STATISTICS – collecting, processing, summarizing and analysizing J

data in order to provide answers or solution to inquiry. L= ∗N

DATA – facts and figures that are presented and analysed 100
UNIVERSE – set of units from whom we got the data
VARIABLE – characteristics that is observable or measureable in  DECILE – divides 10 equal parts
every unit of the universe
POPULATION – set of possible values of a group J
SAMPLE - subgroup of a universe or of a population L= ∗N
10
VARIABLES
 QUARTILE – divides 4 equal parts
 QUALITATIVE – categorical
 QUANTITATIVE – numerical
o DISCRETE – countable J
L= ∗N
o CONTINUOUS – measurable 4
Measures of Variation
Levels of Measurement
 NOMINAL – labels, names, categories Shift 9, press 3, = AC
 ORDINAL – ranked or ordered MODE, VAR
 INTERVAL – NO true zero value Shift 1, press 4
 RATIO – has true zero value Ox – standard deviation
Var - ox 2
Methods of Data Collection and Organization
 SURVERY METHOD
 OBSERVATION MEDTHOD
 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
 USE OF EXISTING STUDIES
 REGISTRATION METHOD

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)

CLASSE F R CF RCF CM LTCB

S F
U LL <C > < > LTC UTC
P F CF RCF RCF B B

HISTOGRAM
x-axis – TCB
y-axis – FREQ.

Methods of Presenting Data

 TEXTUAL FORM
 TABULAR FORM
 GRAPHICAL FORM

Measurees of Central Tendency

Single value that attemps to describe a set of data by
identifying the central

1. MEAN – arithmetic average; measures center of the data

Sum of all values in the distribution

Number of values in the distribution

2. MEDIAN – middle value

(n+1) (2 nd+3 rd)

ODD [ ] EVEN [ ]
2 2
3. MODE – highest frequency, occurs most often

Measures of Location
 PERCENTILE - divides 100 equal parts
WIKA – masistemang balangkas ng mga sinasalitang tunog na pinili
at isinasaayos sa paraang arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong “one-person, one-language.”
may pinagsaluhang kultura sa kanilang pakikipagkomunikasyon.
“non-dominant home language/one language, one-environment.”
“masistemang balangkas”
“sinasalitang tunog” “non-dominant language without community support.”
“arbitraryo”
“tao” “double non-dominant language without community support.”
“kabuhol ng kultura”
“kasama sa komunikasyon” “non-dominant parents”

WIKANG PAMBANSA – wikang magbubuklod sa atin bilang “mixed”

mamaayan ng bansang Filipinas dahil iba’t ibang dialekto ang
ginagamit natin. MULTILINGGUWALISMO

DIYALEKTO - Varayti ng isang wika, hindi hiwalay na wika

1934 – LOPE K. SANTOS “Ama ng Balarila” ang wikang

pambansa ay dapat ibatay sa isa sa mga umiiral na wika sa Filipinas.
Sinuguan ni MANUEL L. QUEZON “Ama ng
Wikang Pambansa”

1935 - Artikulo XIV, seksiyon 3 ng Saligang Batas

NORBERTO ROMUALDEZ - isinulat ang BATAS
KOMONWELT BLG. 184– nagtatag sa Surian ng Wikang
Pambansa.

1937 - Disyembre 30, 1937 – iprinoklama ni Quezon ang

wikang Tagalog upang maging batayan ng Wikang Pambansa base sa
rekomendasyon ng SWP sa bias ng Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134

1940 – “Tagalog” ang gamit sa paaralan

1946 - Hulyo 4, 1946– ipinahayag ang mga wikang opisyal

sa bansa ay TAGALOG AT INGLES

1959 – Agosto 13, 1959, JOSE ROMERO “Pilipino”

1972 – “Filipino”

1987 - Saligang Batas ng 1987– pinagtibay ng Komisyong

Konstitusyonal na binuo ni dating Pangulong CORY AQUINO ang
implementasyon sa paggamit ng Wikang Filipino.

“PAGKAKAKILANLAN”
“KALAYAAN”
“KASANGKAPAN”

Executive Order No. 335

“Nag-aatas sa Lahat ng mga Kagawaran / Kawanihan / Opisi na /
Instrumentaliti ng Pamahalaan na Magsagawa ng mga Hakbang na
Kailangan para sa Layuning Magamit ang Filipino sa Opisyal na mga
Transaksiyon, Komunikasyon at Korespondensiya.”


WIKANG PANTURO - wikang opisyal na
ginagamit sa pormal na edukasyon.
 WIKANG OPISYAL – wika sa
pakikipagtalastasan sa pamahalaan at ginagamit
sa komunikasyon sa alinmang sangay ng
pamahalaan
BILINGGUWALISMO - kakayahang gumamit ng dalawang wika.

“one-person, one-language.”

“non-dominant home language/one language, one-environment.”

“non-dominant language without community support.”

“double non-dominant language without community support.”

SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF PHYSICAL HEALTH
1. PHYSICAL WELLNESS – health/state of the body
2. EMOTIONAL – psychological and emotional perspective
3. INTELECTUAL – open-mindedness and intelligence
4. SOCIAL – interaction with others
5. CAREER – satisfaction on a career/job
6. ENVIRONMENTAL – responsibility for environment
7. SPIRITUAL – effects of belief to well-being

CARDIAC MUSCLE – for pumping blood

SKELETAL – attached to the bones
VISCERAL – located inside of the body

Carbohydrates serves as fuel of the body. DOUBLE ELIMINATION - a team or player must lose two times
to be eliminated.
Fats serves as the insulator of the body to prevent heat loss.

Protein serves as a building blocks of the muscle in repairing and

growth.

TRAINING PRINCIPLES
 Overload – increase in workload.
 Progression – gradual increase from the workload.
 Specificity Principle – adaptation of the body to specific
workload it experienced.
 Reversibility – counter product of the training from
stopping.
 Rest & Sleep – emphasizes the importance of resting
particularly in the process of adaptation.
 Individuality – difference of one person to another
specifically his/her adaptation to load. TRIPLE ELIMINATION - a team or player needs to lose 3 times in
order to be eliminated from the tournament.
Motivation and Stress Management ROUND ROBIN - every team will play every other team in the
o ALARM – initial reaction tournament one time.
o RESISTANCE – adapts to stressors 3 GAME GUARANTEE - There is a winner's bracket and a loser's
o EXHAUSTION – body is subjected to stress bracket, the main difference being teams that lose their first two
games will get to play an extra game in the loser's bracket in order to
LONG-TERM CHRONIC DISEASES assure everyone gets to play at least 3 games.
1. Depression – “chemical imbalance” CONSOLATION - When a team loses in the first round they will be
2. General Anxiety Disorder –“visible symptoms” moved to the Consolation Bracket where they will have no chance of
3. Sleep Disorders– “lack of regular sleep” winning the tournament, but instead be competing for the consolation
4. Substance Abuse– “alcohol/illegal drugs” championship.
5. Chronic Muscle Pain– “aches and pains” COMPASS DRAW - When a team loses they are moved to a
different bracket, winners always just advance in their current
8 COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS bracket.
1) Flexibility - ability of the joints to move
2) Strength – muscle’s ability to generate force
3) Speed – the ability to perform a movement in a short period
of time.
4) Power – transfer energy into force at a fast rate.
5) Agility – ability to change direction quickly
6) Reaction Time – time elapsed between stimulation and the
beginning of reaction to the stimulus.
7) Coordination – ability to use the senses to perform motor
tasks smoothly and accurately.
8) Balance – is the ability to maintain the equilibrium while in
a stationary or moving position.

SINGLE ELIMINATION format is by far the easiest to organize. If

a team loses one time they are out of the tournament. This type of
tournament works best if you have a large number of teams and a
short time frame.
BIG BANG - massive blast ; gathered together by gravity by pulling Transform “impure” or pure metals into purer metals
the interstellar dust inward to form nebulae which are a term for of gold and silver;
clouds of dust and gasses. Discover the Philosopher’s Stone; and
Produce the Elixir of Life
Alexander Friedmann – E= mc 2
Edwin Hubble – red shift ; red=long ; blue=short/near Law of Multiple Prportion
Wilson & Penzias – Cosmic Background Radiation When 2 elements combine with each other to form 2
or more compound, the mass ratio of these 2 elements in one
Steady State Theory – the universe doesn’t change
compound is related to their mass ration in by a simple whole
Super Expand Cataclysmic Hurling Universe number.
Massive & Explosion Massive Created HH + O = H 2O
Hot Ball Cool Materials
ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL – it’s impossible to know
H = 73% the location of electrons
He = 25%
= 2% other gases
NUCLEUS – center of an atom
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ELECTRON – negatively charge
PROTON - positive
NEUTRON – neutron
BIG BANG STELLAR SUPERNOVA
hydrogen
H deuterium cosmologic event high temp.
Tritium
He
Li

Lightest Heaviest

1 1 2 2 1 3
0 n + 1 p =1 H 1 H + 0n =1 H ISOTOPES – same number of protons, different number of
2 1 3 neutrons
1 H + 1 p =2 He
3 1 4
2 He + 1 p = 3 H e
1 1 2
0 n + 1 p =1 H
4
3 He + 31H =74 Li

DEMOCRITUS – ATOMOS(uncuttable) small,

hard particles
JOHN DALTON – “billiard balls” identical or
indestructible
J.J. THOMSON – electrons “Plum Pudding Model”
through Cathode Ray Experiment
E. RUTHERFORD – Rutherford model : solar IONS – atoms with electrical charge due to giving up more
system ; through Gold Foil Experiment electrons ; subatomic particles are not equal
N. BOHR – Bohr’s Model – energy level ; electron ATOMIC CHARGE = proton + electrons
shells ANION – negative charge ; gain
0
J. CHADWICK - n 0 [nucleus ( p+¿∧n ¿ )] ; electron CATION – positive charge ; lose
cloud model ATOMIC MASS – total no. of protons and neutrons
ELECTRONEGATIVITY – tendency of an atom to attract
QUARKS – Up, Down, Top, Bottom, Strange, Charm electrons
VALENCE ELECTRON –participates in the formation of a
Mass Number/Atomic Mass = no. of p + no. of n 0
+¿¿ chemical bond
+¿¿ −¿¿
Atomic Number = no. of p = no. of e
+¿¿ −¿¿
Atomic Charge = no. p - no. of e

ATOMISM – matter is made up of atoms(solid, homogenous

and cannot be changed) Electron configuration
CHEMISTRY – science of the composition of matter, its 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p6 3 s 1 = 1 is the valence electron
properties and characteristics and changes 2 2 5
ALECHEMY – ancient practice shrouded w/ mystery
1 s 2 s 2 p = 7 is the valence electron
DIPOLE – pair of equal and oppositely charged separated by
Water, air, fire, earth, quintessence
a distance
4 elements – salt, sulphur, mercury
MOLECULES – formed when 2 atoms join together
COMPOUND – contains 2 different elements
OCTET RULE – atoms of main group elements tend to
combine in such a way that each atom has eaight electrons ;
NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og)
BONDING – elements that do not have a complete octet tend
to react
 IONIC – metal & nonmetal
 COVALENT – non-metals & non-metals
 METALLIC – metal & metal

IONIC = 2.0 – 4.0

POLAR COVALENT = 0.5 – 1.9
NON-POLAR COVALENT = 0.0 – 0.4
H2 = H – 2.1 H – 2.1
0 – Non Polar

NUCLEAR REACTION
4
1. ALPHA EMISSION = 3 H e

0
2. BETA EMISSION = e−1

0
3. POSITRON EMISSION = e +1

4. ELECTRON CAPTURE/K-CAPTURE – electron

combines with proton to form neutron
CICERO
“we are born for justice based upon nature”
The state is the affair of people ; justice is intrinsic good.
VARNA VYAVASTHA Chaturvarnya.
four Varnas: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra
Guna-Karma theory, and it was meant for social
harmony and justice which leads to the path of Moksha –
liberation from pain of birth and death or the highest goal of
human life
5. RAWL’S THEORY - inequalities in the allocation
of goods are permissible if they work to the benefit of
the least well-off members of society.
6. LIBERTARIANISM (Hayek and Nozick) – justice
is a property of processes rather than of outcomes.
7. AMBEDKARISM - Justice has always evoked ideas
of equality, of proportion of ‘compensation’. It is
liberty, equality and fraternity.
COMMUNITY

PLATO 1) ALIVE AND LIFE-GIVING

main faculties: the rational, spiritual and appetitive towards Be aware of what’s happening and why it’s
“Supreme Happiness” happening.
RATIONAL - wise and its main function is to rule Do something to alleviate their poverty and lessen
and command ; wisdom, respect, tolerance, reasoning, their suffering.
discipline. 2) FREE AND FREEING
SPIRITUAL - maintain law and order in society; Individuals are not only free individuals, but are also
ambition, love for power, demonstration of courage or instruments for other to be free.
strength, fighting spirits 3) RESPONSIVE AND RESPONSIBLE
APPETITIVE - drives itself to the satisfaction of Tries to be a part of the solution to the present
bodily appetites ; physical labours, bodily desires problem
The well ordered balance of three classes of citizens in society 4) LOVE AND LOVABLE
is the basic idea of social justice. Make ourselves lovable to make it easier to accept
Womenfolk – “communism of wives” and love us
5) CARING AND COMMUNITY MINDED
ARISTOTLE
“Injustice arises when equals are treated unequally, We envision the community to:
and also when unequal’s are treated equally.” 1. Speak and listen
The equality of distributive justice, is an equality in 2. Discerns and decides together in implementing
the proportion of merit to rights decisions
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE - distribution of posts, 3. Prays and celebrates their joy
rewards, honours and other advantages by the state to 4. Honestly looks at what they had done and failed to
individuals on the basis of their capacities and abilities on the do.
basis of ‘proportionate equality’
CONNECTIVE JUSTICE - not revenge but some sort It is a community where:
of compensation. 1. Wealth is used for sharing
“an eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth” does not work for it is 2. Power is exercised for service
not a true compensation, it is a revenge. 3. Values creates solidarity

7 THEORIE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE MAKATA, MAKABAYAN, MAKA-DIYOS,

1. UTILITARIANISM (Benthem) - practicability and MAKAALIKASAN
utility to be the measure of virtue and justice.
The maximum good of the greatest number of
individuals
2. SELF-PERFECTIONISM (Bradley) - “my station
and its duties” ; All individuals differ in their abilities
and capacities their duties too, would immensely
differ.
3. MARXISM (Karl Marx) - continuous struggle FINANCE “fine” meaning TO END or TO PAY
between the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ “Management of money, the monetary support for an
Liberating society from exploiting class, and social enterprise, or the money resources of a government, company,
justice attains its summit in communist society, in or person.”
which all traces of social and economic distinction “To provide capital for a person”
disappear IMPORTANCE:
4. EXISTENTIALISM – justice is not a natural virtue, 1. Families/Companies needs it to survive
rather man is fundamentally free 2. Economic Activity
A man’s life is a continuous struggle in the midst of 3. Government needs to be financed for a country to
the unity of the process of choice, freedom can never survive.
be destroyed by any law or moral rule nor rooted FINANCE IS THE FUNCTION OF:
through coercion. 1. ALLOCATING AVAILABLE FUNDS
2. ACUIRING NEEDED FUND
 3. UTILIZING THE FUNDS TO ACHIEVE GOALS
ALLOCATION – determine where to use funds currently
available
ACQUIRING – obtain funds from right sources/time ;
establishing the right connection or networking
UTILIZATION – proper use of funds
PRIMARY GOALS OF FINANCE
1. To earn profit;
2. To increase your own value as an economic entity;
and
3. To improve quality of life in the community
Funds are invested to earn sufficient return on investment.
Goods and services are made available and billed to
customers with sufficient markup.
EARNING PER SHARE (EPS) - how much net income is
earned for every share of capital stock outstanding.
Summary for evaluating past performance.
The higher EPS, the higher is the price a stock can command
in the market
GROWTH - measured in terms of increase in assets
appreciating in value, improved production accompanied by
increase in sales volume and increase in owners equity.
STABILITY - weathers the ups and downs in the
economy and continue operations despite risks.
OWNER’S EQUITY (NET ASSET VALUE) - reduced by
losses and distribution of earnings(dividends)
Book Value per Share – accounting value of each share of
stock.
Risks may be in the form of costs and expenses, and
decline in property value.
OPERATING REQUIREMENTS Salaries, Rentals, Purchase
of Merchandise, Raw Materials, and Taxes.
Excessive balance of cash, receivables, inventories,
etc. loses opportunities to earn capital
Idle cash is invested on short-term basis.
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCE
As to form of Negotiation
 Direct Finance – borrows loan, issued security
SURPLUS – lender
DEFICIT – borrower
 Indirect Finance – intermediaries are involved
As to User
 Public Finance – revenue and expense pattern of the
government
 Private Finance – individuals borrowing from
individual; company to company
 Personal Finance - individual
 Finance of Non-Profit Organizations -
charitable, civic, religious org., etc.
 Business Finance - financing for business firms or
for commercial use ; for profit
Efficiency - about saving time, money, & effort. The
relationship b/w input and output; speed and cost.
Effectiveness is a measure of quality.
“Effectiveness is doing the right things and
efficiency is doing things right”
Efficiency + Effectiveness = Productivity

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BUSINESSMEN

contribution to the improvement of the quality of life
in the community.
“CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY” AREAS OF MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS
(CSR) 1. Managerial Finance;
2. Investment; and
MULTIPLIER EFFECT OF BUSINESS IN A COMMUNITY 3. Money and Capital Markets
- chain effects of business activities.
FUNCTIONS OF BUSINESS FINANCE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT “Managerial Finance”
1. Allocation of financial resources - funds are Management of funds
channeled to activities that are profitable Acquisition – Least cost
2. Procurement of funds – capital = least cost Utilization of funds should maximize:
awareness of the different sources of funds o Wealth
and the cost involved. o Value of the company
COST OF CAPITAL o Value of the stakeholders
On Borrowed Funds – Financing charges (Interest, maintenance & creation of economic value
commissions, and service-charges) Financial Manager/VP for Finance/Director of Finance -
On capital contributed by owners - dividends Decides where to get financial resources
3. Efficient and effective utilization of financial 1. Financial planning and analysis
resources 2. Manage assets
EFFIECIENT - economical use ; used for 3. Manage liabilities and equity
what is intended for,
EFFECTIVE - towards the attainment of CONTROLLER TREASURER
objectives ; minimizes company costs Planning control (budgets) Financial requirements and
arising from wastages and lost opportunities procurement of fund
 Reporting results of operation
and system installation
Evaluates objectives, policies,
procedures
Tax administration and
government reporting
Protection of assets
Economic appraisal
Cash management, banking,
custody of fund & foreign
exchange
Investor relations
Corporate investments
Credit an collections
Insurance ; employee benefits

FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING – knowledge of

economics
Short-term financial decisions – the financial
manager gives more emphasis on items that are affected by
current operations
Long-term financial decisions – emphasis must be
on items that reflect the long-term nature

cost-benefit analysis is applied considering the degree of risk

involved, time value of money, mix of long-term sources of
financing, debt/equity ratio and dividend policy.

GOALS OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER

1. Acquisition of funds with the least cost from the right
sources at the right time;
2. Effective cash management;
3. Effective working capital management;
4. Effective inventory management;
5. Effective investment decisions;
6. Proper asset selection; and
7. Proper Risk Management

EFFECTIVE CASH MANAGEMENT

Needs a detailed cash flow budget so that the sources and uses
of funds can be carefully planned.
EFFECTIVE WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Managing current assets and liabilities and maintaining the
right combination. Allow the company to enjoy a good
working capital position that enhances the firm’s stability and
liquidity.
EFFECTIVE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
Overstocking is undesirable
Understocking is also undesirable
JIT – Just In Time (Japanese Companies)
EFFECTIVE INVESTMENT DECISIONS
Excess cash needs to be invested to earn income, either in the
form of interest or dividends.
PROPER ASSET SELECTION
Selecting the right machinery and equipment needed by a
company in its operation is important to attain its production
goal that creates sales.
PROPER RISK MANAGEMENT
The riskier the project, the higher the return.