Caalam Finishes Midterm

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA
Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Aviation
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BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY 1
Plate 300 – Finishes
Caalam, Allen D.
BS Arch E2R
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TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES

CONCRETE
With the popularity of modern industrial style interiors, concrete or cement flooring has
become a go-to option when it comes to finalizing the floor finish in a space.
Concrete applications
Before starting on any concrete application, the appropriate concrete type must first be
determined. For example, reinforced concrete is suitable for building materials requiring
high tensile strength, such as columns and beams. Lightweight concrete is best for
building light concrete blocks for home construction.
Concrete is a versatile material and its applications are plentiful. Concrete’s malleable,
yet tough characteristics make it ideal base materials for constructing buildings, urban I
nfrastructure, and various precast products.
Building materials
Concrete is widely used to build homes and commercial buildings, as well as related
fixtures such as driveways and columns. Insulating concrete keeps heat inside the
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walls, reducing energy usage by over 40%. Smog-eating concrete can help to reduce nitric
oxides in surrounding polluted environments by over 60%. Concrete buildings require less
maintenance and last longer, while providing better indoor air quality. Other benefits
include resistance to fire, wind, and hurricanes.
➢ Roads and highways

Concrete roads and highways are very durable and require minimal maintenance. They
are not susceptible to rutting or spring thaw load restrictions. They are tough enough to
withstand consistent traffic of heavily loaded vehicles.
Bridge construction using concrete is cost-effective and allows for architectural and decorative
finishes.
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➢ Bridges
Concrete is one of the most economical and quickest materials for bridge construction; it is
commonly used for bridge superstructures (the upper portions of bridges). These include
decks, curbs, sidewalks, and side traffic barrier walls. With proper planning and by using
precast concrete products, the process can be completed efficiently and competitively.
Visual impacts and decorative features may also be added.
Concrete bollards offer some impact protection while complementing surrounding architecture
➢ Bollards
Precast concrete is used for traffic guidance devices such as concrete bollards. These
concrete bollards can complement surrounding architecture while offering impact
protection from vehicles. They are typically reinforced with epoxy-coated steel rebars to
add to their durability. Concrete bollards are ideal for high-traffic areas such as building
entrances and parking lots to help protect pedestrians and furnishings.
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➢ Dams
Dams are one of the most demanding and substantial structures made from concrete.
The Grand Dixence Dam in Switzerland took 6 million cubic meters of concrete to
construct. It also uses steel reinforcement to add maximum strength to concrete
properties. To limit any cracking, water is circulated through pipes within the concrete.
Dam designs require careful selection of the concrete mix with the right type of
aggregates.
❖ Laminates
The composition of laminated flooring consists of a clear coat with a photographic
appliqué
With melamine resin and fiberboard core. It often simulates wood and also comes in
various
sizes and shapes.
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Different Types of Laminates & Their Application

Home Construction Tips / By happhoadmin7
Laminate is a hard and brittle sheets having thickness around 1mm used to overlay on wooden
furniture’s which gives furniture more fine and attractive look. These Laminates are water
resistant, abrasion resistant and scratch resistant and gives decorative look to furniture. Size
of laminate sheet available in market is 8 feet X 4 feet and generally thickness is vary from
0.6mm to 1.5mm.
Laminates can be classified into various types based on the following:
1. Based onManufacturing Process 4. Based on Advanced Properties
2. Based on Usage 5. Based on Built
3. Based on Surface Finish
RECOMMENDED USE OF LAMINATE BASED ON ITS TYPE

TYPES OF LAMINATE
PREFERRED AREAS
Matt Finish Laminate
Corporate and Business offices, Living Room, Bedroom etc. for
subtle and stylish look
Glossy Finish Laminate
Clubs, event Industry, Showrooms, Kitchen etc. It gives
glossy effect to furniture and it’s also very easy to clean.
Metallic Finish Laminate
Commercials and showrooms
Textured Finish Laminate
Living Room , Decorative Units, Corporate , Business
offices etc. for subtle and classy look
Solid Color Laminate
Kitchen Counter taps, Bathroom Areas, Bedroom etc.
Unicore Laminate
Kitchen , Bedroom, Commercials and water prone areas
etc. as it has a single core they are good water restive.
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Classification Based on Surface Finish

1. Matt Finish Laminates
It creates matt like effect on laminate surface. It mostly used in Corporate and business
offices which gives subtle but stylish finish to the furniture.
2. Glossy Finish Laminates
It creates glossy effect on laminate surface. Glossy finished laminates create print on it
more eye catchy and attractive than matt finish. These types of laminates are used in
clubs or event industry and they are also suitable to use in kitchen as it makes cleaning
more easily.
3. Mettalic Finish Laminates
As name indicates it gives metallic look to furniture’s. This laminates are more durable
and glossy. These laminates are mainly used in commercials and showrooms.
4. Texture Finish Laminates
In these type of laminate when you touch it you can feel texture of the laminate. These
laminates create impressive impact on furniture. These type of laminates are used in
corporate offices, commercials etc. in which they create subtle and classy look.
5. Solid Color Lamiantes
These type of laminate have single solid color without any prints or textures on it. They
are mainly used in kitchen counter tops and Bathroom areas.
6. Digital finish Laminates
Digital Laminates are actually the customized printed laminates for interior. Which offers
architects and designers an easy, simple and reliable mode of artistic expression.
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❖ Cork Tile
Cork tile is made from the outer bark of cork oak trees grown in Spain and Portugal. The
cork is ground into large granules, mixed with synthetic resins, and pressed into sheets,
which are then cut into tiles. Contemporary cork tiles for floors usually have a top layer of
clear vinyl applied to them.
How Is Cork Flooring Installed?

There are two main types of installation processes for cork flooring. The more traditional
installation method, usually used for cork flooring in tile form, is adhesive connection. First, the
flooring tiles need to be acclimated to the environment inside the installation room. Then, the
subfloor, such as cement board or plywood, must be prepped to assure that it's even, clean and free
of moisture. "The adhesive application is either direct glue-down or contact method in order to
fully secure the tile as it has a tendency to curl at its edges if not properly bonded," says Steven
Tolli, owner of S/L Certified Inspection Services and a 34-year flooring industry veteran from
New York.
The floating floor installation process is preferred in residential settings for its ease and versatility.
This form of installation starts with cork flooring that's specially created to provide a tongue-and-
groove connection that snaps together. Unlike the exact specifications needed for the subfloor in
the adhesive method, floating floor installation allows for the cork flooring to be installed on top
of existing surfaces such as wood, ceramic tile or vinyl flooring. It can also be easily removed and
replaced as style preferences change.
Cork flooring is widely available in two types of finishes: polyurethane/acrylic-based and water-
based. Polyurethane/acrylic finishes are a bit tougher and, therefore, will protect the flooring better.
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Water-based finishes are more environmentally friendly and also less likely to yellow with
exposure to light. Water-based finishes are a bit more expensive than their polyurethane/acrylic
counterparts.
In addition to being used as surface flooring, cork can be used as an underlayment for hardwood,
laminate and ceramic tiles to reduce room noise.
❖ Hardwood/Engineered Wood
Hardwood floors mostly come in solid planks but can also be in smaller pieces like
parquet.
Engineered wood, on the other hand, is manufactured high-quality plywood topped with a
thin layer of veneer hardwood.
Application for Engineered Hardwood Flooring

➢ Is Engineered hardwood flooring durable?
Engineered hardwood flooring is durable to some extent. It has a long lifespan. However, just like
traditional hardwood, engineered flooring will mar, dent, scratch, and even chip if the force is
strong enough.
➢ Is Engineered hardwood flooring waterproof?
It is not waterproof, but it’s more water-resistant than solid hardwood.
➢ Can I put Engineered hardwood flooring in kitchen, bedroom, basement, bathroom,
living room?
• Kitchen: Not a good idea. Engineered hardwood flooring is more water-resistant than solid
hardwood. However, it’s still prone to denting from dropped items.
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• Bedroom: A great choice, hardwood floors add beauty and value to a home, and they can
complement any style of bedroom.
• Basement: A good idea. Engineered flooring can be installed in finished basements. These
floors have a multi-ply construction, which gives them greater stability and reduces
concerns about shrinking and expanding with temperature and humidity changes.
• Bathroom: Engineered hardwood flooring is better choice for bathroom than solid, as
plywood or solid wood bottom layers hold up against moisture relatively well and are very
dimensionally stable. An engineered hardwood floor could hold up well in spacious, well-
ventilated bathrooms that doesn’t receive much traffic. This is not the case in large family
households with kids, where no matter how responsible you try to be, there is always going
to be more water left on the floor than you think.
• Living room: Yes, it’s a good choice. Engineered hardwood flooring can be sanded and
refinished multiple times, which means it retains its value for the long haul.
➢ Is engineered hardwood a good choice for rent property?
Yes, although engineered hardwood is a pricey option, it does offer a more high-end look and feel.
Depending on the price point your rentals and what comparable units are doing, you may want to
consider engineered hardwood flooring.
❖ Resilient Flooring Carpets

Textile floor coverings which provide warmth and comfort. It is a good acoustic
insulator—making it a popular floor finish for home theaters. However, once stainedcan
be difficult to remove these and it can harbor dust mites and other insects because of the
pile.
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➢ Resilient flooring applications

Rubber was originally made into mats for automobiles and backing for carpet. Now it is
used in commercial applications such as hospitals, sports facilities, laboratories, schools,
dance floors, restaurants and manufacturing sites, and for domestic applications such as
playrooms, shower rooms, garages and home gymnasiums.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, resilient flooring became increasingly popular.
Customers favoured these materials for their durability, noise reduction, comfort, slip
resistance and static control. Most resilient flooring options were relatively easy to clean
and maintain, and many were more affordable than some of the flooring options they
were engineered to reproduce.
Their elasticity also made them popular in places where people were required to walk or
stand for long periods of time. The bounce inherent in resilient flooring helped reduce
foot and leg fatigue.
❖ Linoleum
Made from natural materials, mainly of linseed oil. It is easy to install and
easy to clean. However, it can be prone to discoloration when exposed to extreme sunlight.
It is recommended for indoor use.
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APPLICATION:
Linoleum is commonly used for flooring purposes in different sorts of buildings. It is often
confused with vinyl, but linoleum is actually completely different from vinyl. It is made of natural
materials, such as wood or cord powder, ground up stone and is the primary ingredient of linseed
oil.
❖ Vinyl
Often used in sheets and comes in various finishes and patterns. It is highly durable
and can last for almost 15 years if well-maintained. It's important to note that vinyl is also
prone to dents and tears if not installed properly.
- Vinyl is often called “linoleum flooring,” but it is a much different flooring from actual linoleum,
which is actually made of linseed oil and cork, among other things.
- Vinyl flooring is also functional: it resists scratching and is water resistant, making it is a great
floor in a home that has pets.
- You can find vinyl in a large variety of styles, with both a wood look and a tile look. The wood-
look vinyl comes in “planks” while the tile-look vinyl comes in tiles. For the tile look, you can
either use grout or not. One nice thing about the grout used for vinyl tile: it’s acrylic grout so it is
less porous than real grout. This means it doesn’t get dirty as fast and it’s easier to keep clean .
Some people actually prefer luxury vinyl tile to ceramic tile! Luxury vinyl is warmer and more
flexible than ceramic tile. Also, because luxury vinyl is flexible, it is generally less expensive to
install than ceramic.
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- Being resistant to water, vinyl is a great flooring option for kitchens, bathrooms, and basements.
It’s also a great option for playrooms or for areas where children are sure to spill something every
now and again.
❖ Rubber Flooring
All modern rubber floors are made from synthetic rubber, such as styrene butadiene
rubber
(SBR). Rubber tiles are cured or vulcanized by the application of heat. Rubber floors are
nonporous, waterproof surfaces. One major advantage is that they are quite resilient and
will remain resilient over a considerable temperature range.
Although rubber flooring is widely used in commercial settings such as cafeterias, hospitals and
gym weight rooms, it's gaining traction as a viable flooring for homes, too. One big reason is style
— rubber flooring is available in a huge array of colors and textures that make it an appealing
designer's choice.
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TYPES OF WALL FINISHES

❖ Designer Mirror Finish
Designer mirrors are obtained by small pieces on walls to create mural like design.
❖ Cement Plastered Finish

It is prepared in the form of mortar with cement, sand and water in proper proportions
and applied on masonry manually to achieve a smooth finish or sand faced finish.
❖ Plaster of Paris Finish
Plaster of Paris or simply plaster is a type of building material based on calcium sulphate
hemihydrates. This is a smooth finish achieved by plaster of Paris generally applied on
internal walls.
❖ Glass Mosaic Finish
Glass mosaic tiles are small 1”x1” on a cloth to get a workable size 12”x12” and this tile
is pasted with an adhesive on wall surfaces. It can also be pasted on curved surfaces.
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TOP 5 GLASS MOSAIC TILE APPLICATIONS

1. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR KITCHEN BACKSPLASHES
- Glass tile is slightly transparent and reflects light. As such, glass mosaic tile makes your
kitchen appear larger than regular opaque ceramic tile would. Being less porous than ceramic
tile, glass tile resists stains as well as mold and mildew.
- For kitchen backsplashes, glass tile offers a wide array of choices from black and white to
everything in between including beiges, reds, greens, purples and beautiful blue mosaic tile.
The shapes are just as varied. You can find Glass mosaic tile in traditional configurations such
as squares or more unconventional shapes
including arabesque, herringbone, hexagon and mixed/modular. An ongoing popular kitchen
backsplash shape is subway tile -- think slender tiles evocative of a luxurious spa.
- If you have a small kitchen, opt for lighter and more transparent mosaic glass tiles, which
reflect the most light and will make the space feel larger.
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2. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR SHOWERS

- Glass tile is a natural choice for shower walls because it’s water-resistant and is available in a
substantial range of aesthetically-pleasing colors and patterns. Also, because glass tile reflects
light, your shower will appear larger.
- Glass tile is available in multiple sizes which are ideal for shower floors. When in comes to
shower floor application, the smaller the better; additional grout joints add traction to your slippery
shower floor. For even more traction, you can opt for glass mosaic tile that is slip resistant.
- When considering tiles for sale, remember that tiles on the walls of the shower are both an
important element in the décor of the room, and serve as protection against moisture for the drywall
underneath. So choose your shower tiles with both functions in mind, taking the actual feel of the
tile into consideration as well.
- It’s best to opt for small glass tiles when dealing with a curved space, but going jumbo in the
shower can open up the room considerably and make a glass tile shower feel larger than it actually
is.
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3. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR BATHROOMS

Glass tiles are considered the crème de la crème when it comes to bathroom surfaces, and are
available in an infinite variety of colors, shapes, textures and finishes. Gleaming glass will
illuminate the bathroom in wonderful hues and is ideal for the walls, floor, bathtub surround or
just an accent.
Glass mosaic tile is beautiful and offers your bathroom a unique visual appeal, and with an
enormous selection of colors and mosaics to choose from, your design options are literally
limitless.
Because glass tile is relatively low maintenance, all you need to keep it clean is window cleaner
and a cloth.
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4. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR LIVING ROOMS

Take your glass tile beyond the backsplash.
Don’t forget the living room. As floor accents, glass tile is perfect. You can opt for a subtle touch
to your floor design, such as a few glass mosaic tiles here and there, or you can add a whole strip
of large glass tiles to brighten up your space.
By creating an innovative pattern, you can draw even more attention to the beauty of your custom
tile floor.
Enhancing a living room fireplace with glass tile is also an excellent way to add a modern twist.
The light from the fire will reflect off the glass, giving your space a warm, twinkling glow. Try a
gem shade for an immediate touch of opulence. The shimmer and shine of both clear and
translucent glass will make your fireplace the focal point of the room.
Also consider using mosaic glass tile as a chair rail. A chair rail is a line of trim installed partway
up the wall that serves two purposes. It’s designed to help visually divide the room, and, in a living
room or dining room, it protects the wall from getting damaged from the back of a chair.
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5. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR SWIMMING POOLS

It’s a jaw dropping combination: pristine water, brilliant sunshine and glistening mosaic tile.
Make you pool come alive with one of the myriad mosaics, sizes, color combinations and finishes
available. Glass tiles are easy to maintain, last a lifetime, and lend the water a clarity that cannot
be duplicated.
For waterlines or even whole pool coverage, glass mosaic tiles add a distinctive look. What’s more,
glass mosaic will reflect lights, which makes your pool more spacious and have a strong visual
effect.
While there are seemingly endless colors to choose from, blue mosaic tile like our Caribbean Blue,
Mixed glass tile, is still a favorite among pool owners. Blue glass tile has a calming, relaxing feel
to it and also provides a reflective quality that adds blue to your water like the color of the deep
blue sea.
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❖ Cement Textured Finish

This is a decorative finish and its mortar is prepared in cement-based material. It is
applied with sand faced plaster with a trowel and after that it is colored with paint.
APPLICATION STEPS OF CEMENT TEXTURE:

These are the following steps in applying, But first, we will discuss what type of materials and
tools we needed such as;
Materials:
1. Primer
2. Cement texture coat
3. Topcoat
Tools:
1. Trowel
2. Sandpaper
3. Roller
4. Sponge
Now the steps:
Step 1: (Priming Stage)
First Layer:
Roll a layer of start to Primer on the entire surface and let it dry for 30mintues. The primer can
be diluted with 2% of water.
Second Layer:
Then apply the second and let it dry for 20 to 30mintues.
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Step 2: (Sanding Stage)

Sand the entire surface in a circular motion to ensure the surface is smooth.
Step 3: ( Texture Coat Stage)
Scrape start cement texture coat randomly to create the patterns. For more texture use a small
scraper.
Ensure the whole surface area is covered with the cement coat.
The second layer can be applied without waiting for the first layer to dry. For a more enhanced
pattern, the third layer of texture coat may be applied for a darker appearance.
Step 4: (Sanding Stage)
To ensure the surface is smooth sand the entire surface in a circular motion.
Step 5: (Top Coat Stage)
For the finishing apply the topcoat layer on the entire surface to enhance the protection of cement
texture coat.
❖ Laminate Finish
Laminate comes in various colors and designs. It comes in the form of sheet and is pasted
with fevicol on Plywood.
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❖ Marble Powder Finish

This is a very smooth finish. The finish looks like Marble flooring. This finish is obtained
by mortar of marble powder, white cement and water. It is applied manually.
Marble dust has various industrial uses. It is used as filler in concrete and paving materials, and
provides a valuable use for what is otherwise a waste material, according to an abstract reprinted
on the Science Direct website. In areas such as Turkey, where marble is harvested from quarries,
the amount of waste material in the form of marble dust is increasing. The material is also used to
create carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) which is used in the bottling of beverages.
TYPES OF CEILING FINISHES

❖ Conventional Ceiling
A conventional ceiling construction type is commonly found in homes. These
ceilings have a standard drywall finish and are made of lower-cost materials, requiring easy
installation. Conventional ceilings are plain and flat - and are usually between 8 to 9 feet
high and can fit with typical construction material sizing.
Plaster - This is probably the oldest form of finishing known to modern construction. It is
a plain cement plastering that is used as a base for ceiling finishing.
➢ Sand Plaster - With this type of plastering, cement, and coarse sand is applied. It
results in a plaster finish that has a sandy look and feel.
➢ Roughcast Plaster - This type of plaster is a mix of sand and gravel splattered on
wet cement plaster. This finishing can give a rustic feel on your conventional
ceiling.
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➢ Pebbled Dash Plaster - This one is similar to roughcast plaster but it uses 6mm
pebbles instead of gravel.
Drywall - Drywall is composed of panels that are made of gypsum plaster that is
pressed between thick sheets of paper then kiln dried. This finishing is easier and faster to
install compared to plastering.
➢ Skim Coating - This type of finishing seals up joints in the drywall and add a
little texture to the ceiling.
➢ Mud Swirl - To create this texture, a thin compound is applied to the board
creating overlapping swirls that can make the ceiling look more stylish.
➢ Popcorn Ceiling - This type of finishing is done using a specified machine that
has an air hose to blow the compound on the ceiling surface. It is a stunning
ceiling finish and it can look more appealing if you add some glitter with the
compound for an added effect. It is also a great finishing if you want to hide some
ceiling imperfections such as cracks, leak damage, defects, and even poor drywall
workmanship.
➢ Plaster Stenciling - This type of finishing can add focal points on a flat and
boring ceiling because of its raised plaster stenciling.
➢ Smooth Ceiling - If you want a room to have an elegant appearance, a smooth
ceiling finish is a great choice because it blends seamlessly into the walls. It can
also reflect natural light more readily on sunny days. A smooth ceiling finish can
also make a room look larger and airier.
Artex - This is a type of surface coating applied in ceilings where you can basically do
your own designs by using a roller brush with design, a plain brush, or even just a piece
of rug and go freestyle.
❖ Suspended Ceiling
A suspended ceiling (sometimes referred to as a dropped ceiling) hangs from a
metal grid below the existing ceiling that is already in place.
➢ INSTALLATION
1. Step 1: Setting the Perimeter
2. Step 2: Installing the Runners
3. Step 3: Adding Fixtures
4. Step 4: Adding Fixtures
5. Step 5: Ductwork and Diffusers
6. Step 6: Finishing Up
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❖ Coffered Ceiling
Commonly found in high-end homes, churches, libraries, and hotels, coffered
ceilings reflect a classic, even luxurious, aesthetic. A pricier option than conventional
options, coffered ceilings require installation by specialists who are familiar with this
variety.
➢ INSTALLATION
1. Step 1: Gather Your Tools and Materials
2. Step 2: Demo
3. Step 3: Map Out Grid
4. Step 4: Install Drywall
5. Step 5: Clad Coffer Beams
6. Step 6: Add Wood Filler
7. Step 7: Stain Coffers & Trim
List of materials you’ll need to install a coffered ceiling in your home here:
Drop Cloths Paint Brushes
Hammer Fine Grit Sanding Block
Crow Bar Rags
Electrical Wiring Caps Pencil
Drill Ear & Eye Protection
Measuring Tape 2″ Drywall Screws
Nail Gun Wood Filler (Stainable)
Miter Saw Drywall Spackle
Circular Saw Ceiling Paint
Jig Saw Stain
Scaffolding Drywall (Optional)
Utility Knife
Putty Knife
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❖ Tray Ceiling
Tray ceilings are multi-level ceilings - they start from one height, then drop as
you add levels. As the name suggests, the ceiling layout resembles a tray. The flat ceiling
on the outside of the tray surrounds the raised center, which is the highest part of the
ceiling.
➢ INSTALLATION
• Attach drywall to the entire ceiling
• Tape the joints and use joint compound over the tape and nail dimples
• Feather the edges of the drywall with medium-grit sandpaper and a sanding block.
• Tape the corners and areas where the walls meet the ceiling
• Determine the width of the lowered area.
• Frame the outlined area with 1-1/2-inch-thick (3.8 cm) furring strips
• Attach 1/2-inch-thick (13 mm) drywall to the furring to cover the space from the edge of
the wall to the edge of the furring strips
• Let the walls dry for a few days
• Bridge the lowered section of ceiling to the upper level with a 3-inch-wide (7.6 cm) vinyl
bead
• Conceal the edges and seams of the drywall with joint compound
• Sandpaper the area and coat it with primer.
• Paint the ceiling
❖ Cathedral Ceiling
Cathedral ceilings are often found in large living rooms, dining rooms, bedrooms,
and even the master bath.
Cathedral - or vaulted - ceilings are known for their inverted V-shape where the
tip of the V is the highest point and the sides of the V slope down.
➢ INSTALLATION
• You must use Perforated Ra-flect™ Radiant Barrier when installing in a cathedral
ceiling.
• Run the 25.5” wide strips parallel to roof rafters as shown in the image.
• Staple the appropriate width material between joist leaving 3/4” to 1” airspace between
the Radiant Barrier and roof decking.
• Fill the remaining joists space with regular batting type insulation. Adding an optional
2x2 furring strip of wood will give even more space for insulation.
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• Attach drywall or interior finish to bottom of roof rafters.
❖ Shed ceiling
Shed, or single-slope, ceilings are typically found on the top story of a home,
either in the attic or loft. Creating a distinct look for your room, a shed ceiling will begin
at a high point at one wall, then slope down toward the opposite wall.
❖ Beam ceiling
Beam ceilings are typically found in hallways and corridors for commercial
settings and living and dining rooms for residential settings.
➢ INSTALLATION
• Turn the beam upside down. Measure the distance between the two boards between the
sides of the beam. Measure the length of the beam.
• Cut a 1 1/2-inch-thick piece of fir to the width using the measurement with a table saw.
Cut it to length using a miter saw. This is the ledger board.
• Run a stud finder along the ceiling and mark each joist or stud that passes under the desired
location of the beam. Place the ledger on the ceiling and transfer the stud marks to the
ledger. If the joist runs parallel with the beam, center the ledger under the stud or joist and
mark the ledger board every 12 inches for pilot holes.
• Drill the pilot holes through the ledger at the marks using a 3/16-inch bit and drill/driver.
Place the ledger on the ceiling, using an assistant to help you hold it in place. Insert 3 1/2-
inch wood screws in the holes and drive them in tight to secure the ledger to the ceiling.
• Fit the beam over the ledger using an assistant to help you. The two sides of the beam
should fit tight against the ceiling. Shoot 1 1/2-inch pin nails randomly through the sides
of the beam to penetrate into the ledger to temporarily secure it to the ledger.
• Drill holes through the sides of the ledger every 12 inches. Angle the holes at 30 degrees
to penetrate up through the sides of the beam into the ledger.
• Insert 3-inch screws into the holes. Use the drill/driver to drive the screws in tight, burying
the heads slightly below the surface to finish.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
TYPES OF ROOF FINISHES

❖ Solar tiles
- Solar tiles operate identically to the photovoltaic panels that are already widely used in
construction. The primary difference between them lies in their assembly: whereas photovoltaic
panels are attached to an existing roof, solar tiles are part of the roof's construction from the start,
taking the place of regular tiling.
The tiles are formed by photovoltaic cells that, when they receive sunlight, create an
electric field capable of providing electrical energy for use inside the building. Each tile is
connected by cables to the power distribution board.
For the effective operation of the tiles, it is necessary to install an inverter that converts
the energy captured by each tile into electricity. Another alternative is to install a solar diverter,
or a 'domestic solar system', always with supervision of a professional.
The quantity of energy collected through solar energy is directly related to the amount of
sunlight to which the tiles are exposed, which is obviously related to the climate and the location
of the project. Sunny days, of course, are more energy-efficient than cloudy days.
When Should Solar Roof Tiles be Installed?

The installation of photovoltaic tiles should be considered if you are building a building
from scratch.
Having a high installation cost (which produces considerable savings in approximately 5
years), solar roof tiles are commonly used in corporate buildings that seek certifications related to
sustainability. However, currently, they are also installed in some high-standard multi-family
homes, which aim to reduce the costs of conventional electricity.
It's possible (and desirable) that this type of solution will eventually be found in all types
of buildings, including homes, where personal energy generation reduces the cost of living and
increases the autonomy of any family.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
Advantages
- Solar tiles are an excellent source of renewable energy for regions with high solar incidence.
- They are visually more attractive and discreet than traditional photovoltaic panels since they are
part of the roof design and not installed later. There are some solar tile options that even mimic
the appearance of slate stone tiles or ceramic tiles, going completely unnoticed.
- They are a good option for the rehabilitation of buildings in conservation and/or in historical
areas (when alterations are authorized).
Disadvantages
- They are new to the market and, therefore, are even more expensive than traditional photovoltaic
panels.
- There are still few solar tile manufacturers and few skilled laborers for its installation. Some of
the largest producers in the market are Tesla Solar, Hanergy, and Eternit.
- Unlike solar panels, they cannot be installed at angles other than the original roof design, so in
some cases, it's more difficult to optimize the efficiency of energy capture. However, this can be
an advantage if the roof is designed correctly for this purpose, accounting for the tiles in the very
concept of the project.
BRAND NAMES
Tesla solar shingles CertainTeed solar shingles
Dow solar shingles SunTegra solar shingles

Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
❖ Asphalt shingles
Why Is Using Asphalt Shingles Roofing in the Philippines Highly Recommended?
Through the years, it’s becoming obvious to notice that asphalt shingles have been a
prominent choice for roofing in the Philippines. In fact, it is highly recommended by the
professionals to the Filipinos. To know why, we have rounded up some reasons to keep you posted:
1. They can be placed into many different angles, shapes, and forms to give you a custom
roofing solution. At times, being able to place roofs based on your liking is satisfying. In
that way, you know that you’re involved with the whole roofing situation.
2. They are known to be weather resistant. According to IKO, asphalt is the main water-
resistant ingredient in shingles. In fact, a fine mineral powder is mixed with the asphalt that
increases its weather resistance capacity. As a result, it meets the highest standards for
resistance towards fire hazards.
3. Aside from being resistant to water and fire, asphalt shingles roofing can also withstand
high winds. As mentioned by IKO, asphalt shingles are developed and manufactured to
meet the most severe wind resistance situations. With that, you are assured that they
wouldn’t be damaged even if there’s a strong typhoon in the Philippines.
4. Climate and serious weather conditions, such as snow, rain, and thunderstorms, can
sometimes harm the state of our roofs. However, there are still products that are resistant
to such strong weather conditions like asphalt shingles. Worth the shot, worth the money.
5. With the right training and ability, asphalt shingles are effortlessly to install. However,
getting help from the professionals is always an excellent idea. In that way, you won’t have
to hassle yourself by doing everything alone. Hiring a contractor to do the task is better as
they’ll give you a finished roof in its best form.
6. Aside from its attractive appearance, asphalt shingles have a remarkable variety of colors.
In that way, you could choose any color you want that will complement your house in the
best way possible! All you have to do is pick one that suits you and will enhance your home
and curb appeal.
7. Since then, these roofing materials are convenient for its homeowners as it is suitable for
any architectural style. No matter what form or style your house is, choosing asphalt
shingles is always an excellent decision. As a whole, asphalt shingles can create different
roofing looks, so there’s something in store for everybody.
8. Asphalt shingles can last up to 20 years, which is convenient for homeowners. It is not only
attractive as it can also be useful in our homes for a long period of time. At times, choosing
roofs with a long lifespan is the best thing to do. In that way, you wouldn’t have to buy
roofs over and over again.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
How to Install Asphalt Shingles
1. Step one in any roofing project is always safety first

2. Understand the physics of how a sloped shingle roof works
3. Deck preparation
4. Work from the bottom up
5. Ice dam protection at the eaves
6. Underlayment for overall secondary roof protection

Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
7. Covering the joints and valleys
8. The shingles in the “field” of the roof
9. The hip and ridge caps

Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
BRAND NAMES
- Atlas Roofing Corporation - Building Products of Canada - GAF
- GCP Applied Technology - IKO Production, INC.

Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
❖ Metal roofing
Advantages of Metal Roofs
• Longevity - Metal roofs can last 40-70 years, depending on the material. Traditional
asphalt roofing materials have an estimated life expectancy of roughly 12-20 years.
• Durability - installed correctly, some metal roofs can sustain wind gusts up to 140 miles
per hour, will not corrode or crack and may be impact-resistant (depending on which
product you choose). In addition, metal roofs don't need the periodic costly maintenance
that other roofing materials often require. However, they should be inspected periodically
to make sure no repairs are required.
• Safety - Metal roofs will not spark and ignite into flames during a wildfire or lightning
strike.
• Energy efficiency - Metal roofs reflect the suns UV and infrared light rays that contribute
to roof surface radiant heat, which can result in a 10-25% reduction in cooling costs.
• Energy efficiency - Metal roofs reflect the suns UV and infrared light rays that contribute
to roof surface radiant heat, which can result in a 10-25% reduction in cooling costs.
Disadvantages of Metal Roofs

• Affordability - Metal roofs can be as much as two or three times more expensive than
other roofing materials. While the life of a metal roof is much longer, investing in a metal
roof only makes sense if you plan to stay in your home long enough to enjoy the cost
benefits.
• Noisiness - Metal roofs may be noisier during a heavy rain or hailstorm than other
products depending on the type of decking used during installation (spaced or solid).
Adding more attic insulation can sometimes solve this problem, but that may increase
costs.
• Expansion Contraction and Fasteners - Metal roofing material assemblies that are
attached as large panels are designed to expand and contract as they warm and cool.
However, both exposed and concealed fasteners have varying lifespans. Depending on
the climate, neoprene washers and the screws used during installation may degrade and
become dislodged over time.
• Inconsistency of Colour Match - If a repair is required or a home extension is added
years later, it may be difficult to find an exact match to the existing metal.
• Performance - If water accumulates anywhere on the roof because of poor-quality
installation or repair, it can eventually cause serious damage. Low-grade metals may also
be thinner gauge and less durable. Some metals rust in certain climates or dent more
easily than others during hailstorms or installation.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
How to Install Metal Roofing

METHOD 1 - Readying Your Roof
1. Measure the length, width, and rise of one section your roof
2. Calculate the slope factor of your roof
3. Use the slope factor to determine the area of the section
4. Find the square footage by adding up the total for each section
5. Get your materials
6. Prepare a work site
7. Remove the old roofing
8. Repair any damage
9. Add your insulation layer
METHID 2 - Installing Your Roofing
1. Install the edging
2. Install the edging
3. Add the flashing.
4. Finish your roof
BRAND NAMES
- Classic Metal Roofing Systems - Kassel & Irons
- Green American Home

Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
❖ Stone-coated steel
PROS OF STONE-COATED STEEL ROOFING
• LONGEVITY - Metal roofs are known to last a long time if installed properly. Their life
span ranges from 40-70 years, compared to asphalt shingles that need to be replaced
approximately every 20 years. Because steel can endure much more than most traditional
roofing materials, it's a great investment in the long-term future of your home
• DURABILITY - Steel can withstand gusting winds, heavy rain or hail, and many other
adverse weather conditions. Although many assume it is a heavy material, metal roofing is
actually lightweight at 50 to 150 pounds per square.
• LOW MAINTENANCE - Most roofing materials, such as asphalt, should be regularly
inspected to keep them in good working condition. However, steel roofs are virtually
maintenance free! They create a thick shield around your home, keeping it safer from poor
weather conditions and eliminating most of the repair costs associated with traditional
roofing.
• BEAUTY AND VERSATILITY - While functionality is essential, style and beauty are
important, too. Stone-coated steel roofing comes in a wide variety of colors, textures, and
designs to complement almost any style of home. This allows for you to feel good about
both your roof's safety and its appearance! Check out this product line up from Metro Roof
Products to get a look at some popular stone-coated roofing finishes.
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY - A common misconception with installing a metal roof is that
it will get too hot in the summer and conduct heat into the home. Metal roofing actually
reflects heat from the sun, rather than absorbing it like a dark asphalt material would. This
cuts down on the energy cost to keep your home cool, and it also protects your home from
ultraviolet rays. This article from Metal Roofing Alliance breaks how you can reduce
energy costs with a steel roof.
CONS OF STONE COATED STEEL ROOFING

• INITIAL COST - Stone-coated steel roofing is on the high end of the cost range for
roofing materials. However, because of its long-life span and practically non-existent
maintenance costs, choosing stone-coated steel over asphalt could save you money over
time. Decide how much you're able to spend up front, and weigh your initial cost against
your expected long-term savings when making your choice.
• NOISE- Depending on how a steel roof is installed, more noise from rain or hail is
possible. However, during the installation process, special materials like a solid sheathed
roof deck can be placed as a barrier between the roof and your home to deaden the sound.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
BRAND NAMES
- DECRA -
- Gerard
- Metro Roof Products
- Roser USA
❖ Slate
How to install a slate roof

➢ FIXING WITH NAILS
Once slates have been graded and checked for imperfections, fixing can begin. Natural
slates can be supplied preholed. However, if on-site holing is undertaken, the following
methods should be used.
✓ Holing (centre fixing) - Hole from the bed of the slate (its reverse), this allows the
nail head to be located in the recess on the face of the slate, which is created by the
holing process. Each slate should be holed twice.
✓ Holing (head fixing) - Head or shoulder fixing is only acceptable for small or
heavy slates. If this method is adopted it is recommended that every third course is
nailed twice.
➢ MACHINE HOLING IS PREFERABLE
✓ Holing by hand - Wherever possible, machine holing is preferable. Holing by hand
should only be considered when a small amount of slates need re-holing for repairs
or when a hole needs to be repositioned in-situ.
To hole a slate with a spike hammer, position the slate flatly over a narrow iron.
When measuring the position of the holes ensure the thinner end of the slate is at
the top when fixed.
✓ Holing by machine - If slates are machine holed it is recommended that only one
slate be holed at a time. If the machine uses a punching method then attention
should be paid to the risk of damage.
The holing machine will need to be well maintained and adjusted regularly. For this
reason a boring method is preferable. Nails are required to be 20-25mm longer than
two thicknesses of slate.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
➢ FIXING WITH HOOKS

An alternative method of fixing slates is the use of slate hooks; however, hooks
should not be used below a 25º roof pitch.
In addition below a 30º degree pitch the hooks should have crimped shanks
to reduce the capillary rise of water at the perpendicular joints between slates.
The use of hooks on roofs with a pitch above 75º requires special conditions.
When fixing slates with hooks all perimeter slates should be hook fixed and
nailed.
At hips or valleys it is important to ensure that the width of the cut slate is
sufficient to allow adequate fixing. Where necessary slate and a half should
be used.
Verges and abutments: alternate courses begin with a slate and a half, with
the exception of those over 145mm, in which case only a slate is required. Slate
and a half should be used in alternate courses.
BRAND NAMES / COMPANIES

• CASPAR Roofing Inc.
• IMAC uPVC Roof Corp.
• Ultra-Insulated Panel Systems Corp.
• Puyat Steel Corporation - APO Galfan
❖ Rubber slate
INSTALLATION
1. Slate shall be installed starting at the bottom or eaves and proceeding toward the ridge or
top.
2. All slates will be installed following chalk lines marking the top edge of each course of
slates, whenever possible.
3. When supplied on pallets, slates are not to be used from one pallet at a time, but are to be
used from all pallets simultaneously in order to blend the various pallets uniformly on the
roof.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
4. Slate side-butt joints shall be positioned as near the mid-point of the underlying slates as
possible, and not less than 3" from the underlying side-butts. Each slate course shall break
butt-joints laterally by a minimum of 3”, if possible, with the underlying or overlying
courses.
5. When installed, slates shall be laid side-to-side with a maximum 1/8” gap between slates,
on average, unless otherwise specified.
6. Slate will be neatly fitted around any pipes, ventilators, and other roof penetrations.
7. Slates are to be cut from the back side in order to preserve the chamfered edge on the front
exposed surface. Use of grinders, saws, or other mechanical means to cut and trim roofing
slates shall not be permitted unless the slates maintain a chamfered appearance along the
exposed sawn edges. At the apex of slated hips and ridges, and at the juncture of a closed
valley, the chamfered edge may, as an option, be reversed to create a tighter fitting joint.
8. Slates along valleys shall be cut in neat and straight lines. Valley slates are to be cut on the
back side of the slate to maintain a chamfered slate edge when along an open valley.
9. Contractor shall visually and manually inspect the slates when roof brackets are removed
to make sure no slates were broken by the roof scaffolding. Upon completion, all slate shall
be sound, unbroken, un-cracked, whole and clean, showing no exposed roof cement.
10. Individual slates that must be installed in the field of the roof after the installation is
complete, such as where a roof bracket had been removed or where a repair has been made,
shall be installed using stainless steel or copper slate hooks or the “nail and hidden
bib” installation method where standard nailing is not possible. Slates thicker than 1/2”
may require the “nail and bib,” rather than a slate hook fastener. The top of bib flashings
shall extend to the top of the head of the underlying slate.
11. Contractors shall keep the building weatherproof and make every reasonable attempt to
complete the project on schedule. Work is to be scheduled when weather conditions allow
the work to be performed according to manufacturer’s recommendations and in compliance
with warranty requirements.
12. Temporary roof coverings, tarps, or other materials shall remain available onsite in the
event that the work must be ceased suddenly due to weather conditions and the roof needs
to be weathered in until such time as the work may be continued.
BRAND NAMES / COMPANY
• IMAC uPVC Roof Corporation

• DN Steel
• JEA STEEL Industries, Inc
• Architecks Metal Systems, Inc
• DN Distributions Center
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
❖ Clay and concrete tiles

INSTALLATION
➢ Position the first tile on the batten with the crown facing up and center the tile from side
to side. Drive a 10d nail at the base of the clay tile into the batten. Don't overdrive the
nail. Verify that the tile overhangs the end of the batten by two inches.
➢ Add some mortar underneath the first clay tile to provide additional support.
➢ Install another tile atop the inner end of the first. Measure from the outer end and adjust
the end of the second tile.
➢ Nail the second tile to the batten in the same way you installed the first one.
➢ Place two tiles to the opposite end of the ridge and install them as you did with the
previous one.
➢ Measure the distance across the ridge from the outer ends of the first tiles at each end of
the ridge. Subtract 16 inches and divide the result by 8 to determine the number of tiles to
install.
➢ Start at the second tile at one end of the ridge. Install the tiles toward the center of the
ridge from end to end and install half the number of ridge tiles. Work from the opposite
end and install the remaining tiles to the center of the ridge. A key tile installs at the
center of the ridge with mortar.
BRAND NAMES
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
❖ Roofing sheets
➢ Corrugated roofing sheets
INSTALLATION
METHOD 1 - Installing Corrugated Roofing
- Cut the panels to the desired length
- Pre-drill holes on the ridges
- Install the panels
- Screw down the panels
- Complete the opposite side
METHOD 2 - Choosing Roofing

- Choose the type of corrugated roofing you want to use
- Choose PVC roofing to let light in
- Pick metal roofing for greater durability
➢ Polycarbonate roofing sheets

INSTALLATION
Step 1:
First, make sure you have all the correct safety equipment. A scaffold and safety harness
aren’t recommended, but crucial if you’re going to be working high up. Always exercise
extreme care when walking on a roof; appropriate footwear is also necessary. Never walk
on or apply your weight directly to sheeting.
Step 2:
Before installing, find a sticker showing you which side of the sheet faces the sun. It’s
imperative that this is followed as there is only one side of the sheet that’s UV protected.
The life of the sheet may be shortened and discolouration may occur if the unprotected side
is exposed to the sun.
To start the installation process, lay out the purlin tape over the rafters to prevent expansion
noise. Then cut your sheets to size. Sheets can be easily cut with a pair of shears, a fine-
toothed handsaw or a circular saw with a cut-off blade suitable for plastic.
Step 3:
Start with the lower sheets first, keeping the openings where the sheets overlap away from
prevailing wind. Allow an overhang of 50mm into the gutter.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
Step 4:
Keep in mind that polycarb sheets naturally move with temperature, so you will need the
correct fixings to allow this to occur without issues. Polycarbonate screws will pre-cut a
hole wide enough to allow for this expansion, which will prevent the sheets from buckling.
The large rubber on the screw will also seal on the sheet and stop any water from
penetrating the roof. It’s important that your fixings go through the crest of the corrugations
on your sheet.
Step 5:
The frequency of screws required for corrugated and greca sheets is every 2nd crest for end
purlins, every 3rd crest on the mid purlins and on Trimdek sheets use a screw on every
crest. If you’re in a high-wind area, fix corrugated and greca sheets on every second
corrugation on each purlin/ batten
Step 6:
You need to tighten those fixings adequately to prevent rattling. But keep in mind that
over-tightening may cause distortion and excessive stress with possible failure in the
sheets. Please also only use the correct branded fixings as recommended by the
manufacturer, as these are designed to be compatible with that specific brand of
polycarbonate roofing.
Step 7:
After installing all of your roof sheets you will need to finish off the structure with suitable
metalgoods such as a ridge cap and barge caps. These will all fit over the top of your sheets
and prevent air and water from penetrating your structure, thereby making it practical in
addition to beautiful.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
➢ Metal roofing sheets

INSTALLATION
- For a single pitch roof the minimum pitch we recommend is 12 degrees Tile Form
sheets must always be laid from right to left. When laying the first sheet it should be
offered onto the roof to get the purlins in the correct place as when fixing the sheets, the
screw will be in line with the purlins. Screws and purlins will match, fixings go just under
the tile drop (curved aspect of sheet pattern)
- Please note - maximum length of sheet we can supply is 5m. If you require a longer
length, you will need to do a 2-sheet run.
- If a two-sheet run is required, lay the sheets in this position and use the same fixing
instructions as above.
- Tile sheets have to be laid from right to left sequence, starting on the right-hand side of
the roof laying on the next sheet to the left, lapping over the profile with the small gully
detail on the last lap of the left of the sheet.
- You should always overlap the sheets by at least one corrugation.
- Tap each new sheet tight into place where it laps before the fixings and mastic tape are
used. We suggest using a soft wood block and a mallet with some rag between the block
and the sheet to prevent damage the sheet coating.
➢ RCC roofs
APPLICATIONS
• Buildings
• Bridges
• Roads
• Floating Structures
• Foundations
• Marine Structure
• Pipes and Conduits
• Precast Works
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
➢ GI roofing sheets
APPLICATIONS
• Awnings
• Balconies
• Building frames
• Canopies
• Ductwork
• Handrails
• Fences
• Industrial walkways
• Ladders
• Staircases
• Street Furniture
• Support Beams
• Verandas
➢ Asbestos-cement sheet
- Corrugated asbestos cement sheets (CACS) is one of the most common low-risk asbestos
containing materials (ACMs). The asbestos fibres in CACS bind tightly to the base
material matrix of the cement. Therefore, under normal circumstances, CACS will not
release any asbestos fibres, cause air pollution or affect public health. However, improper
handling or removal of CACS may give rise to release of very fine asbestos fibres which
will remain airborne for a very long period of time. Under these circumstances, it is
possible that people will inhale some of these fibres which, once inhaled, can remain in the
body for many years and hence increase their health risk due to such exposure.
Laying of Corrugated Asbestos Cement Roofing Sheets

1. The sheets are laid on the purlins and other roof members as indicated in the working
drawings or as instructed by the engineer.
2. The maximum spacing of purlins under the sheets shall be 1.40 m for 6 mm thick sheets,
and should not exceed in any case.
3. The ridge purlins shall be fixed at a distance between 75 mm to 115 mm from the apex of
the roof.
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
4. The top-level of all purlins and other roof members shall be in one place so that when the
sheets are fixed, it shall not be required to force down the sheets to rest on the purlins.
5. The finished roof shall have a uniform slope, and the line of corrugations shall be straight
and true.
6. The sheets must be laid with the smooth surface upwards.
7. The sheets must be laid with a side lap of half a corrugation, and an end lap of 150 mm,
minimum in the case of roofs with a pitch less than 1 vertical to 2.5 horizontal (approx. 22
degrees).
8. In the case of very exposed situations, the minimum permissible end lap shall be 200 mm.
9. The side laps should be laid on the side facing away from the prevailing monsoon winds.
10.The free overhang of the sheets shall not exceed 300 mm.
11.The corrugated sheets shall be laid from left to right direction, starting at the eaves.
12.The first sheet must be laid uncut, but the remaining sheets in the bottom row shall have
the top left-hand corners cut or mitred.
13.The sheets in the intermediate rows, except the end sheets, shall have both the top left-hand
corner and bottom right-hand corner cut.
14.The last or top row sheets shall have the bottom right-hand corner cut, with the exception
of the last sheet, which shall be laid uncut.
15.If, for any reason, such as on the consideration of the direction of prevailing winds, laying
is to be started from the bottom right-hand corner; then, the whole procedure should be
reversed.
16.The ‘mitre’ described above is necessary to provide a snug fit where four sheets meet at a
lap. It is cut from a point 150 mm up the vertical side of the sheet to a point 50 mm long
along the horizontal edge.
Fixing of Corrugated Asbestos Cement Roofing Sheets

1. The asbestos roofing sheets shall be secured to the purlins, and other roof members by
means of 8 mm diameter galvanized iron J or L-hook bolts and nuts.
2. J-hooks are used to fix angle iron purlins, L-hooks are used for fixing to RS joists,
timber, or precast concrete purlins.
3. The grip of the J or L-hook bolt on the side of the purlin shall not be less than 25 mm.
4. Each galvanized iron J or L-hook bolt shall have a bitumen washer and a galvanized iron
washer placed over the sheet before the nut is screwed down from above.
5. On each purlin, there shall be one hook bolt on the crown adjacent to the side lap on
either side.
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM
LAGUNA
Contact No. (632) 520-8290 local 3006/ (63) 9228900917
6. The GI flat washer must be of 25 mm in diameter, 1.6 mm

thick, and the bitumen washer
must be 35 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick.
7. The length of the J-bolt or crank bolt shall be as specified in Table-1
below.
8. Each nut shall be screwed lightly at first. After laying down
the other adjacent sheets, the
nuts shall be tightened to full capacity to ensure a leak-proof
joint.
9. The holes for hook bolts shall be drilled and not always
punched through the crown of the
corrugation and not in valleys, to suit the purlin's position.
10.The diameter of holes made for fixing of bolts shall be 2
mm more than the diameter of
the bolt.
11.Care must be taken to check that no hole is nearer than 40
mm to any edge of a sheet or
any accessory.
12.The roof ladders or planks shall always be used when
laying and fixing the sheets to
avoid damage to the sheets and provide safety to the
workmen.
COMPANIES
• Asbestone Corporation
• Asbestos Shingle Slate & Sheathing Co.
• Atlas Asbestos Company
• Baldwin-Ehret-Hill
• CertainTeed Corporation
• Durabla Manufacturing Company
• Eagle-Picher
• Eternit
• Flintkote Company
• Garlock, Inc.
• James Hardie Industries
• Philip Carey Manufacturing Corporation
• U.S. Gypsum

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UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM LAGUNA

Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna

TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES

➢ Roads and highways

Different Types of Laminates & Their Application

Laminates can be classified into various types based on the following:

1. Based onManufacturing Process 4. Based on Advanced Properties

2. Based on Usage 5. Based on Built

3. Based on Surface Finish

RECOMMENDED USE OF LAMINATE BASED ON ITS TYPE

Classification Based on Surface Finish

How Is Cork Flooring Installed?

Application for Engineered Hardwood Flooring

❖ Resilient Flooring Carpets

➢ Resilient flooring applications

TYPES OF WALL FINISHES

❖ Cement Plastered Finish

TOP 5 GLASS MOSAIC TILE APPLICATIONS

2. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR SHOWERS

3. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR BATHROOMS

4. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR LIVING ROOMS

5. GLASS MOSAIC TILE FOR SWIMMING POOLS

❖ Cement Textured Finish

APPLICATION STEPS OF CEMENT TEXTURE:

Step 2: (Sanding Stage)

❖ Marble Powder Finish

TYPES OF CEILING FINISHES

• Attach drywall or interior finish to bottom of roof rafters.

settings and living and dining rooms for residential settings.

TYPES OF ROOF FINISHES

When Should Solar Roof Tiles be Installed?

Tesla solar shingles CertainTeed solar shingles

Dow solar shingles SunTegra solar shingles

How to Install Asphalt Shingles

1. Step one in any roofing project is always safety first

4. Work from the bottom up

5. Ice dam protection at the eaves

6. Underlayment for overall secondary roof protection

7. Covering the joints and valleys

8. The shingles in the “field” of the roof

9. The hip and ridge caps

- Atlas Roofing Corporation - Building Products of Canada - GAF

- GCP Applied Technology - IKO Production, INC.

Disadvantages of Metal Roofs

How to Install Metal Roofing

- Classic Metal Roofing Systems - Kassel & Irons

- Green American Home

CONS OF STONE COATED STEEL ROOFING

How to install a slate roof

➢ FIXING WITH HOOKS

BRAND NAMES / COMPANIES

BRAND NAMES / COMPANY

• IMAC uPVC Roof Corporation

❖ Clay and concrete tiles

METHOD 2 - Choosing Roofing

➢ Polycarbonate roofing sheets

➢ Metal roofing sheets

Laying of Corrugated Asbestos Cement Roofing Sheets

Fixing of Corrugated Asbestos Cement Roofing Sheets

6. The GI flat washer must be of 25 mm in diameter, 1.6 mm

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