, which can save a lot of machine time. If the disk space a problem
requires is too large, the user can analyze the problem through sub-struc-
tures. The sub-structure method is usually used for finite element analysis
or damage identification of large structures and complex fine structures.

Structural Dynamics - 2019 - Bai - Answers To Exercises

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10.1002/9781119605775.oth, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119605775.oth by Algeria Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [01/02/2023].

of load changing with time, dynamic deterministic loads can be divided

Prescribed loads Random loads

Nonharmonic Other regular

Characteristics of dynamic loads:

Spring force Fk a cos( 1 )k a 1k

External force FP sin( 1 ) m g 1

The virtual displacement can be defined as shown in Figure,

According to the virtual displacement principle, the principle of virtual

( Fk cos( 1)) uk ( Fm ( FP sin( 1 ))) um 0

Substituting the virtual displacement equation into Equation xx and

3.3 Single degree of freedom system, known m = 100kg, k = 6000N / m. Free

2) At c 0, u t A cos n t B sin n t, u t n A sin n t n B cos n t

u t 0.02 cos 7.75t 0.013 sin 7.75t ,

u t 0.155 sin 7.75t 0.101 cos 7.75t

At t 1.0s , u 1 0.02 cos 7.75 1 0.013 sin 7.75 1 0.015m

u t 0.155 sin 7.75 1 0.101 cos 7.75 1 0.144m / s

0.025e t sin 7.68t 0.908 0.192e t cos 7.68t 0.908

At t 1.0s, u 1 0.025 e 1 sin 7.68 0.908 6.83 10 3 m

u1 0.025e 1 sin 7.68 0.908 0.192e 1 cos 7.68 0.908

(2) Bandwidth Method

fid=fopen('elcentr.txt','r'); dzhbo=fscanf(fid,'%f ',401);

%response analysis of structure-elastic time history analysis method

k=3e+6; %initial stiffness

ct=1.4; %wilson cita method

xs=200/max(abs(dzhbo)); %adjust acceleration amplitude

ag=dzhbo*0.01*xs; %earthquake wave,400 epoches,dt=0.02s,unit-m?s^2

jsdu=-m\(m*ag2(i)+c0*sdu+k*wyi);% % justify acceleration

wyimt=[wyimt wyi*1000]; %unit mm

sdumt=[sdumt sdu]; %unit m/s

jsdumt=[jsdumt jsdu]; %unit m/s^2

From formula (3.197), because of damping ratio 0

Thus, the total spring stiffness is obtained:

k11 k12 k13 1.445 0.9 0

The characteristic equation of the equation of motion:

Then the vibration mode equation is:

XTi MXjT= 0(i, j = 1, 2, 3 i ≠ j)

3.636 10 5 X12 2.909 10 5 X13 0

X12 1.673 10 3 X13 0

(2) Establishment of regular coordinate transform:

(3) Generalized mass:

(4) Generalized load:

(5) Canonical coordinates:

Thus, it can be obtained.:

(6) Particle displacement:

The vertical amplitude of particle 1 is: A1 = 0.196mm

The horizontal amplitude of particle 1 is: A2 =−1.240mm

The horizontal amplitude of particle 2 is: A3 = −1.02mm

y1 (m1 m2 m3 ) 9.8 k1 0.1018

Boundary conditions of the uniform

Bottom Shearing Force Method

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ag=dzhbo0.01xs; %earthquake wave,400 epoches,dt=0.02s,unit-m?s^2

jsdu=-m\(mag2(i)+c0sdu+k*wyi);% % justify acceleration