Linear Equations

Algebraic Equation
An algebraic equation in the variable x is a statement of the form. E=F: Where E and F are the algebraic
expressions in x.
A variable in an equation is sometimes called an unknown.
Illustration: The following statements are algebraic equations in x.
1. X-7=0 2. X²+12=7X 3. X+5=5+X
Transposition is the process of transferring a term from one side of the equation to the other side with
its sign changed.
Linear Equation is one having the unknown value raised to the first power only or if it contains
fractions, the unknown does not appear in the denominator.
A fractional Equation is one that contains the unknown in one or more of the denominators.
A literal equation is one in which letters other than the unknown quantity are present.
Radical Equation is an equation in which one or more of the terms contains radical.
The solution of an equation is a set of values of the unknown which satisfy the equation, when only one
unknown is involved in the equation, a solution is called a root of the equation.
Solution or root. When a specific numeral is substituted for x, and the resulting statement is true, then
the number represented by that numeral is called a solution of the equation.
The set of all solutions of an equation is called the solution set of the equation.
A number that is a solution of an equation is said to satisfy the equation.
If the solution set of an equation in one variable is the same as the replacement set of the variable, the
equation is called identity.
If there is at least one element in the replacement set of the variable that is not in the solution set of the
equation, the equation is called a conditional equation.
An important type of equation is the polynomial equation in one variable, which can be written in the
form E=0, where E is a polynomial in one variable. The degree of the polynomial is the degree of the
equation.
Equations that have the same solution set are called an equivalent equation

Ex. 3x-5=7
3x-5+5=7+5 Substitute:
3x=12 3(4)-5=7
3 x 12 12-5 = 7
=
3 3 7=7
x=4

Translating Word Statement Into an Equation

Procedure:
1. Read the problem carefully and find the quantity or quantities to be represented.
2. Represent the unknown quantities by algebraic expressions. If there is only one unknown term,
represent one of the unknown terms in some letter. Then express the other unknown quantities
in terms of that letter.
3. Using two equal facts with at least one containing the unknown, form the equation
4. Solve the resulting equation.
Illustrative Example
• A number is twice another number and their sum is 27. Form the equation
Let x = one number
2x = the other number
X+2x = 27 the required equation.
• The sum of three numbers is 27. The second number is 2 less than twice the first number, and
the third number is 5 greater than 3 times the first.
let x = the first number
2x-2 = the second number
3x+5 = the third number
(x) + (2x-2) + (3x+5) = 27 required equation.
• Mr. Santos is 3 times as old as his son. In twelve years he will be only twice as old. Form the
equation.
let x= son’s age
3x= Mr. Santos’ age
x+12= son’s age in 12 years
3x+12 = Mr. Santos’ age in twelve years.
2(x+12)=3x+12 required equation
Activity 1
1. Bong is four times as old as Fred. Twenty years from now, Bong will be, only twice as old as Fred.
Form the equation.
2. One number exceeds three times a second number by 3. Half of the larger number exceeds one-
fifth of the smaller number by 8.
3. If fifteen is decreased by twice a certain number the answer is equal to seven. Form the
equation.
4. Find two consecutive integers whose sum is equal to fifty-three. Form the equation
Linear Equation-Solution by Axioms
1. Addition Axiom
x-4=10
x-4+4=10+4
x=14
2. Subtraction Axiom
9=m+5
9-5=m+5-5
4=m
3. Multiplication Axiom
y
=5
3
y
=5
3
y=15
4. Division Axiom
3=7m
3 7m
=
7 7
3
=m
7
Simple Linear Equation
Procedure:
1. Transfer all terms containing the unknown term to one side of the equation and all known terms
to the other side by transposition.
 2. Combine similar terms on each side.
3. Solve the resulting equation.
4. If the equation contains grouping symbols, remove the grouping symbols before transposition.
Example
1. 15x+3=8-5x ,
15x+5x= 8-3
20x= 5
1
X=
4
2. 4[3x-(5x-1)]=3-4x,
4[3x-5x+1]=3-4x
12x-20x+4=3-4x
12x-20x+4x=3-4
-4x=-1
1
X=
4
3. 7a+5=9+3a , A=1
4. (x-2)(2x+1)=2x²+4 , X=-2
1
5. 2(-5+4x)=6(x+4)-(4+2x), X=7
2
Activity 2.
1. 18-(b-4)=9+(b+3)
2. 2(43-x)=16+3x
3. 6a-9+2a=6-4a+2a
4. 3b+2(b+2)=13-(2b-5)
5. 5(-3+7c)=3(7c+11)+(4-12c)
6. 6m-2(4m+3)=4(2m-1)+3
Simple Linear Equation
1. Mr. Avila is four times as old as his son. In 16 years he will be only twice as old. What are their ages
now?
Let x= the son’s present age Checking:
4x= Mr. Avila’s age 8= son’s age
x+16= son’s age in 16 years 32= Mr. Avila’s Age
4x+16= Mr. Avila’s age in 16 years 24= son’s age in 16 years
4x+16=2(x+16) equation 48= Mr. Avila’s age in 16 years.
'
4x+16=2x+32 ∴ so n s age is twice as
4x-2x=32-16 old as Mr . Avila
2x= 16, x=8

2. A businessman invested P16,000, part at 9% and the rest at 4%. His total interest from both
investments was P990. How much did he invest at each rate?
Let x= the amount invested at 9%
16,000-x= the amount invested at 4% 0.09x+640-0.04x=990
0.09x= the interest at 9% 0.05x=990-640
0.04 (16,000-x)= interest at 4% 0.05 x 350
=
0.09x+0.04(16,000-x)= equation 0.05 0.05
X=P7,000 invested at 9%
16,000-7,000=9,000 at 4%
Checking:
0.09(7000)+0.04(9000)=990
630+360=990
Activity 3
1. A rectangle is 5 meters longer than its width. If the length is shortened by two meters, and the
width is increased by one meter, the area will remain the same. Find the length and width?
2. Five years ago Mike was twice as old as Berto. The sum of their ages six years hence will be forty
years. What is the present age of each?
3. A man is invested part of P15,000 at 6% and the remainder at 8 percent. If his annual income
from the two investments is P1072, how much does he have invested at each rate?
4. 4. A rectangle has a length that is three centimeters less than four times its width, and its
perimeter is 19 centimeters, what are the dimensions of the rectangle?
5. How many gallons of a 35 percent acid solution and how many gallons of a 14 percent acid
solution should be combined to obtained 50 gallons of a 20 percent acid solution?
1
6. 6. One runner took 3 minutes to complete a race and another runner required 3 minutes to
2
run the same race. If the rate of the faster runner is 3 feet per second more than the rate of the
slower runner, find their rates?
Fractional Equation
Procedure:
a. If a fraction is preceded by a negative sign change the sign when writing the product.
b. If the LCD is an expression containing the unknown, the resulting equation may have roots which are
not roots of the given equation and these are called extraneous roots; hence all final answer should be
checked.
c. Check the equation.
Example
a 3
1. = , divide both sides by 4. A=6
4 2
m+ 4 m−2
2. = , m=6
m−1 m−4
b+6 2 b−3 3 b +4
3. − = , b=4
2 5 4
2 3 14 1
4. + = − , A=2
3 a 4 6 a 12
3 b +4 2 b+5
5. − =0 , b=3
6 b−5 4 b−1
m 2 m²+ m m−2
6. = − , m=2
m−3 m ²−9 m+3
Divide both sides by m²-9
M(m+3)=2m²+m-(m-2)(m-3) ; m²+3m=2m²+m-(m²-5m+6) ; m²+3m=2m²+m-m²+5m-6 ;
−3 m −6
m²-2m²+m²+3m-m-5m=-6 ; -3m=-6 ; = ; m=2
−3 −3
Activity 4
 26 y 3 7
1. + =
y ²− y −20 y−5 y+ 4
2 x−1 1 2x
2. + =2-
2 x +1 4 x ²−1 2 x−1
1 4 4 x+ 4
3. − =
2 x +5 2 x−1 4 x ²+ 8 x −5
5 2
4. =
x ²+ 6 x −7 x ²−1
x +17 x−2 x−4
5. + =
x ²−6 x+ 8 x−4 x −2
5 1 3
6. − =
2y y 4
Problems Involving Fractional Equation
 Fifteen is the sum of one-fourth of a certain number and three-eights of the same number.
What is the number?
X= the number
1
x= one-fourth of the certain number
4
3
x= three-eights of the number
8
1 3
x+ x=15 equation
4 8
X=24
(x-4)-2 or x-6= the numerator of the new fraction
X+15= the denominator of the new fraction
x−4
= the original fraction
x
x−6
= the new fraction
x+15
x−6 1
= equation
x+15 2
X=27 the denominator of the original fraction
23
the original fraction
27
Example
Fifteen is the sum of one-fourth of a certain number and three eights of the same number. What is
the number?
Let x=the number
1
x=one-fourth of a certain number
4
3
x= three-eights of the number
8
1 3
x+ x=15 equation
4 8
x 3x
[ + = 15 ] 8
4 8
2x+3x=120
5x=120
X=24
Checking:
1
(24)=6 one fourth of the number
4
3
( 24 )=¿ 9 three-eights of the number
8
1 3
6+9=15 sum of and of the number
4 8
Jimmy is one third as old as his brother. In six years Jimmy with being one half as old. What is their
present age?
Sol:
Let x= the present age of the brother
1
x = the present age of Jimmy
3
X+6 = the age of the brother in 6 years
1
x+6 = Jimmy’s age in 6 years
3
1 1
x +6= (x+6) equation.
3 2
x+6
¿ + 6= ]6
2
2x+36=3x+18
2x-3x=18-36
-x = -18
X=18 present age of the brother
18
=6 the present age of Jimmy
3
Radical Equation
Procedure
1. Transpose the terms containing the radical to one side of the equation and the remaining terms
to the other side.
2. In equations where there are several radicals isolate one of them in one side of the equation.
3. Remove the radical by squaring both sides of the equation.
4. 4. Solve the resulting equation
5. 5. Check the equation by substituting the root in the original equation.
Ex.
1. 3√ y = 2
2
√y= 3
2
(√ y )² =( )²
3
Example

1.
√ 3 c = 6 ; C=60
5
 2. √ x+1 -3=5 ; x=63
3. √ a ²+ 9 =a+1 ; a=4
4. 5=√ m ²+5 +m ; m=2
5. √ b−6 +3=√ b+9 ; b=7
Activity 5
1. √ m−1 +√ m+ 4 =5
2. √ b+15 +√ b=5
3. √ k ²+8 =k+2
4. 1+√ 3 m = √ 1+3 m
5. 3√ 3 n−2 =4