PHAT TRIEN DICH VU THAM VAN CHO GIA BINH TRE TW Ki - NHU CAU CAP THIET CAN QUAN TAM ThS. NGUYEN HIEP THUONG” Ths. LUU TH] THU PHUONG** “Abstract: The paper presents some issues about the difficulties and challenges that families of children with autism are facing, in particular, the challenges of psychological stress, mental crisis that they have to meet when they have persons with autism living in the family. The article also analyses and clarify the term ~ ofcounselling. Family counselling and family situation of the necessities of counseling services for families ) of autist children as well as proposing a number of measures to make counselling services for families of } children with autism. Keywords: Counseling, family counseling, counseling services for families of children with autism. 4. Dai nét vé tu ki (TK) TK ka m@thi ching rdi loan, bao gém mét nhom cae ching réiloan phat tign thé hign dnhiing khiém Khuyét trong quan hé xa héi, khd khn vé giao tiép di kém vdinhing rdiloan hanh vi. Hin nay, TK duge coi 1a m@t “cn bénh” cua thai dai; s6 lvong tré TK tang Jen nhanh chéng 6 tat cd cdc quéc gia trén thé gidi, trong tétca céc nhém ching toc, mau da, cdc dan tc va nén kinh t8 xa hi kha nhau, Céc théng ké déu cho thay ti é tr mac chimg TK gia tang ngay céng nhanh. Chang han, 6 Mi (nhiing nam 80 cua thé ki XX), 86 tré TK chi chiém ti 6 1/2000 tré, dén nam 2011 c6 khodng §60.000 tré bi TK, chim tilé knoang 1/110 tr (1; tr 132). Théng ké cla Anh cling cho thay tinh cdnh tuong tuva ti Ié mac chiing TK hign nay 0 dat nude nay vao khoang 1/150 tré. Vao khoang thap nién 80 thé ki XX, khai niém "TK" cn rat xa la é nudc ta, ngay ca nhiing chuyén gia trong inh vyc y té va gido dyc cén cho rang 6 Viet Nam khOng c6 tré bi TK. TK chi trd thanh van dé ‘néng vannhn duge sigquan tm cdc chuyén gia, nha ighién cfu va cia x8 hdi mdi chi trong khong 10 ‘nam trd lgi day va da cho thay sy bing né vé tile tré mac ching TK. G ViétNam cing chua cé diéu tra vé hdichtmg TK trén quy mé toan quéc. 5 TK khOng nhing gay ra kho khdin cho chinh tré b| TK ma con cé tac déng, anh hudng rat tigu cye dén gia dinh ola tré; trong gia dinh xuat hin ngudi TK sé cénhing thay déidién, day la "cu séclin" chocha me cling nhu cdc thanh vién cla gia dinh. Hothudng trai qua nhimg dau den vabéirdicéngthang, Khiing hodng rnhu dang phaigp mét“taihga’ khting khigp; hokhéng biét phai lam gi hoo tim dén ai khi cn; va nhiing mau thudn cng thang trong gia dinh congu¢iTK cd thé xéy ra. Bén canh d6, nhiing gnh nang kinh té, thdi gian cham s6c tr TK cing nhing mau thuan, nhiing khé khén tam fi cénhiéu nguy co xuathién lam cho cugc séng vabéu khéng khitrong gia dinh t8TK ang trd nén cng thang néu khéng tim duge cach gidi quyét va vuot qua. 2. Tham van (TV) va TV cho gia dinh tré TK 2.1. Tham van. Thuat ngit TV" ra doi tu dau thé KiXX va ngay cang phattrién manh mé trén thé gici dem laisyttrg gitp tam li hdu higu, giip con ngudiduy tri dutgc sy'thdng bang tam li, ang cudng kha nang tig phé véi cc van dé nay sinh trong cude séng va ccc méi quan hé xa hdi, hung tdimét cube séng tot dep han ‘TV laméthinh thd tro gidp hét ste phihop déi voi nihitng gia dinh dang gap kho khan khiing hong vé tinh than, tinh cm; 14 méttrong nhiing céch can thigp tm fi. c6 ¥ nghia quan trong déi véi viée trg gidp gia dinh, gidi quy&t moi van dé dang t6n tai; TV gidp cdc thainh vién trong gia dinh cai thign, gidi quyét nhing van dé khé khan cla minh; hudng tdi vigc tgo nén suc manh cia gia dinh va cling o6 khd nang gidi quyét van dé ca gia dinh; giip cdc thanh vign trong gia dinh c6 co hoi chia sé cdm xtc, suy nghi; thay ddl cach Ung xiF tidu cye 8 cai thién “bau khéng khi” trong gia dinh; hé trg cdc thanh vign trong gia dinh sit dung cdc kinaing dé cing nhau déi pho vdikhd khan, Vivay, TV duge coi a méttrong nhiing “iéu phap" hét tte higu qua cho viée tro git i quyét nhiing kho khan tam lima gia dinh tré TK gp phai. a Tring Da ig Su pham Ha NGi ** Hoc vién Bao chi va Tuyén truyén (Thang 12/2015) Tap chi Giao dyc $0 DAC BIET |69Thugt ngit “TV duge hidu 6 nhiéu mute 6 khéc nhau; tuy nhién, déng co dé TV chi yéu xuat phat tir hing khé khan tam li. Vi vay, TV c6 thé dugc hiéu: "TVlaquatrinh tyong tac gia nha TV (ngudicé chuyén mén va Ki nang TV, c6 cae pham chat dao duc cla rnghé TV va duge phép luat tha nhén) vai than chi (ngudi dang c6 van 48 kh6 khan vé tm fimudn duge giup 48). Théng qua cac ki nang trao déi, chia sé, tam tinh, than chi hiéu va chap nhi minh, tytim lay tiém nang ban than dé gidi quyét van 8 cila chinh minh (2; tr 12). 2.2. TV cho gia dinh tré TK. TV cho gia dinh ‘gua Khuyéttt ndi chung va TV cho gia dinh tr8 TK nidirigng eting chi a hinh thie TV cho mét ddi tung cu thé (gia dinh cla nguéi tré TK); vi thé, céc ligu php, cach thie, kinang trong TV gia dinh cting ta liguphép, céch thic, Kinng dé TV cho gia dinh ngudi khuyét tat va gia dinh tré mac hi ching TK. Nhimg tra gidp cla cng déng déivdi gia dinh tr TK tang lan itp ting chin lugc tmg phé cia gia dinh. "Kha nang” coda gia dinh/bg me dé duong dau véiTK la v6 cing quan trong, chang han: chi phi nudi nang tré TK gan nhu gp doi tré binh thuténg; misc 46 nghiém trong cila chtmg TK dcon cai gay cng thang, stress dcha me, dac biét vdi cdc ba me (ho thudng buén phién, bi quan, suy nghi theo hung tiéu cye va chén nén. Khisy cing thang é ngudi me bi day lén cao, né tac dong ngugc lai dita tré va lam ting mute d6 tram trong cila ching TK & tr. Vivay, vige hé tra xa hgicho cha me tré em bi TK 14 v6 ciing quan trong, trong dé, cn TV cho ho vé hanh vita tré va céch thitc tn khai cdc can thiép phd hop. Ciing cé métsé itgia dinh co tr8 TK cto biét, hg nhin cuge séng lac quan hon va van duy #i chat luang cuéc séng kha tét. Chinh nhing suy nghi tich cue dé dA gitip 44 tré bi TK rét nhiéu trong qua tinh di phyc. Vie nghién cifu, tng dung TV gia dinh dé tro gidp, gidi quyét cho gia dinh o6 tré TK dang gap nhing khé khan, xung dét, khting hoang vé tam i, tinh than c6 y nghia quan trong va rat can thiét. 3, Tinh hinh nghién ctu va phat trién dich vy TV vaTV gia dinh tré TK &Viet Nam GViét Nam, hoat déng tro gidp tam li cho nhing nguéi c6 khé khan tAm li da ra déi tung déi som. Trude nm 1945, taimétsdbénh vién phia Bac (nhu Bénh vién Bach Mai), mot s6 “can sy xd hor" (nhan vin cng téc x4 hd}) da sti dung TV nhymétkinang quan trong ca céng tac xa hdl vao tra gitp, diéu tr bénh nhén. G phia Nam, trude nam 1975, cting voi hoat déng céng téc xa hdi chuyén nghiép, dé ton tai jo duc SO DAC BIT céc hoat déng TV cho cé nhan va gia dinh tai cGng déng. Trucng déo t20 Cén syxahdiCartascia chinh quyén mign Nam thai d6, dudi sy hé tra cua Hoi chit dé Phap da trién khai chuang trinh daotaonhan vién cing tae xa hii trong 46, c6 cung cp cdc Kindng tre gitip va kinaing TV cho hoc vin. Céc hoat déng céng ‘dc xa hi trong dé c6 hoat dng TV bi chimg aisau gidi phong mién nam 1975. Tit cudi nhing ném 80 dén dau nhiing nim 90 cia thé kiXX, khinén kinh té Vigt Nam chuyén déi tur nén kinh t8 bao cép sang kinh t6 thi trudng, o6 nhiéu vn 48 x4 hdi nay sinh va dign bién phite tap, nhu: déi nghéo; rém cud; dicu; té mé céi ang thang ducng phd; té nani mai dam; HIV/AIDS... Dé gidi quyétphan nao nhiing van dé 46, métsé don vi téchutc thanh lap ‘cdo Trung tam céng tac xa héi, Trung tam tu van tam |i, cdc Bung day tur van dién thoai dé tién hanh tu van tra gidp tam li cho nhiing déitugng can gilip dd. Hoat déng TV dugc danh dau bang su'ra ddictla"Phéng tu van tm I?" dau tién dugc thanh lap TP. Hé ChiMinh (nam 1988). Taiday 06 céc dich vy tro gidp va tr leu ‘tam fi chuyén su, nén nhiéu ngudi o6 van dé Kho khan tram trong vé tam li da dén xin tra gidp. ‘én nay, cling véi chii truong, chinh sach cla ‘Dang, Nha nude va sy tra gilip cila cdc 16 chite quéc t8,nhiéu van phéng tu van cho cae déitugng cd hoan ccénh khé khn duge thanh lp; tuy nhién, cdc trung tam tu van tam li chu yéu duge dat cae thanh phd in (HANG, Hud, Da Nang, TP. HéChiMinh). Nam 2005, UNICEF Vigt Nam, Uy ban Dan sé gia dinh vatré em ViétNam, dudisyhé tr chuyén mén cla cdc chuyén gia TV tém li nude ngoai da bién soan va xuat ban cuén Tai iéu tap hudn “KT nang co ban trong TV", ding trong cdc khoa dao tao gidng vién nguén vé TV tam li cho cd nudc. Hay, tac gid Tran Thi Minh Duc trong cuén Gido trinh tham van tam Ii (2008) cing da diséuphan tich méts6 kinng TV co ban, cdtinh chat quyét dinh chinh trong TV, nhu: lang nghe, hdi, phan hai, thau hiéu. Day ld mét gido trinh coy nghia rt lin Adi vdi nhdng ngudi dang nghién cifu va thyc ‘hanh TV néichung, TV gia dinh ndi rng. Nhu vay c6 thé thay, céc tdiligu nghién ctu 6 trong nude chi yéu méi chi tap trung vao phan anh thyc trang nhu cau TV, ndivé TV va cac Kinng TV co ban, chua cé nhiéu nghién citu tap trung di sau vao van dé TV nhém, TV gia dinh va dcbiétlA TV cho gia dinh tr TK -métlinh yye dang rét cn duge quan tim. 4, MOt s6 gidi phap gép phan phat trién dich vu TV cho gia dinh tré TK 4.1, Bio tao, bél duéng d6i ngii TV, TV gia (Thang 12/2015)dinh chuyén nghifp. 88 dio tao di ngi nay, di néicée nha nghién cu, nha khoa hoc cén ¢6 nhiéu nighién edu cing nhu xay dung tai leu, gido trinh: vé ring van dé cia gia dinh, cc kho khan, khing hong trong gia dinh; véquy trinh, hoat dng va cdc Ki nang ac thi trong TV gia dinh phil hap véi digu kién van hod Vigt Nam. Cac traéng 6 nganh dao tg0 Céng téc xd hd, Tam Ii hoc cén xy dung va dua vo chyong trinh ging day nhing mén hoc chuyén su vé TV ~gia dinh ~ 42, Bio tg0, béi duong cho d6i ngd can bé TW nntng kién thu vé khuyét tat, nguéi khuyét ta, }+-TK, tee TK, cing nue phyong phap, céch thie kam éc, giao tiép voi trd TK va gia dinh. B8 TV vara gitp cho gia dinh tr TK dugc higu qua, déihdi nguoi TV phaicé nhimng kién thie Kinang co ban ve TV, TV gia dinh; 6 kén thie tog di co ban vé khuy ttt cc dang khuyét tat, vé TK, dac diém cua tre TK... Nhdng kign thee nay sé giip cho ngudi TV khiTV cho gia dinh té TK sé tytn va s& thyc hign hoat déng tre gilp higu qua hon, 43. Thanh lép mang lui nhén vién lim viée trong linh vuc TV, TV gia dinh, ting buée xay dun. ddinginhan vign TV, cng tac vidn TV langudi khuyét tél, Day ld vic lm rat c&n thiét va quan trong, bét ngoaivige cung cap céc dich vy, hé trgcae nhan vién TV vaTV giadinh, thivigc phattrign nang lye cho cdc thanh vign tham gia thdng qua cc budihgithdo, dao go, tip hudn chia sé kinh nghiém, dé ao ra mang dt ving manh dép ting duge nhiing nhu céu da dang cia cdc than chi. 86 mang ludi hoat dng cé higu qua, cn 06 sy diéu phéi, quan li cla motco quan cé thém quyén, dam béo sy ring bude va tinh phép fi cila mang ludi. Bén canh dé, hoat dong TV cho gia inh tré TK s& higu qua hon néu ngudi TV, nhan vign ‘TV chinh a nguoi khuyét tét. Nhdn vién TV 1a ngudi ‘khuy&t tt s8 chia sé nhimg kinh nghigm, tréinghiém ccila ho trong cuge séng tao nén tac déng rattich cue én qua trinh TV cho gia dinh tr TK. 44, Phél hop voi cdc t6 chute chinh tr) xd h shurdng, dya vao nguén luc tai céng déng dé xay dung mé hinh TV tai cong déng. Bén canh sy quan tim, chi dao clla chinh quyén céc cép, ngay nay nhiéu t6 chute chinh trix hdi da tham gia vao viée hd tg, tra giip cho gia dinh tai cOng déng nh: Hoi Lién higp phy nd, Mat tran T8 quéc, H6i Cyu chin 6 jai trd rat quan tron: trong vige hé tra, quyét nhing van dé ‘cng thang, xung dt trong gia dinh tai chinh céng déng. Vivay, viée tép hudn nang cao kién thite va mai can b@, thanh vien cia t6 chttc nay Kim dng téc vi taicéng déng dé thyc hign hoat dong TY, tra giip gid quyéinhimg van d8 cia gia dinh c6thmanglaihigu qua rat én. Vi dy, ‘Bia chitin cy" cho cae phu nit bi bao hanh tai céng déng do Héi Lién higp phy nit xay dung la mét mé hinh thanh céng do biét dya véo ingudn lyc tai chinh céng déng. Q ‘U) H. R. Hall. Families of children with autism: Behaviors of children, community support and coping. Issues in comprehensive pediatric nursing. 2012. (2) Tran Thi Minh Dic. Gido trinh tham van tam Ii, NXB Dai hoc Quéc gia Ha NOi, 2011 igu tham khdo ‘Thi Bich Hanh. Twi - Phat hign sém va can thigp sém. NXB Y hoc, H. 2007, 2. Nguy8n Thi Kim Hoa (chi bien). Cong tée x hoi ‘oi ngubi khuyét tit. NXB Dai hoc Quéc gia Ha Noi, 2014. 3. Nguyén Thi Thai Lan - Bui Thi Xuan Mai. Gio trinh cOng téc xa hoi cd nhan va gia dinh. NXB Lao dong - Xa hoi, H. 2011. 4, Nguyén Thi Hoang Yén. Ty ki nhong vain dé i luan va thye tién. NXB Bai hoe Siepham, H. 2013, 5. Anthony Yeo. Counseling - A Problem solving approach. Amour Publishing, 1993. 6. Salvador Minuchin - H. Charles Fishman, Family Therapy Techniques. Harvard University Press, 1981 Non th hung dn quan W. (Tip theo trang 54) mét cach higu qua, cde nha QL can quan tam gidi quyét nhiing nhan t6 anh hudng bén ngoai va bén trong cdc co sd dio tao, 0 ‘Tailigu tham khio 1. BO GD-DT. Ki yéu hoi théo khoa hoc “50 ndm gido duc qude phong an ninh hoc sinh, sinh vien (1961 - 2011)". Ha Ndi, 2011. 2. NguyEn Dic Chinh (chi bien). Phat trién chuong, trinh gido dye. NXB Gido duc, H. 2005. 3. Trin How Hoan. Quan li xdy dung va ddnh gid ‘chuzomg trink man hgc trink d6 dai hoc trong hoc ch tin chi. Luan van tin si quan Ii gido duc, 2011. 4, Hoang Van Tong. Quan If gido duc qué phong - {an nink cho sinh vién cdc trwong dai hoc Viet Nam trong b6i cdnh méi. Luan van tin st khoa hoc gido duc, 2013, 5. Oliva, Peter F. Developing the curriculum. Pearson Education, Inc, 2005. 6. Okebukola - P.A.O. Needs and Assessment and Curriculum Development in Higher Education. Presented at the UNESCO Workshop on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Nairobi, Kenya, 1997. (Théng 12/2015) p chi Gi ¢ 86 DAC BIRT |71