Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Irina Ungureanu
Iași, 2022
1
CONTENT / CUPRINS
Introduction / Introducere........................................................................................................3
Abstract/ Rezumat.....................................................................................................................4
Conclusion / Concluzii..............................................................................................................11
Bibliography............................................................................................................................12
Figure 2- The falling index of the obtained doughs for different types of bread......................6
Figure 4- The dynamics of the maltose index in flour mixes for baking, pretzels or pastry
products....................................................................................................................................8
2
INTRODUCTION
The porosity and volume characteristics of the bread assortments recorded values that
are in line with the quality standards, sometimes the porosity exceeded 80%, implicitly also
the volume, which means the addition of leavening agents in maximum limits outside the
rules established by GMP.
As soon as dough is properly baked into bread, a product with superior quality and
sensory features occurs. Fresh bread usually presents an appealing brownish and crunchy
crust, a pleasant roasty aroma, fine slicing characteristics, a soft and elastic crumb texture,
and a moist mouthfeel.
INTRODUCERE
3
Abstract
The experimental research aimed at the expertise of T480, T550, T650, T780, T1100, T1200
flours by determining the proteolytic index, the falling index and the maltose index. Through
the experiment, the formation of the doughs and the quality of the flour were verified,
determining their extensibility L (81-114 mm), the maximum resistance of the dough to
stretching (P = 64-98 mm), the extensibility index (G = 19-23.8 mm) , as well as the
deformation (W=167-207 mm). The final result was the ratio of dough extensibility to
deformation, which ranged from 0.56(56%) for T480 flour to 0.94(94%) for T650 flour used in
pan bread dough. The porosity and volume characteristics of the bread assortments recorded
values that are in line with the quality standards, sometimes the porosity exceeded 80%,
implicitly also the volume, which means the addition of leavening agents in maximum limits
outside the rules established by GMP.
Rezumat
Cercetarea experimentală a vizat expertizarea făinurilor T480, T550, T650, T780, T1100,
T1200 prin determinarea indicelui proteolitic, a indicelui de cădere și a indicelui de maltoză.
Prin experiment s-a verificat formarea aluatului și calitatea făinii, determinându-se
extensibilitatea acestora L (81-114 mm), rezistența maximă a aluatului la întindere (P = 64-
98 mm), indicele de extensibilitate ( G = 19-23,8 mm) , precum și deformarea (L=167-207
mm). Rezultatul final a fost raportul dintre extensibilitatea aluatului și deformarea, care a
variat de la 0,56 (56%) pentru făina T480 la 0,94 (94%) pentru făina T650 utilizată în aluatul
de pâine. Caracteristicile de porozitate si volum ale sortimentelor de paine au inregistrat
valori ce se incadreaza in standardele de calitate, uneori porozitatea depasind 80%, implicit
si volumul, ceea ce inseamna adaugarea de agenti de dospire in limite maxime in afara
regulilor stabilite de BPF.
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Materiale și metode
Mai multe tipuri de faină : T480, T550, T650, T780, T1100, T1200.
25%
25%
20%
20%
15%
10%
5,70% 6%
5% 5%
0%
Flour T480 Flour T550 Flour T650 Flour T780 FlourT1100 Flour T 1200
The proteolytic activity of the studied flours indicates an increasing swelling index from 5-6%
in T480, T550, T650 flour to 20% in the case of T780 flour, as well as a maximum proteolytic
activity of 25-35% in flours with more a lot of dark flour bran T1100 and T1200.
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Figure 2- The falling index of the obtained doughs for different types of bread.
The fall index has optimal values ranging from 180 m/s for the dough obtained for bread
in the pan, to 322 m/s for the refrigerated dough. Average values between 250-300 m/s fall
index were found for multigrain bread dough 250 m/s, cake dough -270 m/s, specialty
dough -280 m/s, frozen dough -282 m/s s, the dough for French bread. (figure 2) The
dynamics of the falling index optimizes the quality of the obtained doughs to manufacture
bread assortments with improved porosity and larger volume. The level of confidence of the
experimental results is maximal and provides security for obtaining bakery products of the
best quality.
Indicele de cădere are valori optime cu variație de la 180 m/s pentru aluatul obținut pentru
pîine la tavă, la 322 m/s pentru aluatul refrigerat. Valori medii cuprinse între 250-300 m/s
indice de cădere s-au întâlnit pentru aluatul pâinii multicereale 250 m/s, aluatul pentru
cozonac -270 m/s, aluatul pentru specialități -280 m/s, aluatul congelat -282 m/s, aluatul
pentru pîinea franțuzească.( figura 2) Dinamica indicelui de cădere optimizează calitatea
aluaturilor obținute pentru a fabrica sortimente de pîine cu porozitate îmbunătățită și volum
mai mare. Nivelul de înceredere al rezultatelor experimentale este maximal și oferă
siguranță pentru obținerea unor produse de panificație de cea mai bună calitate.
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Figure 3- Evolution of damaged starch content.
5,70%
French baguette
6%
Rolls
7,80%
Japanese
6%
Braided coil
6,50%
Fornetti- patties with cheese
Flour for frozen
7%
dough
8%
Fornetti with appricots
8,50%
in the form
Bread flour
7%
Pretzel
9%
Muffins
Flour for pastry
8%
Cake
From figure 3 it can be seen that the percentage of starch varies from 5.7% to 10%
depending on the type of dough, respectively the type of bakery product. The varied range
of bakery and pastry products shows us variations with a confidence level above 50%.
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Figure 4- The dynamics of the maltose index in flour mixes for baking,
pretzels or pastry products.
Maltose index, %
400,00%
350,00%
300,00%
250,00%
y = -0.4455x2 + 3.4021x - 2.9095
R² = 0.9978
200,00%
150,00%
100,00%
50,00%
0,00%
Flour for muffins and Flour for bread and Mixed wheat and rye Mixed wheat and rye
pretzel pastry products bread flour bread flour
The maltose index varies from the flour for cozonac and pretzels, at the minimum level
to the mix of wheat and rye flour for bread. The confidence level obtained is 0.9978, which
means very good results with a very high probability of occurrence.
Figura 4- Dinamica indicelui de maltoză la mixuri de făină pentru panificație, covrigi sau
produse de patiserie.
Indicele de maltoză variază de la făina pentru cozonac și covrigi, la nivelul minim la mixul
de făină de grâu și secară pentru pîine. Nivelul de încredere obținut este de 0.9978 ceea ce
înseamnă rezultate foarte bun cu probabilitate foarte mare de apariție.
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Figure 5- Dynamics of the extensibility and deformation characteristics of the doughs
according to the quality of the flour.
198
Flour T 650 for bread in pan 20
76 y = -16.91ln(x) + 110.21
81
R² = 0.8226
196
Flour T 650 for coils/pretzels 21
89
82
187
Flour for frozen doughs 19
75
87
167
Flour T 1200 multigrain bread 21,9
63
97
200
Flour for pastry 22,4
62
89
207
Four T 480 23,8
64
114
W=Deformation energy, mm
G=Extensibility index
P=maximum resistence of the dough to stretching, mm
L=Extensibility, mm
Log. (L=Extensibility, mm)
The largest deformation was recorded in the T480 flour -207 mm, and the smallest in the
T1200 multigrain flour of 167 mm. The extensibility index a recorded values from 19 to 23.8
and a directly proportional extensibility from 62 to 89 mm. Thus, by describing the
extensibility and deformation indices, it was possible to measure the maximum stretching
resistance of the dough P , with maximum values for T650 flour, average values for T1200
flour.
Cea mai mare deformație s-a înregistrat la făina T480 -207 mm, iar cea mai mică la făina
T1200 multicereale de 167 mm. Indicele de extensibilitate a a înregistrat valori de la 19 la
23.8 și o extensibilitate direct proporționala de la 62 la 89 mm. Astfel, prin descrierea
indicilor de extensibilitate și deformare s-a putut măsura rezistenta maximă la întindere a
aluatului P , având valori maximale pentru Făina T650, medii pentru făina T1200.
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Figure 6- Extensibility/deformation ratio for different flours and doughs.
The highest elasticity/deformation ratio was obtained for T650 flour used in the
manufacture of bread, cakes, pretzels, 0.92-0.94, average values were recorded for flour
used to obtain frozen dough 0.86, for flour used in pastry -0.7, and the lowest values were
obtained for T1200 multicereal flour and T480 flour – 0.56 used in the manufacture of
cozonac, specialties.
Cel mai mare raport elasticitate/deformare a fost obținut pentru făina T650 folosită la
fabricarea pâinii, a colaceilor, covrigilor, 0.92-0.94, valori medii au fost înregistrate pentru
făina folosită la obținerea aluatului congelat 0.86, la făina folosită în patiserie -0.7, iar cele
mai mici valori s-au obținut pentru făina T1200 multicereale și făina T480 – 0.56 utilizată la
fabricarea cozonacului, specialităților.
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CONCLUSIONS
The quality of baking and pastry flours influences dough extensibility and deformation,
resulting in baked goods with improved porosity or greater volume.
The maximum proteolytic activity of 25-35% was determined in flours with more bran
dark flours T1100 and T1200. Consequently, this also influences the digestibility of
bread, hence the recommendation to consume bread with bran before white bread.
The maltose index of the wheat and rye flour mix was studied to scientifically assess the
use of this controversial mix. Of course, we can use this mix for bread, but it cannot be
used successfully for other specialties or pastry products, because the dark color of the
assortments cannot define the quality characteristics of these flour products.
CONCLUZIE
Calitatea făinurilor de panificație și patiserie influențează extensibilitatea aluatului
și deformarea acestuia, rezultând produse de panificație cu porozitate îmbunătățită
sau volum mai mare.
Activitatea proteolitică maximală de 25-35% a fost determinată la făinurile cu mai
multă tărâțe făinuri de culoare închisă T1100 și T1200. În consecință acest lucru
influențează și digestibilitatea pâine, de unde și recomandarea de consum a pâinii cu
tărâțe înaintea pâinii albe.
Indicele de maltoză la mixul de făină de grâu și secară a fost studiat pentru a
aprecia științific folosirea acestui mix atât de controversat. Desigur acest mix îl
putem folosi la pâine, dar nu poate fi utilizat cu succes la alte specialități sau produse
de patiserie, deoarece culoarea închisă a sortimentelor nu poate defini
caracteristicile de calitate ale acestor produse făinoase.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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extraction on extracting total other fragments to SC Spicul Sa Iasi, Journal of
Agroalimentary Processes and technologies, 17(4), USAMVB Timisoara, ISSN : 2069-
0053, pg.428-430;
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and Insoluble Fibers on the Human's Health II , Ovidius Constanta, Annals Economic
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University Annals, Economic Sciences Series Volume XX, Issue 2 /2020, p.474-483,
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and Unsaturated Fatty Acids at the Grain, Flours and Bakery Products,
International Scientific Symposium Sustainable Rural Development, Ed. Agroprint
Timişoara, ISSN : 1453-1410;
5. Radu S, 2011-Tehnologia de prelucrare a produselor făinoase -ISBN :978-973-7783-
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