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1  2023
 8

Guide to
Excellence

Every Wednesday Free Suppliment

 
   10+2 ()
     
.
l  : 10+2 ()   
()- 2023

...
// 
 ..    .
         .
    .
 /,   .  ,
      
   ....
l  : 35
l   -30, -5
 .
:  ()  .
l
l : 2004,  2  2006  1
  .
l : 
l :  12
: https://indiannavy. nic.in/content/
l
102-btech-cadet-entry-scheme
 
 ...
     
    .
l  : 255
l :  ( )-225, 
( -30  .
l :    
 (, ),    
     .
l : 18- 22   .
l : -1,2,3,4 ,  ,
  
l : 
l :  16


   
   
  1/2024  .
l  : 71
l :  -40,   -
10,  ()-6, 
(/)-14,  -1
 .
l :   , , /
 ,    
    .
l : 
l :  9
l : https://joinindiancoastguard.cdac.in

4 5 6
 -1    ..    
!    
  ?
 
   ()    
02.   18  22 .   
     . 1  2023
Guide to Excellence 31   .     . Every Wednesday Free Supplement
   1981 .  8

Top Cities and Universities in the USA

l It is an undeniable truth that a
good education can provide
better opportunities. This fact is
well understood by the majority
of Indian families. Students
travel abroad for better education
and opportunities. Students
mostly travel for higher
education or post-graduation, but
we have seen people interested in
undergraduate education too. The
pandemic has seen a decline in
the number of students travelling
abroad, however, the numbers
seem to be increasing now.
l Students from more than 200
countries travel to the USA for
education every year. India ranks
among the top sending countries.
In the year 2021, the number of
students has increased by at least
12 percent. Annually, at least 1.5
lakhs to 2 lakh students apply for
education abroad in the USA.
Why is the USA a preferred
destination?
l America hosts many of the top
universities in the world. It is
reputed for its research in
science and technology. America
ranks ahead in bagging Nobel
prizes. It registers many patents
too. Software, Pharmaceutical,
Medical, automobile, Space,
Science, etc it has great
institutions and also big
companies in all the major fields.
Students who have enrolled in a
program can choose courses or
subjects within that. They can
choose some minor subjects
from other relevant disciplines
too. The curriculum matches the
industry's demand. The training
opportunities give experience
too.
l The language of communication
is English, hence it is convenient
for many whose second
language is English.
l The Infrastructure and Research
facilities available across diverse
fields in the Universities are
another reason for the USA to
attract so many students.
l The value of the American dollar
is high. The cost of education is
higher. Tuition fee varies across
the universities based on their
status as a public university or
private university. The cost of
living depends on the location.
According to an IDP report, the
tuition fee for undergraduate
education may range from 20000
USD to 40000 USA annually, the
graduate fee may range from
20000 USA to 40000 USD, and
the doctoral fee may range from
USD 28000 to 55000. Your
living expenses may cost around
10000 USD annually.
l Students who plan carefully
ahead, can choose the right
university and also apply for
scholarships or other financial
assistance available. During their
study at the university, they can
apply for teaching assistantships
or research assistant roles.
l As the US welcomes people
from all over the world, you will
find Indians in many of the
institutions. Though the culture
there is different, you may learn
to deal with it. Unlike earlier
times, you can find Indian
restaurants or grocery stores in
popular locations.
l People find the USA to be a safe
country. Most institutions have
campus security teams
maintaining the safety of the
students.
l Optional Practical Training
(OPT) is provided for eligible
students. It gives them a chance
to have practical exposure,
which often aids in getting Work
visas [H1]. The students are also
eligible for Curriculum Practical
Training [CPT] after studying
for 2 semesters i.e. Full-time
internships in the student's area
of interest.
l The USA attracts the brightest
and best students from almost all
countries of the globe. This gives
the students international
exposure.
l A degree from the USA is
recognized by many
organizations across the world
and is given a lot of weight while
applying for a Job.
Most Preferred cities and
Top Universities
l America is a developed country.
Many cities attract students from
across diverse communities.
According to QS rankings, these
are a few top cities. Students
choose these locations based on
the Universities available, living
expenses, and other oppor
tunities and facilities available.
l Boston: It is one of the oldest
cities in the USA. It is the capital
of Massachusetts state. Some
call it the birthplace of the
American revolution. This is one
of the reasons that makes it a
popular tourist destination. The
premier institutions in this city
are Harvard University, Massac
husetts institute of technology,
Boston University, Northeastern
University, Tufts University, and
Massachusetts University. It
hosts two of the top universities
in the world and hence is a
popular choice.
l New York: The city has been
recently in the news because of
the heavy snowfall. However, it
is also one of the most populous
cities in the USA. New York
state itself hosts many colleges
and universities. The city attracts
people from diverse cultures and
backgrounds. It provides great
opportunities for education
through its research institutes
and other colleges. There are
many top companies also in this
city like ESPN; Barclays; FDM
Group; ABC News, New York
Stock Exchange, IBM, etc. Two
of the top 50 universities in the
world are in New York. The top
institutions are Columbia
University, New York Institute of
Technology, and Cornell
University. The cost of living is
high here.
l San Francisco: The city has a
coastal lifestyle and sunny
climate. Its proximity to Silicon
valley makes it a popular
destination. It is one of the top
financial centers in the world.
There are many innovative and
technology companies in this
place. Companies like Apple,
IBM, and Facebook have their
offices here. Climate, Beaches,
and Job opportunities make it a
popular location. The top
universities in this place are
Stanford University, University
of California (Berkeley)
l Los Angeles: The city is home to
bright talent. The Hollywood
movie industry, galleries, and
museums are popular attractions.
The weather is amiable. It is
called the creative capital of the
world and hence many recruiters
come to the city to pick smart
and talented people. The city
offers popular courses in science
and technology, finance, fashion, l San Diego: This city on the west
medicine, etc. The renowned
educational centres in the city
are the University of California
(UCLA), California Institute of
Technology (Caltech)
l Chicago: The city is known for
its historical and cultural
significance. Many famous
politicians hail from this Windy
City. The city is also known for
its innovation. It has great
botanical gardens, museums,
restaurants, etc. It is a popular
choice among students because
of its diverse lifestyle. The top
universities in this city are the
University of Chicago,
Northwestern University,
University of Illinois, Illinois
Institute of Technology, etc.
l Atlanta: This city in Georgia
has abundant trees. It is also a
flourishing commerce center.
Amazon, Home Depot, Delta
Airlines, Coca-cola, and UPS are
some big companies here. The
famous universities here are
Georgia institute of technology,
Emory University, and Georgia
state university. Georgia Tech is
one of the top 100 universities Abhyaas Edu Technologies
in the world.
l Philadelphia: This city in
Pennsylvania is one of the sixth
most populous cities in the USA.
It is a city with a port on the
banks of two rivers. It has many
adventure trails, walking tracks,
riverfronts, etc. The city has
great significance in American
history as the Declaration of
Independence was signed here.
The esteemed universities here
are the University of
Pennsylvania, Swarthmore
College, Drexel University, and
Temple university. The cost of
living here is lower than in New
York.
l Washington DC.: This capital
city of the USA is busy with
political activity as it is the
center of the American federal
government. You will find many
historical monuments here.
Some of the top universities here
are Georgetown University,
George Washington University,
American University, and
Howard University.
l Pittsburgh: The temple of lord
Venkateshwara here attracts
many Indians. It is also
popularly known as steel city
because of the steel industry. The
top universities here are
Carnegie Mellon University and
Pittsburgh University.
coast has great beaches and
exciting nightlife. The top
colleges here are the University
of California San Diego and San
Diego University.
l The other cities preferred by
students are Seattle, Baltimore,
Houston, Miami, Buffalo, etc.
Plan and choose the college and
city of your choice wisely.
QS World
Top University Rankings
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) -1
Stanford University -3
Harvard University -5
California Institute of
Technology - 6
University of Chicago -10
University of Pennsylvania -13
Princeton University - 16
Yale University - 18
Cornell University -20
Columbia University -22
Johns Hopkins University - 24
University of Michigan-
Ann Arbor -25
Sirisha Reddy
Director - Academics
+91 9849733780
+91 9949757235
Abhyaas.in
  
      (58)  
 10  .    
03.
Guide to Excellence  -   .  Every Wednesday Free Supplement 1  2023
18      .  8

    ?

 
 
   ?
   
  ?
:
     
  ,   
 .
  
    (),  
 (),  
(),  (),
  (),  
(),   ()
1.    
()
      
     
 (Gross Domestic
product) .
   ()
= C+I+G+ (X-M)
C = 
I= 
G =  
(X-M)=   
  ( )
5.   (Personal Income):
    
,    
   
   =  -
 -  -
+  
 PI - NI- Corporate Taxes-
Undistributed corporate profits-
Social Security Contributions +
Transfer payments
   (Disposable
Income) -   
    
 ‘ ’ 
   (Per Capita
Income) -     
   .
    (-
)
2.    
():    
    
    
    
 .
    = +
    
(Net factor income from abroad)
3.    
(NNP):    
    
    
  .
   
   
 .    
  .
   ()  
  .  
   

 .    
   
 ,   
    
,   
 , 
    
 .
   , 
     
    
     =
    -
  
4.  ()  
  :  
    
 , , , 
   
, , ,  
    
   
 .
  (National Income)
=   NNP + -
 
   
. ...
  
(Human Development Index) -
HDI
   
(Genuine Progress Indicator) -
GPI
   
(Happy Planet Index) - HPI
    , 
 ,  
  , , 
    
 .   
,    
 .
   ‘ 
’    ?
: ‘  
’    
, 1975  .
  14  
 ,  
,   
   
.   
  ,   
 , 
    
   
 1975  2004  
 .
  2009,  9
   
 ‘ ’  
   , 
   
   .
 , 1975 
14 ()   
   
    
   , 
,   
   
  
 .
   
    
.  
  ,  
.   
 -6  
 ,  
  . 
,  
,    
 .  
    
 90   
 . 
  , ,
,   
 . 
   
 .    
   .
   
   
     

  
    
   
   

    1975
   
 14 () 
  

    
   . 
    
   
    
   

  14  () 
    
    
  
  
     
    
   1975 
  14  () 
 
    
   
   
     
    
   ‘
 ’  
  . 
,   14
()    
   
   
   .
 ,    
    
.   .
   



        .

    
     
    .
 :     ( 
 )
 :    , ,
,   ,  
  : 99
 :    
  .
 :      :    
  :  6       -2023
 :   : ,  ( )
 :  17   : 1140
 : https://manuu.edu.in  : , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,  
      :  160  
.
    -         .  
 ()     
        .025     . 
  - 20, -60, -
40, -40   .
    -20, -
40, -20, -40, - 40 
.
   ,   .

 : 
 :  17
   :  12
 : www.tgtwgurukulam.
telangana.gov.in
  
04.          
  19 .        
  2009  .       
      , 1,20,000 
 .      ,
          .
Guide to Excellence
 .      .    ,     .

-1  ,  

  
.  
.   
–1  
   
 -1  !  -1
   .
  
   ,  n   ,  
  ..   .    
   .   
,    .
    
 ..   .

 15 
n 120   .  
 15     .
   -1,  -1,
2014     
    .
  .
‘’  
n   .  ,
   . ,
    .
      
 .   . 
    . , 
, , 
    
.      
.      .
 
n    
.    . 
15     .
     .
 12  2    
,   30  , 30
    .
 6  7   . 
  ,    
    .
   
n     ..  
   .  
,    
. ,    
. 6  .. 
   .  
  .
  ..
n       
  .  
  .   ,
-20,  , - ,
      
 
.     
 
n    
.    
    .
n     
  .
    
 
  .
n  ,  
  , 
.
n     
 .
n    , 
 . -  
,   .
-  

Keep India Smiling Foundational Schola
rship and Mentorship Programme
for Sportsperson and Individuals
Description: Colgate-Palmolive (India)
Ltd. is giving young students an
opportunity to pursue their
academic/ career aspirations by
Scholarships
their dreams.
Eligibility:
n For individuals helping others, the
applicants must be graduates and
involved in activities like teaching a
group of underprivileged children or
providing sports training to them.
ranking. They must be aged between
9 and 20 years. The annual family
income of all applicants must be less
than INR 5 Lakhs per annum.
n Prizes & Rewards: Selected
scholars can avail scholarship award
of INR 75,000 per year for up to 3
Reliance Foundation Undergraduate
Scholarships 2022-23
n Description: The Reliance Foundation
Undergraduate Scholarships aim to support
meritorious students from all corners of the
country with an undergraduate college
education, empowering them to continue

providing them with scholarships
for education. This scholarship
program aims to provide
foundational support to individuals,
who are deserving & meritorious
but may lack the resources to pursue
JN Tata Endowment Loan
Scholarship 2023-24
Description: The JN Tata Endowment
invites loan scholarship applications
from Indian students who wish to
pursue overseas higher studies.
Students who are selected for the
loan scholarship may be
recommended for a partial ‘Travel
Grant’ and a ‘Gift Award’- which is
linked to their academic performance
in their overseas studies.
Eligibility:
n Open for Indian nationals who have
completed at least one under
graduate degree OR students who
are in the final year of any undergr
n For sportspersons, applicants must
have represented the state/country at
the state/national/international level
in the last 2/3 years. They must be
ranked within 500 in the national
ranking/ within 100 in the state
aduate programme at a recognised
university/ college/ institution in
India.
n Candidates must be willing to
pursue
Postgraduate/Doctoral/Postdoctor
al studies abroad.
n Candidates who are at the end of
the 1st year and entering into the
second year of their overseas
studies (Fall 2023 – Spring 2024)
are also eligible to apply. This is
applicable only if the minimum
duration of the course is 2 years
and there is at least one full
academic year remaining to comp
lete at the time of award of the
years
n Last Date to Apply: 31-03-2023
n Application mode:
Online applications only
n Short Url:
www.b4s.in/namasthe/KSSI2
loan scholarship, normally by
July of any calendar year.
n Students must have scored at least
60% marks on average in their
underg raduate or postgraduate
studies.
n Candidates must not be older than
45 years as on June 30, 2023.
n Prizes & Rewards:
Loan scholarship of up to INR 10
lakh
n Last Date to Apply: 07-03-2023
n Application mode:
Online applications only
n Short Url:
www.b4s.in/namasthe/JNT6
their studies, become successful
professionals and realize their dreams,
unlocking their potential to lift themselves
and their communities up and contributing
towards India’s future socio-economic
development.
Eligibility:
n Students must be enrolled in 1st-year full-
time undergraduate (UG) degree in any
stream at a recognised Indian institute.
n Must have passed class 12 with a minimum
of 60% marks
n The annual household income should be
less than INR 15,00,000 (preference will
be given to those students whose family
income is less than INR 2,50,000)
n Open for resident Indian citizens only.
n Prizes & Rewards: Up to INR
2,00,000
over the duration of the degree
n Last Date to Apply: 14-02-2023
n Application mode: Online applications
only
n Short Url: www.b4s.in/namasthe/RFS6

   () -2023  19 . 145    
 4    .     ..  2, , 3,
 5, 
 6,  7,  8,  9,  10  .   
    .   ,  ,  ,  ,
    60    .
     
(Chat GPT)    
.    
  ( ) .
    / 
    
.   ,
 , , 
 ,  
,    
    .
     
.  ,   
    
.     
     
 .   
   ,
 ,   , 
    .  
      
.     
   
 .
   ?
    ‘   
’.       
  . 
   (Open AI) 
     
 .    
,  ,   
 .    
.     
      
   .   
  .   
    
.    ?
       .
     .
     . 
      ,
   
 .    
 
  .    
      .
  ,  .
      
.     
    .  
, ,    
.  ,   
    . 
300    
   
 ..  
   .     
      
.     
    .
        2021
     .
 2021     
     .
    
     
       
. 2022  30  
.     
.     
   .      
 .    
.
        . 
    . 
     
.           
  .   
     . 
  ,    
  .   
      
    .  
    .
         
    .
 2023    
05.
Every Wednesday Free Supplement 1  2023
 8
  -1 

 

 ?          . 
.         
       .   
        
   .     .
.  ...        
     .     . 
         .   
 .      .   
   .       
       .
         . 
.         . 2022
          .
,        .  
          .
             ,   
.     .       ,  
           , 
      . 
. ,         
  ,        
. . 21    ,    
      ,      
    .     
      .  ,  
        
      .      
.       . 
          .  
           
 ,  ,      . 
.  ,        
    .  .   
           
         .
. ,       
     . .
       
 ,   
   .
     
      
.   ,   
     .   ,

  
06   ‘ ’    19 . 
      ( Every Wednesday Free Suppliment
1  2023
Guide to Excellence )      .  
, ,     .  8

     ?

 .. 56.      2021, .     
33.      8        
 ?  ? 1)  2) 
.     1)  2)  3) ,  4) ,  
.    3)  4)  66.    ,
.     57.         . (
1) ,  2) ,    . )?
3) ,  4) , ,  1.     1) , 
34.       ) 1591  1687 2) , 
   ? 2.     3) 
 , 
1)  2)   ) 1724-1874 4) , 
3)  4)  3.    67. 2014-15     
35. ‘         ) 1874-1948 , 2020-21  
’     4.         
?     ?   (   )? ) 1948-1991 ?
1)     , 1) ,  1)  2)  ) 1991 .. 1) 2  
 2) ,  3)  4)  1) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 2) 3  
2)   ,  3) ,  48.   ? 2) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 3) 2,1/2  
3)     , 4) ,  .      3) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 4) 
 43.     2   () 4) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 68. TS SOCA  ?
4)  2021-22     .    6 58.       1)  
36.   ( )        ()      2)    
 ?  ? .    15   ()   3)    
1)  2)  1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8   () ? 4) 
3)  4)   44.    ? 1) ,  2) ,  1) 1591-1687 69.     
37.     -2021 . 2020-21    3) ,  4) , ,  2) 1687-1724 ?
          49.      3) 1724-1874 4) 1874-1948 1) 2015  5
38.93         -       59.      2) 2016  5
? ,  ?   ,  3) 2017  5
1)   2)   . 2020-21    1)  2)      4) 2018  5
3)   4)        3)  4)  ? 70. 94  ISTA (International
38.          - 50.      ? 1) 1869 2) 1879 Seed Testing Association) 
,     ,  1)   2)  3) 1859 4) 1889    ISTA
 (, ) 1)  2)  3) ,  4)  3)   4)  60.        
1) ,  45.   ? 51.     ,    ?
2) ,   . 2020-21      ?    ? 1) 2019,  26   3
3) ,        1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 3 1) 1927 2) 1928 2) 2019  26   3
4) ,         - 52.    ,   3) 1929 4) 1930 3) 2019  26   3
39.       ,   . 61.    . 4) 2019  26   3
    . 2020-21    1.   )  .       71.  .
         2.   )      .    (,
 ,          3.    .      )  - ( )
? - ,  )        .    () 
1) 4080 .. 2) 5080 .. 1)  2)  3) ,  4)  4.  1)  2)  -  ( )
3) 8040 .. 4) 8050 .. 46. ,       )  3) ,  4) ,   1)  2) 
)  62.      3) ,  4) ,  
40.  ,     ? 1) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- ,    ? 72.   
.     1. 5.4 2) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 1) ,    ?
.       2. 7.5 3) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 2)  ,  1)   2) 
.    3. 1.5 4) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- 3) ,  3)  4) 
.    4. 5.1 53.  . 4) , 
.    5. 4.0 .     85 63. 1970-71     
6. 2.5        2015-16    33-4, 34-4, 35-3, 36-3,
1) -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 2) -6, -5, -4, -3, -2      ? 37-3, 38-2, 39-2, 40-1,
3) -2, -3, -4, -5, -6 4) -3, -4, -2, -1, -4 .     1) 2   41-1, 42-2, 43-1, 44-3,
     2) 2   45-3, 46-2, 47-2, 48-4,
41.    ?  ? 1)  2)  3) 2/3   49-2, 50-4, 51-3 52-1
.    3   1.  . 
 3) ,  4) ,   4) 2/3   53-4 54-3 55-3 56-4
   2.  .  54. ‘’  ? 64.        57-2 58-2 59-1 60-2
.     - 3.  .  1)     50%   ? 61-3 62-1 63-3 64-2
 4.  .  2)     1)   65-4 66-4 67-2 68-3
.     - 5.  .  3)    2)   69-1 70-2 71-3 72-1
 ( ) 1) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- 4)    3)  
.     - 2) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- 55. -  ? 4) 
 3) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- 1)    65.     .
1) ,  2) ,  4) 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- 2)    .      
3) ,  4) ,  47.       3)        
42.         ,   4)  

Guide to Excellence
   ?
1.      
   
    
   ? (3)
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
:    
    
  .  .. 2000
    
   . 
   
  .. 3200 
 .   
   
   .
..660   
 .  
  - 
 (2011),  (2008),
 (2006).
2.    
    
? (4)
1)  2) 
3)  4) 
: 12     
    
  
   
.  2022  12
 17  12  
 .  
,   
  . 
  
   . 
    .
   
    .
3.     ( 
)   
? (3)
1)   
2)    
3)   
4)   
:     
   
  . 
   -
,   ,
 ,  
 . 
   .
      
   
   
.    
,  
   
.    
   
.   1.4
   
 .
4. 2025   
       
  ()   21 . 
    .    
  , ,   .
  
 ? (2)
1)  2)  
3)  4) 
: 2025    
    
 . , 
   
    .
     
 . 
   
 . 
   
   .
    
 .
5.     
    
? (1)
1)  2) 
3)  4) 
:  74   
    
  - .
  24  26  
   . 
   2022 
75   .
   2021-22 
  7.26  
 .   
     
. 1950  
  
  .
6. ,    ? (3)
1)  2) 
3)  4) 
: ,    
 .  
    
 .  
    
   
     
. 10.62   
  62   
. 103   
  27   
 
   . 
,   
   
 .
7.       . 
 ? (2)
1)    
2)    
3)    
4)  
:   10,000
   
 ,  
   
  .
    
. ,   
    
 .  
-   
. 45   
.   
  .   
 .
8.  -  
.   ? (1)
1) 
2)   
3)    
   
4)   
: ,  
   
   
.    
  - 
 .  ,
    
     
.    
   .
   
 -   
.    
  ,
   
   .
Every Wednesday Free Supplement
9. BharOS  ? (3)
1)    
2)   
 
3)   
4)  
:      
  BharOS  
    .    
     
.      . 
       
.          
         
    .   ,
     
BharOS    
.      
      
 .       
       
   .
10.  
   
  ? (4)
1)   2)  
3)  4)  
:   , 
    
 .   
    
   . 2022  
      .
   
 .    
 .     
.
11.    
   ? (2)
1)   2) 
3)  3)  
:    
    
.   
   , 
   
.   
    
 2022    
  .
   
   ,
    
   .
12.     2023 
   ? (3)
.   .   
1)  2) 
3) ,   4)  
: 2023  106  
  .   
   , 9  
      . 91
     .
     
    ,  
 .   
07.
1  2023
 8
     .
       
  .    
    ,     
 ,        
    ,     
      
     
.
13.  24     ? (4)
.   
.   
.    
.   
1) ,  2) , 
3) ,  4) , 
:    24  
      
        .  
25         
           
  .     
   ,  
         
 .       
   .   
          .
     
     .
14.      ?
(2)
1)  2) 
3)  4) 
:     
  . 
     
 .  
    
.
15.   
  ? (3)
1)  2) 
3)  4)  
:    
  .  
.   
    108.59
  . 
 2023   , 
  .
   
 .  
   
.    
  .  
     .
  15  
 .  
    
  .
.  

9849212411

08.
Guide to Excellence

  
     (
)    
    23
.  
 2000  
 .  
     
  500 
     
.   
     
  ()
 .
 
   
 5   
 23 .    
   
. -75 
  , 
    
  . 
   .
      25 . 
1950,  26    
     . 1956  
 .     -1970  1971
   
,    ‘
  ’   
  24 . 
  ,  
    
.    
 , 
   
   .
    
  ,  
 .  
 48,000   
  
.
 
    ()
 2   
 23, 24  .
‘     
’     
. ‘  ’ 2021,
  
    
.  2022  31, 
 1    
 . 17  
43     
.
 

  , 
 
  
  
    
 3   
24, 25  . 
     
.    
.5    .
  ,  
,   ,
   , 
    ,


Every Wednesday Free Supplement
  .
..   
,   , 
  , 
  .
 
   ( 
)  25 .
1948    
 . 
   27, 
    15 
 .
-1
-   
 14   ‘
 -1’  27 . 
    
.   
  
   
 .

 
 
   , 
    (
)  
    
24 .   
    
 2027   . 
   
   
.
 
   
   
    
  25 . 
   
   .
2019    
 76    .
   
  
1  2023
 8
 () 
 .  1950  
 .
    26
.   
  
   , 
    
 .  
   
 () 1953, 
 26 ,  
   .
    
.     
 () . 
   ‘   
:     -
    
’.
   
    
 27 . 1933-
45 ,    
  6   
   
.     
     
 2004 .

    

 
  
  
.   21 
,  ( 
)    
   
   .
   
   
.   
   
   
.   
    
.    
 (1970)  
   ( ) 
 ,   
.    
   
 , 
  
   
 .
  
   
 
 
 
 750

 
22 .   
  
  .
   ()
.
    (
) .  
 () .
  
-  (), 
  -
 (),  
- () 
 .
 
 ( 
)-2022  
24 . 20 
   
,  20  
    (
) .
    
   (
),    (
) .
     
 .  
    
 (),  
 () .
     
 () .
     
  ,  
     
.
    
   (
),   
     
 (),   
    ()
 .
 () 
     120 
   
  
 ()     
   
  24  
   .  5  
   21 
   .
  .    31  11
1993  
   , 
(, , 5  11  . 
,  )  
    110  .
 .   28   
.    
   
.  

 -2023 
  24 .  
 ()
 . 
   , ,
  
  
21 .      . 
 
    1971 .
  
  
 
     ,
 .  2004 
 ,  ,    
    . 
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