Barcenas Jovelyn Midterm Reflection On Stat

REFLECTIONS ON THE DIFFERENT
TOPICS IN ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL

STATISTICS
(FINAL REFLECTIONS)
CN 9028
JOVELYN W. BARCENAS
RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES
Pioneer Avenue, General Santos City
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph
STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

CN: 9028
SUBJECT: EDUC 201- ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS
PROFESSOR: MARIANNE C. SARMIENTO, PhD.
MY REFLECTION IN MEAN
Mean probably is the kind of average I’ve most familiar with in my field of
teaching and after our lesson, I learned more about it that helps me to enhanced my
way. Mean is the average of a group of numbers. To find the mean of my learners in
math test scores, for example, I add all the scores and then divide the answer by the
number of math test who took.
The most common expression for the mean of a statistical distribution with a
discrete random variable is the mathematical average of all the terms. To calculate it,
add up the values of all the terms and then divide by the number of terms. The mean
of a statistical distribution with a continuous random variable, also called the expected
value, is obtained by integrating the product of the variable with its probability as
defined by the distribution. The expected value is denoted by the lowercase Greek
letter mu (µ).
To calculate mean, add together all of the numbers in a set and then divide the
sum by the total count of numbers. For example, in a data center rack,
five servers consume 100 watts, 98 watts, 105 watts, 90 watts and 102 watts of
power, respectively. The mean power use of that rack is calculated as (100 + 98 +
105 + 90 + 102 W)/5 servers = a calculated mean of 99 W per server.
Intelligent power distribution units report the mean power utilization of the rack to
systems management software.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN MEDIAN
Median is a statistical measure that determines the middle value of a dataset

listed in ascending order (i.e., from smallest to largest value). The measure
divides the lower half from the higher half of the dataset. Along with mean and
mode, median is a measure of central tendency.
Although the mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency for
quantitative data, the median can be used instead if the data contains
large outliers. The outliers generally skew the mean, while the median is not
affected by extreme values. Sometimes the two measures are used
simultaneously to determine the value that describes the central value the best.
The median can be easily found. In some cases, it does not require any
calculations at all. The general steps of finding the median include:
1. Arrange the data in ascending order (from the lowest to the largest value).
2. Determine whether there is an even or an odd number of values in the dataset.
3. Considering the results of the previous step, further analysis may follow two
distinct scenarios:
The median often compared with others descriptive statistics such as the mean
(average), mode, and standard deviation
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN MODE
In statistics, the mode is the value that is repeatedly occurring in a given set. We

can also say that the value or number in a data set, which has a high frequency or
appears more frequently, is called mode or modal value. It is one of the three
measures of central tendency, apart from mean and median. For example, the
mode of the set {3, 7, 8, 8, 9}, is 8. Therefore, for a finite number of observations,
we can easily find the mode.
The mode is different than the mean (average) and median. The mode is the most
occurring value whereas the mean is the sum divided by the number of
observations in the data set and the median is the middle number in the data set
when the data is put into order by size, from smallest to largest.
All of the data in the data set has to be in or converted to the same unit of
measurement in order to find the mode.
There can be more than one mode in a data set. Some data sets may have
multiple values that occur the most.
The mode is useful in a variety of different types of data sets in a variety of different
scenarios across many industries. Refreshing your understanding of this basic
descriptive statistic will help you use it in ways that are useful to you and your
organization.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN QUARTILE
In statistics, quartiles are three points that divide the data set into four equal
groups. Each group represents the one-fourth of the data set.
First quartile (Q1), also known as lower quartile, splits the lower 25% of data. It is
the middle value of lower half.
Second quartile (Q2) which is more commonly known as median splits the data in
half (50%). Median divides the data into a lower half and an upper half.
Third quartile (Q3), also known as upper quartile, splits lowest 75% (or highest
25%) of data. It is the middle value of the upper half.
The first quartile is also known as 25th percentile, the second quartile as

50th percentile, and the third quartile as 75th percentile.
(A percentile is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of

observations fall)
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN DECILE
In descriptive statistics, a decile is used to categorize large data sets from the
highest to lowest values, or vice versa. Like the quartile and the percentile, a
decile is a form of a quantile that divides a set of observations into samples that
are easier to analyze and measure.
A decile is usually used to assign decile ranks to a data set. A decile rank
arranges the data in order from lowest to highest and is done on a scale of one to
10 where each successive number corresponds to an increase of 10 percentage
points. In other words, there are nine decile points. The 1st decile, or D1, is the
point that has 10% of the observations below it, D2 has 20% of the observations
below it, D3 has 30% of the observations falling below it, and so on.
There is no one way of calculating a decile; however, it is important that you are
consistent with whatever formula you decide to use to calculate a decile. One
simple calculation of a decile is:
D1=Value of [10n+1]th Data
D3=Value of [103×(n+1)]th Data
D9=Value of [109×(n+1)]th Data
From this formula, it is given that the 5th decile is the median since 5 (n+1) / 10 is
the data point that represents the halfway point of the distribution.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN PERCENTILE
Percentiles indicate the percentage of scores that fall below a particular value. They
tell you where a score stands relative to other scores. For example, a person with
an IQ of 120 is at the 91st percentile, which indicates that their IQ is higher than 91
percent of other scores.
Percentiles are a great tool to use when you need to know the relative standing of a
value. Where does a value fall within a distribution of values? While the concept
behind percentiles is straight forward, there are different mathematical methods for
calculating them. In this post, learn about percentiles, special percentiles and their
surprisingly flexible uses, and the various procedures for calculating them.
We give names to special percentiles. The 50 th percentile is the median. This value
splits a dataset in half. Half the values are below the 50 th percentile, and half are
above it. The median is a measure of central tendency in statistics.
Quartiles are values that divide your data into quarters, and they are based on
percentiles.
o The first quartile, also known as Q1 or the lower quartile, is the value of the
25th percentile. The bottom quarter of the scores fall below this value, while
three-quarters fall above it.
o The second quartile, also known as Q2 or the median, is the value of the
50th percentile. Half the scores are above and half below.
o The third quartile, also known as Q3 or the upper quartile, is the value of the
75% percentile. The top quarter of the scores fall above this value, while
three-quarters fall below it.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN VARIABILITY
Why we need to learn variability? Understanding variability is so essential. In

this lesson as we explore further I learned the most common measures of the
variability. It help me determine which one is best for my data.
Variation is a measure that describes how spread out or scattered a set of
data. It is also known as measure of dispersion or measure of spread. A measure
of variability is a summary statistic that represents the amount of dispersion in a
dataset. And also define how far away the data points tend to fall from the center.
Measurement of variability provide descriptive statistics that provide a
summary of your data together with measures of central tendency. Spread, scatter,
and dispersion are other words for variability.
The strongest indicator of variability in data set with outliers or skewed
distributions is the interquartile range. And the most crucial and widely used
indicator of variability is the standard deviation.
The range is the simplest way to calculate variability. Simply subtract the
lowest value in the data set from the greatest value to determine the range
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN RANGE
In statistics and mathematics, the range is the difference between the maximum
and minimum values of a data set and serve as one of two important features of a
data set. The formula for a range is the maximum value minus the minimum value
in the dataset, which provides statisticians with a better understanding of how
varied the data set is.
Two important features of a data set include the center of the data and the spread
of the data, and the center can be measured in a number of ways: the most popular
of these are the mean, median, mode, and midrange, but in a similar fashion, there
are different ways to calculate how spread out the data set is and the easiest and
crudest measure of spread is called the range.
The calculation of the range is very straightforward. All we need to do is find the
difference between the largest data value in our set and the smallest data value.
Stated succinctly we have the following formula: Range = Maximum Value–
Minimum Value. For example, the data set 4,6,10, 15, 18 has a maximum of 18, a
minimum of 4 and a range of 18-4 = 14.
The range is a very crude measurement of the spread of data because it is

extremely sensitive to outliers, and as a result, there are certain limitations to the
utility of a true range of a data set to statisticians because a single data value can
greatly affect the value of the range.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN INTERQUARTILE RANGE
The interquartile range (IQR) is the difference between the first quartile and
third quartile. The formula for this is:
IQR = Q3 - Q1
There are many measurements of the variability of a set of data. Both

the range and standard deviation tell us how spread out our data is. The
problem with these descriptive statistics is that they are quite sensitive to
outliers. A measurement of the spread of a dataset that is more resistant to
the presence of outliers is the interquartile range.
The interquartile range is built upon the calculation of other statistics. Before
determining the interquartile range, we first need to know the values of the
first quartile and third quartile. (Of course, the first and third quartiles depend
upon the value of the median).
Once we have determined the values of the first and third quartiles, the
interquartile range is very easy to calculate. All that we have to do is to
subtract the first quartile from the third quartile. This explains the use of the
term interquartile range for this statistic.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
Mean Absolute Deviation is a simple extension of the absolute variance. It sums up

the absolute variances and divides the result by the number of records. Mean
absolute deviation is an error statistic that averages the distance between each pair
of actual and fitted data points.
The Mean Absolute Deviation is specially important in data analysis where the
average value can be deceptive. The value of MAD is calculated by the mean of
the absolute distances between each number of the data set and the set's average
To find the mean absolute deviation of the data, start by finding the mean of the
data set. Find the sum of the data values, and divide the sum by the number of
data values. Find the absolute value of the difference between each data value and
the mean
Mean deviation is used to compute how far the values in a data set are from the
center point. Mean, median, and mode all form center points of the data set. In
other words, the mean deviation is used to calculate the average of the absolute
deviations of the data from the central point.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN VARIANCE
The term variance refers to a statistical measurement of the spread between

numbers in a data set. More specifically, variance measures how far each number
in the set is from the mean (average), and thus from every other number in the set.
Variance is often depicted by this symbol: σ 2. It is used by both analysts and
traders to determine volatility and market security.
The square root of the variance is the standard deviation (SD or σ), which helps
determine the consistency of an investment’s returns over a period of time.
Variance measures variability from the average or mean. It is calculated by taking

the differences between each number in the data set and the mean, then squaring
the differences to make them positive, and finally dividing the sum of the squares
by the number of values in the data set.
You can also use the formula above to calculate the variance in areas other than
investments and trading, with some slight alterations. For instance, when
calculating a sample variance to estimate a population variance, the denominator
of the variance equation becomes N − 1 so that the estimation is unbiased and
does not underestimate the population variance .
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN STANDARD DEVIATION
Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the data is on average. It

doesn’t give complete information and there are other measures of spread such as
interquartile range or the difference between certain decile
In normal distributions, a high standard deviation means that values are generally
far from the mean, while a low standard deviation indicates that values are
clustered close to the mean.
It tells us how spread out the values are in a given dataset. Whenever we analyze
a dataset, we're interested in finding the following metrics: The center of the
dataset. The most common way to measure the “center” is with the mean and the
median.
The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of variance by determining

each data point's deviation relative to the mean. If the data points are further from
the mean, there is a higher deviation within the data set; thus, the more spread out
the data, the higher the standard deviation.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
The coefficient of variation (COV) is a measure of relative event dispersion that's

equal to the ratio between the standard deviation and the mean. While it is most
commonly used to compare relative risk, the COV may be applied to any type of
quantitative likelihood or probability distribution. And in a different mathematical
context, COV is calculated as the ratio between root mean squared error and the
mean of a separate dependent variable. Although this type of COV analysis is
used less frequently, it can go a long way in determining if a model is an apt fit for
a specific task.
When used to evaluate investment risk, COV can be interpreted similarly to the
standard deviation in modern portfolio theory (MPT). But the COV is arguably a
better overall indicator of relative risk when it's used to compare different
securities. For example, suppose two different stocks offer different returns, with
each exhibiting a different standard deviation. Specifically, let's assume Stock A
has an expected return of 15% with a standard deviation of 10%, while Stock B
has an expected return of 10% coupled with a 5% standard deviation. In this
scenario, the COV for Stock A is 0.67 (10%/15%), while the COV for Stock B is 0.5
(5%/10%). Simply put: the data suggests that Stock B is a superior investment
from a risk-based perspective.
It allows investors to determine how much volatility, or risk, is assumed in
comparison to the amount of return expected from investments. The lower the ratio
of the standard deviation to mean return, the better risk-return trade-off.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN SKEWNESS
Skewness tells us about the direction of outliers. You can see that our distribution
is positively skewed and most of the outliers are present on the right side of the
distribution. The skewness does not tell us about the number of outliers. It only tells
us the direction.
Skewness gives the direction of the outliers if it is right-skewed, most of the outliers
are present on the right side of the distribution while if it is left-skewed, most of the
outliers will present on the left side of the distribution
Skewness is a key statistics concept must know in the data science and analytics
fields.
Skewness tells us if returns have been extreme or not. A relatively high positive
skewness reading indicates returns deep in the right tail of the distribution. A
negative number equates with a loss in the left tail. In short, skewness offers a
straightforward tool for quantifying and monitoring tail risk.
Tel. No. (083) 552-3348 Fax (083) 301-1927
www.rmmc.edu.ph

CN: 9028
MY REFLECTION IN KURTOSIS
Kurtosis is a metric that indicates how heavy-tailed or light-tailed the data are in
comparison to a normal distribution. In other words, data sets with a high kortusis
tend to have large outliers or heavy tails. Data set with low kortusis frequently lack
outliers and have light tails. The worst-case scenario would be a uniform
distribution. The risk that an invesment entails is measured using kortusis. The
magnitude of the estimated kortusis can also be used to predict the type of
investment that will yield higher returns. Any investment data set’s divergence from
the mean will increase as excess increases. Kortusis is a statical term that
quantifies how much data clusters in the peak or tails.
The three categories of kurtosis are:

 Mesokurtosis: An excess kurtosis of 0. Normal distributions are mesokurtic.
 Platykurtosis: A negative excess kurtosis. Platykurtic distributions are thin-
tailed, meaning that they have few outliers.
 Leptokurtosis: A positive excess kurtosis. Leptokurtic distributions are fat-
tailed, meaning that they have many outliers.

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REFLECTIONS ON THE DIFFERENT

TOPICS IN ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

Median is a statistical measure that determines the middle value of a dataset

2. Determine whether there is an even or an odd number of values in the dataset.

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

In statistics, the mode is the value that is repeatedly occurring in a given set. We

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

The first quartile is also known as 25th percentile, the second quartile as

(A percentile is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

Why we need to learn variability? Understanding variability is so essential. In

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

The range is a very crude measurement of the spread of data because it is

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

MY REFLECTION IN INTERQUARTILE RANGE

There are many measurements of the variability of a set of data. Both

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

MY REFLECTION IN MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION

Mean Absolute Deviation is a simple extension of the absolute variance. It sums up

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

The term variance refers to a statistical measurement of the spread between

Variance measures variability from the average or mean. It is calculated by taking

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

MY REFLECTION IN STANDARD DEVIATION

Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the data is on average. It

The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of variance by determining

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

MY REFLECTION IN COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

The coefficient of variation (COV) is a measure of relative event dispersion that's

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

STUDENT NAME: JOVELYN W. BARCENAS

The three categories of kurtosis are:

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