 Macaraig, Janine Mae

 Macalalad, Abegail
 Macatangay, Maria Lourdes

Drugs Affecting GI system

DRUG Common Drugs MECHANISM ADVERSE EFFECT
CLASSIFICATIO OF ACTION
N

Antacid: Sodium Sodium  Aggravated conge

Bicarbonate bicarbonate is a heart failure (CHF)
systemic alkalizer,
 Cerebral hemorrha
which increases
plasma  Swelling (edema)
bicarbonate,  High blood sodium
buffers excess
hydrogen ion  Low blood calcium
concentration,  Low blood potassi
and raises blood levels
pH, thereby
reversing the  Muscle spasms (a
clinical with low calcium le
manifestations of  Metabolic alkalosi
acidosis. It is also
a urinary alkalizer,  Belching
increasing the  Bloating
excretion of free
bicarbonate ions  Excess fluid in the
in the urine, thus (pulmonary edema
effectively raising  Hyperosmolality
the urinary pH. By
 Intracranial acidos
maintaining an
alkaline urine, the  Milk-alkali syndrom
actual dissolution
of uric acid
stones may be
accomplished.
Sodium
bicarbonate acts
as an antacid and
reacts chemically
to neutralize or
buffer existing
quantities of
stomach acid but
has no direct
effect on its
 output. This
action results in
increased pH
value of stomach
contents, thus
providing relief of
hyperacidity
symptoms.

Sodium Citrate Citrate is a weak  swelling, tingling,

base and so numbness in your
reacts with feet;
hydrochloric acid
 muscle twitching o
in the stomach to
leg pain or cramps
raise the pH. It it
further  unusual weakness
metabolized to and shallow breath
bicarbonate which or slow heart rate,
then acts as a dizziness, confusi
systemic mood changes;
alkalizing agent,  feeling restless, ne
raising the pH of
or irritable;
the blood and
urine 8. It also  black, bloody, or t
acts as a diuretic stools;
and increases the  severe or ongoing
urinary excretion diarrhea; or
of calcium.
 seizure (convulsio
 Less serious side
may include:
 nausea, or vomitin
 stomach pain;
 mild or occasional
diarrhea; or
 mild stomach pain

H2 blockers Ranitidine After a meal, the  headache

hormone gastrin,
 abdominal pain
produced by cells
in the lining of the  agitation
stomach,  hair loss
stimulates the
release of  confusion
histamine, which  constipation
then binds to
histamine H2  diarrhea
receptors, leading  dizziness
to the secretion of
gastric acid.  hypersensitivity rea
Ranitidine  nausea
reduces the
secretion of  vomiting
gastric acid by  anemia
reversible binding
 necrotizing inflamm
to histamine (H2)
the small intestine
receptors, which
are found on colon in fetus or ne
gastric parietal
cells. This
process leads to
the inhibition of
histamine binding
 to this receptor,
causing the
reduction of
gastric acid
secretion. The
relief of gastric-
acid related
symptoms can
occur as soon as
60 minutes after
administration of
a single dose, and
the effects can
last from 4-10
hours, providing
fast and effective
symptomatic
relief.

Proton pump Pantoprazole The  blistering or peeling

inhibitors mechanism of
 rash hives; itching;
(PPI) acction of
face, lips, mouth, th
pantoprazole
difficulty breathing
is to inhibit
hoarseness
the final step
in gastric acid  irregular, fast, or po
production. In muscle spasms; un
the gastric a part of the body;
parietal cell of lightheadedness; o
the stomach,  severe diarrhea wit
pantoprazole
 covalently stomach pain, or fe
binds to the away
H+/K+ ATP
 rash on cheeks or a
pump to
sunlight
inhibit gastric
acid and  increased or decrea
basal acid urine, fatigue, naus
secretion. The fever, rash, or joint
covalent
binding
prevents acid
secretion for
up to 24
hours and
longer.

Mucosal Sucralfate Sucralfate  constipation, diarr

Protecta is a
 nausea, vomiting,
nt complex of
indigestion;
Sucralfat aluminium
e hydroxide  itching, rash;
and  dizziness, drowsin
sucrose
octasulfate  sleep problems (in
. It  headache; or.
dissociate
s in the  back pain.
acid
environme
 nt of the
stomach
to its
anionic
form,
which
binds to
the ulcer
base. This
creates a
protective
barrier to
pepsin and
bile and
inhibits
the
diffusion
of gastric
acid.
Antidiarrheal Lomotil Diphenoxylate is  drowsiness,
GENERIC NAME(S): an opiate
 dizziness,
DIPHENOXYLAT receptor
E-ATROPINE agonists that  headache,
stimulate mu  tiredness,
receptors in
GI to  restlessness,
decrease the  blurred vision,
peristalsis
and constrict  dry mouth,
the  nausea,
sphincters.
Diphenoxylate  vomiting,
has a direct  upset stomach,
effect on
circular  loss of appetite,
smooth  skin rash, or
muscle of the
 itching
bowel, that
conceivably
results in
segmentation
and
prolongation
of
gastrointestin
al transit time.
The clinical
antidiarrheal
action of
diphenoxylate
 may thus be a
consequence
of enhanced
segmentation
that allows
increased
contact of the
intraluminal
contents with
the intestinal
mucosa.

Loperamide  severe
Loperamide acts constipation/naus
by slowing ng,
intestinal motility  stomach or abdom
and by affecting pain, or
water and
electrolyte  uncomfortable full
movement the stomach or ab
through the
bowel.
Loperamide
inhibits peristaltic
activity by a direct
effect on the
circular and
longitudinal
muscles of the
intestinal wall. It
is a non-selective
calcium channel
blocker and binds
to opioid mu-
receptors.
Evidence also
suggests that at
higher
concentrations it
binds to
calmodulin.