Binder Test-17 (Geography Revision Test) ENGLISH

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Test No.
GENERAL STUDIES
GEOGRAPHY REVISION TEST
17
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200
INSTRUCTIONS
1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT
THIS TEST BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS,
ETC. IF SO, GET IT REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.
2. Please note that it is the candidate’s responsibility to encode and fill in the Roll Number carefully
without any omission or discrepancy at the appropriate places in the OMR Answer Sheet. Any
omission/discrepancy will render the Answer Sheet liable for rejection.
3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the test booklet in the Box provided
alongside. DO NOT write anything else on the Test Booklet.
4. This Test Booklet contains 100 items (questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you
feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider the best. In any case,
choose ONLY ONE response for each item.
5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See directions in the
Answer Sheet.
6. All items carry equal marks.
7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer Sheet in response to various items in the Test Booklet, you have to
fill in some particulars in the Answer Sheet as per instructions sent to you with your Admission Certificate.
8. After you have completed filling in all your responses on the Answer Sheet and the examination has concluded,
you should hand over to the Invigilator only the Answer Sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the
Test Booklet.
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.
10. Penalty for wrong answers:
THERE WILL BE PENALTY FOR WRONG ANSWERS MARKED BY A CANDIDATE IN THE OBJECTIVE
TYPE QUESTION PAPERS.
(i) There are four alternatives for the answer to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer
has been given by the candidate, one-third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as
penalty.
(ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given
answers happens to be correct and there will be same penalty as above to that question.
(iii) If a question is left blank, i.e., no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that
question.
DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
1. Consider the following statements (c) It is distinguishable from orogenic
regarding Structure of Earth: mountain belts by the lack of folding,
metamorphism, extensive faulting, or
1. The upper part of the lithosphere consists magmatic activity
of granitic rocks whereas its lower part
(d) The eastern part of the Plateau of Tibet
consists of basaltic rocks.
is believed to have dissected terrain due
2. The primary constituents of continental to the headwaters of many Asian rivers.
crust are silica and alumina whereas the
primary constituents of oceanic crust are 4. Match the following:
silica and magnesium.
Intrusive
3. The continental crust is denser than the Igneous Definition
oceanic crust. Rocks
A. They are lens-shaped mass
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
1. Lopoliths of igneous rocks occupying the
correct? crest of an anticline.
(a) 1 only B. They are the largest known
intrusions of dense magma
RE
(b) 1 and 2 only 2. Batholiths and form a thick saucer shape
(c) 2 and 3 only within the surrounding country
rocks.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
C. They are type of igneous rock
that forms when magma rises
3. Phacoliths
2. Consider the following pairs: into the earth’s crust, but does
not erupt onto the surface.
1.
O
Block Mountains – They are formed at
D. They are large blister or
the continental collision zone where two
4. Laccoliths igneous mound with a dome-
or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are
shaped upper surface.
pushed together.
Select the correct answer using the codes given
SC
2. Fold Mountains – They are formed by the below:
movement of large crustal blocks when
(a) 1-A, 2-D, 3-C, 4-B
forces in the Earth’s crust pull it apart.
(b) 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D
3. Volcanic Mountains – They are when
(c) 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
molten rock from deep inside the Earth
erupts through the crust and piles up on (d) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
itself.
GS
5. Consider the following statements:

Which of the pair(s) given above is/are matched
1. Fumaroles are geothermal features that
incorrectly?
depend on the interactions of released
(a) 1 and 2 only volcanic gases and the local groundwater
system.
(b) 2 only
2. The areas with fumaroles features are
(c) 1 and 3 only called “dying volcanoes” because they
occur near the end stages of volcanic
(d) 2 and 3 only activity.
3. Mudpots are surface features that occur
3. Which of the following statement is when limited amount of geothermal
incorrect regarding Dissected Plateau? water is mixed with mud and clay.
Which of the statements given above are
(a) It forms as a result of upward movement correct?
in the Earth’s crust caused by the slow
(a) 1 and 3 only
collision of tectonic plates.
(b) 2 and 3 only
(b) It consists of flat areas along with ridged
piercings in the ground with sharp and (c) 1, 2 and 3
narrow sides. (d) 1 and 2 only
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 2
1. i`Foh dh lajpuk ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij (c) ;g oyu] dk;karj.k] O;kid Hkza'ku] ;k eSXeh;
fopkj dhft,% xfrfofèk dh deh ds dkj.k ioZruh ioZrh; isVh
ls vyx igpkuk tk ldrk gS
1- LFkyeaMy dk Åijh Hkkx vkXus; 'kSyksa ls cuk
(d) ekuk tkrk gS fd frCcr ds iBkj ds iwoÊ Hkkx
gS tcfd fupyk Hkkx cslkYVh 'kSyksa ls cuk
esa dÃ ,f'k;kÃ ufn;ksa ds mn~xe ds dkj.k
gSA
foPNsfnr Hkw&Hkkx gSA
2- egk}hih; iiZVh ds çkFkfed la?kVd flfydk
vkSj ,Y;wfeuk gSa tcfd egklkxjh; iiZVh ds 4. fuEufyf[kr dks lqesfyr dhft,%
çkFkfed la?kVd flfydk vkSj eSXuhf'k;e gSaA
varosZèkh ifjHkk"kk
3- egk}hih; iiZVh egklkxjh; iiZVh dh rqyuk vkXus; 'kSysa
esa vis{kk—r l?ku gSA
1. yksiksfyFk A.yksiksfyFk viufr dk f'k[kj vfèk—r
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@ djus okyh vkXus; 'kSyksa dh ysalkdkj
gSa\ lagfr gksrk gSA
(a) dsoy 1 2. cSFkksfyFk B. cSFkksfyFk l?ku eSXek dk fo'kkyre
RE
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 Kkr varosZèku gSa vkSj vklikl dh LFkkuh;
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 'kSyksa ds Hkhrj ,d eksVh r'rjh ds vkdkj
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 esa curs gSaA
3. QSdksfyFk C. QSdksfyFk ,d çdkj dh vkXus; 'kSy
2. fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,% gS tks rc curk gS tc eSXek i`Foh dh
1- CykWd ekmaVsu & Hkza'kksRFk ioZr egk}hih; Vdjko
O iiZVh esa Åij p<+rk gS ysfdu lrg ij
ds {ks= esa curs gSa tgk¡ i`Foh dh nks ;k vfèkd mn~Hksfnr ugÈ gks ikrk gSA
foorZfud IysVsa ,d lkFk vkxs c<+rh gSaA 4. ySdksfyFk D. ySdksfyFk xqacnkdkj Åijh lrg okys
fo'kky mnorZ ;k vkXus; Vhys gSaA
2- ofyr ioZr ¼QksYM ekmaVsu½ & ofyr ioZr
SC
fo'kky iiZVh; [kaMksa dh xfr ls rc curs gSa uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) 1&A] 2&D] 3&C] 4&B
tc i`Foh dh iiZVh esa dk;Z djus okys cy
(b) 1&C] 2&A] 3&B] 4&D
iiZVh dks vyx djrs gSaA
(c) 1&B] 2&C] 3&A] 4&D
3- Tokykeq[kh ioZr – Tokykeq[kh ioZr rc curs (d) 1&B] 2&D] 3&A] 4&C
gSa tc i`Foh dh xgjkÃ ls fi?kyh 'kSysa HkwiiZVh
GS
ls mn~Hksfnr gksdj viuk <sj yxkrh gSaA 5. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
mi;qZä ;qXe@;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh lqesfyr 1- èkezfNæ (Fumaroles) voeqDr Tokykeq[kh;
ugÈ gS@gSa\ xSlksa vkSj LFkkuh; Hkwty ç.kkyh dh varjfØ;k
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 ij fuHkZj Hkwrkih; vk—fr;k¡ gSaA
(b) dsoy 2 2- èkwezfNæ vk—fr;ksa okys {ks=ksa dks ÞvarksUeq[kh
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 Tokykeq[khß dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd èkwezfNæ
(d) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 vk—fr;k¡ Tokykeq[kh xfrfofèk ds vafre pj.k
ds fudV ikÃ tkrh gSaA
3. foPNsfnr iBkj ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk 3- eMi‚V (Mudpots) lhfer ek=k esa Hkwrkih;
dFku xyr gS\ ty dhpM+ vkSj fpfduh e`nk ls feyus ij
(a) ;g foorZfud IysVksa dh èkheh Vôj ds dkj.k cuus okyh Hkwi`"Bh; vk—fr;k¡ gSaA
i`Foh dh iiZVh dh Åij dh vksj xfr ds mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
ifj.kkeLo:i curk gSA (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) ;g rh{.k vkSj ladh.kZ ik'Zo okyh Hkwfe esa (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
dVd;qDr osèku ds lkFk lery {ks= esa curk (c) 1] 2 vkSj 3
gSA (d) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
3 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
6. Consider the following pairs: 9. Consider the following statements
regarding Biological Weathering:
Plate Boundary – Trench
1. The breaking down of rocks by microbial
1. Juan de Fuca – Atacama Trench
activity alters the chemical composition
Plate of the rocks.
2. Nazca Plate – Cascadia Trench 2. Lichens produce a dilute, acidic solution
3. Rivera Plate – Middle America that slowly causes some minerals in rock
Trench to decompose.
Which of the pairs given above are matched Which of the statements given above is/are
incorrectly? correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only (a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 1 and 2 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2
RE
10. Which of the following activities affect
7. Which of the following statements is/are
the formation/composition of soil?
correct regarding Exfoliation?
1. Rapid oxidation of dead vegetation due
1. It is a chemical weathering of rocks in
to bacterial growth in humid tropical
which pressure in a rock is released along
climate.
parallel alignments near the surface of
the bedrock.
O 2. Process of evaporation exceeding
precipitation in dry climates.
2. It primarily occurs on intrusive igneous
or metamorphosed rocks that are exposed 3. Development of a thick layer of clay with
at the Earth’s surface. good accumulation of organic matter over
SC
flat areas.
below: Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
GS
(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3
8. Consider the following statements

11. Which of the following statement is
regarding Frost Wedging:
incorrect regarding Natural Levee?
1. It is a mechanical disintegration of rock
by the pressure of water freezing in (a) It is an embankment formed naturally
after a river floods and recedes.
cracks, crevices, pores, and joints.
2. It does not occur in very cold areas because (b) It is commonly developed by alluvial
the process of thawing is infrequent. streams flowing on flood plains located
immediately adjacent to the channel and
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are forms a low wide ridge.
incorrect?
(c) It cannot exist along the coastline because
(a) 1 only of stormy waves.
(b) 2 only (d) The pipelines can be installed through
(c) Both 1 and 2 such formations without disturbing
them by using trenchless construction
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 methods.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 4
6. fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,% 9. tSfod vi{k; ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj
IysV lhek & xrZ dhft,%
1- tqvku Mh Qwdk & vVkdkek xrZ 1- lw{etSfod xfrfofèk ls 'kSyksa ds fo?kVu ls
IysV 'kSyksa dh jklk;fud lajpuk cny tkrh gSA
2- ukt+dk IysV & dSLdsfM;k xrZ 2- ykbdsu ruq vEyh; foy;u cukrs gSa ftlls
3- fjojk IysV & eè; vesfjdh xrZ èkhjs&èkhjs 'kSyksa esa dqN [kfutksa dk vi?kVu gks
mi;qZä ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gSa\ tkrk gSA
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
7. vi'kYdu ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls
RE
10. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu xfrfofèk;ksa ls e`nk dk fuekZ.k@
dFku lgh gS@gSa\ la?kVu çHkkfor gksrk gS\
1- ;g 'kSyksa dk jklk;fud vi{k; gS ftlesa fdlh 1- vkæZ m".kdfVcaèkh; tyok;q esa thok.kqvksa
'kSy dk nkc vkèkkjf'kyk dh lrg ds fudV dh o`f) ds dkj.k e`r ouLifr;ksa ds æqr
lekukarj lajs[k.k ds lkFk voeqDr gksrk gSA
O v‚Dlhdj.k lsA
2- ;g eq[; :i ls i`Foh dh lrg ij vuko`Ùk 2- 'kq"d tyok;q esa o"kZ.k ls vfèkd ok"ihdj.k dh
gks xÃ varosZèkh vkXus; ;k dk;kZrfjr 'kSyksa ij çfØ;k lsA
gksrk gSA 3- lery {ks=ksa esa dkcZfud inkFkks± ds mi;qDr
SC
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A lap; ds lkFk e`nk dh eksVh ijr ds fodkl
lsA
(a) dsoy 1
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(b) dsoy 2
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
GS
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
8. rq"kkj Hkatu ¼Frost Wedging½ ds lacaèk esa
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% 11. çkÑfrd rVcaèk ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk
1- ;g njkjksa] fonfjdkvksa vkSj tksM+ksa esa ty teus dFku xyr gS\
ls cuus okys ncko ls 'kSyksa dk ;kaf=d fo?kVu (a) ;g unh esa ck<+ vkus vkSj mrjus ds ckn
gSA çk—frd :i ls cuus okyk rVcaèk gSA
(b) ;g lkekU;r% tyekxZ ds Bhd cxy fLFkr
2- ;g cgqr BaMs bykdksa esa ugÈ gksrk gS D;ksafd
ck<+ ds eSnkuksa ij cgus okyh tyks<+ èkkjkvksa
fgeæo.k dh çfØ;k cgqr de gksrh gSA
ls fodflr gksrk gS vkSj ,d ean pkSM+k dVd
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@ cukrk gSA
gSa\ (c) ;g rwQkuh ygjksa ds dkj.k leqæ rV ds lkFk
(a) dsoy 1 cuk ugÈ jg ldrk gSA
(b) dsoy 2 (d) xïkjfgr fuekZ.k fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx dj bUgsa
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa NsM+s fcuk ,sls lajpukvksa ls gksdj ikbiykbuksa
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 dks LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
12. Consider the following statements: 15. Consider the following types of
1. Soliflucation is a slow downward Biogeochemical Cycle:
movement of soil which results from the 1. In the sedimentary type of cycle major
complete waterlogging of sediment. reservoir is the lithosphere, from
2. Slumping is a downward movement of which the elements are released by
a block of earth material where clay- weathering.
rich materials are exposed along a steep
slope. 2. The movement of those elements and
3. Soil Creep is a slow and downward flow inorganic compounds that are essential
of soils which is common in damp soils to life can be conveniently designated as
where water act as a lubricant so that the nutrient cycling.
individual soil particles move over each
3. The carbon cycle describes the process in
other.
which carbon atoms continually travel
Which of the statements given above are from the atmosphere to the Earth and
correct? then back into the atmosphere.
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only correct?
RE
(c) 1 and 2 only (a) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
13. It is a cool temperate western margin climate. (c) 1 only

This climate is under permanent influence of (d) 1 and 3 only
westerlies all-round the year. It experiences
O
oceanic influence on both the temperature
and the precipitation. This climate has 16. Consider the following pairs:
adequate rainfall throughout the year with a
1. Continental Slope – It is the extended
tendency towards a slight winter or autumn
maximum from cyclonic sources. margin of each continent occupied by
SC
relatively shallow seas and gulfs.
Which of the following type of climate is
described in the above passage? 2. Seamount – These are low islands found
in the tropical oceans consisting of coral
(a) Siberian Climate
reefs surrounding a central depression.
(b) Laurentian Climate
3. Guyots – It is a mountain with pointed
(c) British Type Climate summits, rising from the seafloor that
GS
(d) China Type Climate does not reach the surface of the ocean.
Which of the pair(s) given above is/are matched
14. Consider the following statements incorrectly?
regarding deserts:
(a) 1 and 3 only
1. The temperate deserts are rainless
because of their interior location in the (b) 2 only
temperate latitudes.
(c) 2 and 3 only
2. The major deserts around the world are
located on the western coasts because of (d) 1, 2 and 3
the presence of cold currents along the
western coast of the continents.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are regarding Ocean Salinity:
correct?
1. The high rate of evaporation caused by
(a) 1 only
high temperature and low humidity leads
(b) 2 only to high salinity in the ocean.
(c) Both 1 and 2 2. The equatorial waters have low salinity
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 due to high amount of rainfall and high
humidity.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 6
12. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% 15. fuEufyf[kr çdkj ds tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ ij fopkj
1- e`nk liZ.k ryNV ds iw.kZ tyHkjko ds dhft,%
ifj.kkeLo:i e`nk dh èkheh vèkksxkeh xfr gSA 1- volknh çdkj ds pØ esa çeq[k xqfgdk
2- voikr e`nk lkexzh ds fdlh [kaM dh uhps LFkyeaMy gksrk gS] ftlls vi{k; ls rRo
dh vksj xfr gS tgk¡ fpduh e`nk ls Hkjiwj voeqDr gksrs gSaA
lkexzh fdlh [kM+h <yku ds lkFk vuko`Ùk gks 2- thou ds fy, vko';d bu rRoksa vkSj
tkrh gSA vdkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dh xfr dks lqfoèkktud
3- e`nk foliZ.k ue e`nk esa vke e`nk dk uhps dh <ax iks"kd pØ.k fuÆn"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vksj èkhek çokg gS ftlesa ty Lusgd ds :i 3- ftl çfØ;k esa dkcZu ijek.kq fujarj ok;qeaMy
esa dk;Z djrk gS ftlls vyx&vyx e`nk d.k ls i`Foh dh vksj vkSj fQj okil ok;qeaMy dh
,d&nwljs ds Åij xfr djrs gSaA vksj tkrs gSa] dkcZu pØ mldk o.kZu djrk
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\ gSA
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 gSa\
RE
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (a) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1
(d) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
13. ;g BaMh le'khrks".k if'peh lhekar tyok;q gSA ;g
tyok;q o"kZ Hkj iNqok iouksa ds LFkk;h çHkko esa jgrh
O 16. fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,%
gSA ;gk¡ rkieku vkSj o"kkZ nksuksa ij leqæh çHkko vuqHko
1- egk}hih; <ky & ;g çR;sd egk}hi dk og
gksrk gSA bl tyok;q esa o"kZ Hkj i;kZIr o"kkZ gksrh gS]
foLrkfjr lhekar gS ftl ij vis{kk—r mFkys
lkFk gh pØokrh lzksrksa ls FkksM+h 'khr_rq ;k 'kjn _rq leqæ vkSj [kkfM+;k¡ gksrh gSaA
SC
dh ço`fÙk gksrh gSA 2- var%leqæh ioZr & m".kdfVcaèkh; egklkxjksa esa
mi;qZä x|ka'k esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl çdkj dh ik, tkus okys var%leqæh ioZr dsaæh; voueu
tyok;q dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS\ dks ?ksjus okyh çoky fHkfÙk;ksa ls feydj cus
(a) lkbcsfj;kÃ tyok;q fuEu }hi gSaA
(b) y‚jsaf'k;u tyok;q
3- var%leqæh iBkj – var%leqæh iBkj uqdhys
(c) fczfV'k çdkj dh tyok;q
f'k[kj okyk ioZr gS] tks leqævèkLry ls Åij
GS
(d) phu çdkj dh tyok;q mBrk gS ysfdu leqæ dh lrg rd ugÈ igq¡p
ikrk gSA
14. e#LFkyksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj mi;qZä ;qXe@;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh lqesfyr
dhft,% ugÈ gS@gSa\
1- 'khrks".k e#LFky le'khrks".k v{kka'kksa esa viuh (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
vkUrfjd vofLFkfr ds dkj.k o"kkZfoghu gksrs (b) dsoy 2
gSaA (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
2- fo'o Hkj ds çeq[k e:LFky egk}hiksa ds if'peh (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
rV ij BaMh egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dh mifLFkfr
ds dkj.k if'peh rVksa ij fLFkr gSaA 17. egklkxjh; yo.krk ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@ fopkj dhft,%
gSa\ 1- mPp rkieku vkSj de vkæZrk ds dkj.k
(a) dsoy 1 ok"ihdj.k dh mPp nj ls leqæ esa yo.krk
(b) dsoy 2 vfèkd gksrh gSA
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa 2- mPp o"kkZ vkSj mPp vkæZrk ds dkj.k fo"kqorh;
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 leqæksa esa yo.krk de gksrh gSA
7 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are 2. Meander formation is more common
correct? in Himalayan Rivers while Peninsular
(a) 1 only Rivers generally run in straight course.
(b) 2 only Which of the above statements are correct?
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 2 only
18. Provision of food, feed and fibres are the (c) Both 1 and 2
pivotal environmental services for our
civilization. Which of the following is (d) Neither 1 nor 2
incorrect about the changing climate and
crop production?
21. Consider the following statement
(a) Increasing atmospheric CO2 may increase
regarding Brahmaputra River System:
C3 crop production.
(b) After the Green revolution, organic 1. Brahmaputra ranks third among the
content of soil has gone down. World Rivers with respect to its average
RE
(c) Under-utilization of surface water due discharge.
to less vegetation causes enrichment of
2. North bank tributaries of Brahmaputra
underground water.
carry a low slit charge as compared to its
(d) Genetic homogeneity of crops increases
the risk of large scale crop destruction by south bank tributaries.
a single factor. 3. Jiabharali is a north bank tributary of
O Brahmaputra.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are

19. Which of the following statements
are correct regarding the objectives incorrect?
SC
of maintain sustainable development
(a) 1 and 2 only
while planning human settlement in
hilly areas? (b) 2 and 3 only
1. To conserve the natural resources and
the scenic capacities for the benefit of the (c) 1 and 3 only
present and future generations
(d) 2 only
2. To bring sustainable - social, institutional
and economic development to local
GS
people. 22. Consider the following statements

3. To develop tourism in such a way that it regarding North Eastern Rivers:
will have minimum negative impact on
1. Both Barak and Imphal River rises from
the environment
Senapati district of Manipur.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct? 2. Barak is also known by the name of
(a) 1 only Surma and Kushiyara.
(b) 2 and 3 only 3. Sonai is a north bank tributary of Barak
(c) 1 and 3 only while Jiri is a south bank tributary of
Barak.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
regarding drainage system:
1. Himalayan rivers are example of (b) 2 and 3 only
consequent drainage while peninsular (c) 1 and 3 only
rivers are example of antecedent
drainage. (d) 1, 2 and 3
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 8
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@ 2- fgeky; dh ufn;ksa esa foliZ fuekZ.k vfèkd
gSa\ vke gS tcfd çk;}hih; ufn;k¡ lkekU;r%
(a) dsoy 1 lhèkh fn'kk esa pyrh gSaA
(b) dsoy 2
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2
18. Hkkstu] pkjk vkSj js'kksa dk çkoèkku gekjh lH;rk
ds fy, çeq[k i;kZoj.kh; lsok,a gSaA ifjoÆrr gksrh
tyok;q vkSj Qly mRiknu ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa
21. czãiq= unh ç.kkyh ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
ls dkSu&lk xyr gS\
(a) c<+rs ok;qeaMyh; CO2 ls C3 Qly mRiknu
fopkj dhft,%
esa o`f) gks ldrh gSA 1- czãiq= vius vkSlr cgko ds ekeys esa foÜo
dh ufn;ksa esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA
RE
(b) gfjr Økafr ds ckn] e`nk dh dkcZfud lkexzh
esa deh vkÃ gSA 2- czãiq= ds mÙkjh fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;k¡]
(c) ouLifr de gksus ds dkj.k Hkwi`"Bh; ty ds nf{k.kh fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;ksa dh rqyuk esa
de mi;ksx ls Hkwfexr ty le`) gksrk gSA de xkn ykrh gSaA
(d) Qlyksa dh vuqokaf'kd ltkrh;rk ls fdlh
3- ftHkjkyh czãiq= dh mÙkjh rV dh lgk;d
,dy dkjd ls fo'kky iSekus ij Qly fouk'k
dk tksf[ke c<+rk gSA
O unh gSA
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@
19. igkM+h {ks=ksa esa ekuo cLrh dh ;kstuk cukrs le; gSa\
SC
laèkkj.kh; fodkl cuk, j[kus ds mís';ksa ds lacaèk esa (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls dFku lgh gSa\ (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
1- orZeku vkSj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds ykHk ds fy, (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
çk—frd lalkèkuksa vkSj lqjE; {kerkvksa dk (d) dsoy 2
laj{k.k djuk
GS
2- LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fy, laèkkj.kh; & lkekftd] 22. mÙkj iwoÊ ufn;ksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
laLFkkxr vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl ykukA fopkj dhft,%
3- bl çdkj i;ZVu dks fodflr djuk fd bldk 1- cjkd vkSj bEQky unh ef.kiqj ds lsukifr
i;kZoj.k ij U;wure udkjkRed çHkko iM+sA ftys ls fudyrh gSA
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ 2- cjkd dks lqjek vkSj dqf'k;kjk ds uke ls Hkh
(a) dsoy 1
tkuk tkrk gS A
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
3- lksuÃ cjkd ds mÙkjh fdukjs dh lgk;d unh
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 gS tcfd ftjh cjkd ds nf{k.kh fdukjs dh
lgk;d unh gSA
20. ty fudklh ç.kkyh ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
fopkj dhft,% (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
1- fgeky;h ufn;k¡ vuqorÊ viokg dk mnkgj.k (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
gSa tcfd çk;}hih; ufn;k¡ iwoZorÊ viokg dk (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
mnkgj.k gSaA (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
9 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
23. Consider the following statements 26. Consider the following statements, with
regarding Peninsular Rivers: respect to climate of India,
1. Seonath is a left bank while Tel is a right 1. If the Himalayas were absent, most of
bank tributary of Mahanadi. India would have been a desert.
2. Penganga is a left bank while Manjra is a 2. The abnormally high rainfall in
right bank tributary of Godavari. Cherrapunji is due to funneling effect
and orographic uplift.
3. Musi is a right bank tributary of Krishna
on whose bank city of Hyderabad is 3. The Arabian Sea Monsoon winds branch
located. always moves parallel to Western Ghats.
Which of the above statements are correct? Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
RE
24. Consider the following rivers:
1. Barakar
1. The Westerly Jet stream blowing over
2. Konar Northern India in summers is bifurcated
3. Bokaro in two by Tibetan Highlands.
4. Haharo 2. The easterly jet streams blow over
Which of the rivers given above are the
O peninsular India in the winter season.
tributaries of Damodar River? Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 only
SC
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
25. Which of the following pair(s) is/are
correct regarding the classification of 28. With respect to summer and winter
season in India, consider the following
GS
land use in India?

statements:
1. Area under Non-agricultural Uses: It
includes all lands occupied by buildings, 1. In winter months, the weather conditions
roads and railways or under water. over India are generally influenced by
the distribution of pressure in Central
2. Barren Land: It includes land which and Western Asia.
cannot be brought under cultivation
2. The depressions created by Westerly
except at an exorbitant cost.
jet stream have a significant role in the
3. Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops: It distribution of monsoon rainfall over the
includes all cultivable land which is not Indian subcontinent.
included in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to
3. The western cyclonic disturbance
some agricultural uses.
originates in the Caspian Sea.
below: correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (a) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only (c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 10
23. çk;}hih; ufn;ksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij 26. Hkkjr dh tyok;q ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
fopkj dhft,% fopkj dhft,%
1- f'koukFk egkunh dh ck,¡ fdukjs dh tcfd 1- ;fn fgeky; u gksrk rks Hkkjr dk vfèkdka'k
rsy nk,¡ fdukjs dh lgk;d unh gSA Hkkx e#LFky gksrkA
2- isauxaxk xksnkojh ds ck,¡ fdukjs dh tcfd 2- psjkiwath esa vlkekU; :i ls vfèkd o"kkZ
ekatjk nkfgus fdukjs dh lgk;d unh gSA QuÇyx çHkko vkSj ioZrh; mRFkku ds dkj.k
3- eqlh] —".kk dh nk,¡ fdukjs dh lgk;d unh gS gksrh gSA
ftlds rV ij gSnjkckn 'kgj fLFkr gSA 3- vjc lkxj dh ekulwuh iouksa dh 'kk[kk lnSo
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\ if'peh ?kkV ds lekukUrj pyrh gSA
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
RE
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
24. fuEufyf[kr ufn;ksa ij fopkj dhft,%
1- cjkdj 27. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
2- dksukj 1- xzh"e _rq esa mÙkjh Hkkjr esa Åij cgus okyh
3- cksdkjks if'peh tsV èkkjk frCcrh mPpHkwfe ls nks Hkkxksa
4- gkgkjks
lgk;d ufn;k¡ gSa\

O
Åij nh xÃ ufn;ksa esa ls dkSu&lh nkeksnj unh dh 2-
esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gSA
iwoÊ tsV èkkjk,a 'khr_rq esa çk;}hih; Hkkjr esa
Åij cgrh gSaA
(a) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
SC
(b) dsoy 2] 3 vkSj 4
(a) dsoy 1
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 4
(b) dsoy 2
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
25. Hkkjr esa Hkwfe mi;ksx ds oxÊdj.k ds lacaèk esa
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls ;qXe lgh gS@gSa\
GS
28. Hkkjr esa xzh"e_rq vkSj 'khr_rq ds lacaèk esa]

1- xSj&—f"k mi;ksx ds vèkhu {ks=% blesa Hkouksa]
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
lM+dksa vkSj jsyekxks± }kjk vkPNkfnr ;k
vartZyh; lHkh Hkwfe 'kkfey gSaA 1- lÆn;ksa ds eghuksa esa] Hkkjr esa ekSle dh fLFkfr
lkekU;r% eè; vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k esa ncko ds
2- catj Hkwfe% blesa ,slh Hkwfe 'kkfey gS ftls
forj.k ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA
vR;fèkd ykxr ds fcuk [ksrh ds vèkhu ugÈ
yk;k tk ldrk gSA 2- if'peh tsV èkkjk }kjk cuk, x, vonkc dh
3- fofoèk o`{k Qlyksa ds vèkhu Hkwfe% blesa ^'kq) Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ekulwu o"kkZ ds forj.k
cks;k x;k {ks=* esa 'kkfey ugÈ ysfdu dqN —f"k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
mi;ksxksa ds fy, j[kh xÃ lHkh —f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe 3- if'peh pØokrh fo{kksHk dk mn~Hko dSfLi;u
'kkfey gSA lkxj esa gksrk gSA
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (b) dsoy 3
(c) dsoy 3 (c) dsoy 1
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
11 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
29. Which of the following are potential 32. Consider the following:
impacts of ITCZ in India?
Local Storms - Associated
1. Upward movement of Westerly Jet Area
stream
1. Loo - Bihar
2. Distribution of rainfall
2. Bardoli Cheerha - Gujarat
3. Path of tropical depressions originating
3. Mango Showers - Karnataka
in Bay of Bengal
Which of the above is/are correctly matched?
Choose the correct option using the code given
below: (a) 1 and 2 only
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
33. Consider the following statements, with
RE
30. With respect to El Nino, consider the regard to Western disturbances:
following statements: 1. Western disturbances are characterized
1. It decreases cyclonic activity in both Bay by cloudy night sky and decreased
of Bengal and Arabian Sea temperatures.
2. It can lead to droughts in India. 2. Precipitation during the winter season
3.
O
It delays the onset of Monsoon in the
has great importance in agriculture
country. particularly for Rabi crops.
Which of the statements given above is/are Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
SC
correct?
(c) 1 and 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

GS
31. Consider the following statements: 34. Consider the following:

1. The intensity, frequency and spatial
distribution of the Indian monsoon are Seasons Characteristics
governed by depressions formed on the
1. Winter Anti-cyclonic circulation on
mainland.
Season mainland
2. The retreating monsoon season is marked 2. Summer ITCZ on Equator
by chilly winds and cloudy skies.
season
3. Summer rainfall occurs in the form of
3. Retreating Heavy rainfall in western
heavy downpour leading to soil erosion.
Monsoon India
correct? Which of the above is/are correctly matched?
(b) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 12
29. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls Hkkjr esa ITCZ ds laHkkfor 32. fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft,%
çHkko gSa\ LFkkuh; rwQku & lac) {ks=
1- if'peh tsV èkkjk dh mèZoxkeh xfr 1- yw & fcgkj
2- o"kkZ dk forj.k 2- ckjMksyh phjk & xqtjkr
3- caxky dh [kkM+h esa mRiUu gksus okys
3- vkez o"kkZ & dukZVd
m".kdfVcaèkh; vonkcksa dk ekxZ
mi;qZä esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh lqesfyr gS@gSa\
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh fodYi
pqfu,A (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
RE
30. vy uhuks ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj 33. if'peh fo{kksHk ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
dhft,% fopkj dhft,%
1- blls caxky dh [kkM+h vkSj vjc lkxj nksuksa 1- if'peh fo{kksHk dh fo'ks"krk jkr esa ckny Nk,
esa pØokrh xfrfofèk de gksrh gSA
jguk vkSj rkieku esa deh gksrh gSA
2-
3-
blls Hkkjr esa lw[kk iM+ ldrk gSA
O
blls ns'k esa ekulwu vkxeu esa foyac gksrk
2- 'khr_rq esa o"kkZ —f"k fo'ks"k :i ls jch Qlyksa
gSA ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

SC
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
GS
31. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
1- Hkkjrh; ekulwu dh rhozrk] vko`fÙk vkSj 34. fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft,%
LFkkfud forj.k eq[; Hkwfe ij cus vonkcksa _rq,¡ fo'ks"krk,¡
}kjk fu;af=r gksrk gSA 1. 'khr _rq eq[; Hkwfe ij
2- çR;korÊ ekulwu ds ekSle dh fo'ks"krk lnZ çfrpØokrh ifjlapj.k
iousa vkSj es?kkPNkfnr vkdk'k gksrk gSA 2. xzh"e _rq Hkweè; js[kk ij ITCZ
3- xzh"edkyhu o"kkZ Hkkjh o"kkZ ds :i esa gksrh gS 3. çR;orÊ ekulwu if'peh Hkkjr esa Hkkjh o"kkZ
ftlls e`nk vijnu gksrk gSA mi;qZä esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh lqesfyr gS@gSa\
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (c) dsoy 2
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
13 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
35. Consider the following statements: Select the correct answer using the codes given
1. Arabian Sea Branch of Southwest below:
monsoon causes extensive rainfall in (a) 1-2-3-4
central India.
(b) 2-1-3-4
2. The monsoon winds enter West Bengal
from south-westerly direction. (c) 4-1-2-3
Which of the statements given above is/are (d) 3-4-1-2
correct?
(a) 1 only 39. South Pars/ North Dome filed are known
for:
(b) 2 only
(a) Natural gas
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) Diamond
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Coal
36. Consider the following statements (d) Lithium
regarding coal reserves in India:
1. Carbon content is Gondwana coal is more 40. Consider the following statements
RE
as compared to Carboniferous coal. regarding renewable energy resources
2. Tertiary coal fields in India are mostly in India:
confined to extra peninsular region. 1. India’s largest solar park is to be set up
3. Chhattisgarh has the highest coal by NTPC in Khavada Gujarat.
reserves in India. 2. Rajasthan has got the highest potential
Which of the statements given above are of wind energy in India.
incorrect?
O Which of the
incorrect?
above statements is/are
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
SC
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
37. Arrange the following countries in
ascending order according to size of 41. Consider the following statements
their crude iron ore reserves: regarding location of sugar industry in
1. Brazil India:
2. Russia 1. Sugar mills are located near sugar
GS
growing areas since sugarcane is a weight

3. Australia
losing raw material.
4. China
2. The tropical climate of Peninsular India
Select the correct answer using the codes given has led to gradual shift of sugar industry
below: from north India to south India.
(a) 1-2-3-4 Which of the statements given above is/are
(b) 2-4-3-1 correct?
(c) 3-1-4-2 (a) 1 only
(d) 4-2-1-3 (b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2
38. Arrange the following states in (d) Neither 1 nor 2
descending order according to the size
of their Bauxite reserves:
1. Andhra Pradesh
1. India has the highest milk surplus in the
2. Odisha world.
3. Gujarat 2. Mediterranean region is known as orchard
4. Jharkhand of the world for their fruit cultivation.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 14
35. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
1- nf{k.k if'pe ekulwu dh vjc lkxj 'kk[kk ls (a) 1&2&3&4
eè; Hkkjr esa O;kid o"kkZ gksrh gSA (b) 2&1&3&4
2- ekulwuh ious anf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk ls if'pe (c) 4&1&2&3

caxky esa ços'k djrh gSaA (d) 3&4&1&2

(a) dsoy 1 39. lkmFk iklZ@u‚FkZ Mkse dks fdlds fy, tkuk tkrk gS%
(b) dsoy 2 (a) çk—frd xSl
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (b) ghjk
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 (c) dks;yk
(d) fyfFk;e
36. Hkkjr esa dks;yk HkaMkjksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa
ij fopkj dhft,% 40. Hkkjr esa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lalkèkuksa ds lacaèk esa
1- dkcZfuQsjl dks;ys dh rqyuk esa xksaMokuk fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
RE
dks;ys esa dkcZu dh ek=k vfèkd gksrh gSA 1- Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k lksyj ikdZ NTPC }kjk
2- Hkkjr esa r`rh;d dks;yk {ks= vfèkdrj [kokM+k xqtjkr esa LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA
çk;}hih; {ks= ds ckgj gh lhfer gSaA 2- Hkkjr esa jktLFkku dks iou ÅtkZ dh lokZfèkd
3- Hkkjr esa NÙkhlx<+ esa lokZfèkd dks;yk HkaMkj lEHkkO;rk çkIr gSA
gSA O mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@gSa\
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls xyr gSa\ (a) dsoy 1
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
SC
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
41. Hkkjr esa phuh m|ksx dh vofLFkfr ds lacaèk esa
37. fuEufyf[kr ns'kksa dks muds dPps ykSg v;Ld ds HkaMkj fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
ds vkdkj ds vuqlkj vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft,%
1- phuh feysa xUuk mRiknd {ks=ksa ds fudV fLFkr
1- czkthy gSa D;ksafd xUuk otu [kksus okyk dPpk eky
GS
2- :l gSA
3- v‚LVªsfy;k 2- çk;}hih; Hkkjr dh m".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q
4- phu ds pyrs phuh m|ksx èkhjs&èkhjs mÙkj Hkkjr ls
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A nf{k.k Hkkjr dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gks x;k gSA
(a) 1&2&3&4 mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(b) 2&4&3&1 (a) dsoy 1
(c) 3&1&4&2 (b) dsoy 2
(d) 4&2&1&3 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
38. fuEufyf[kr jkT;ksa dks muds c‚DlkbV HkaMkj ds vkdkj
ds vuqlkj vojksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft,% 42. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
1- vkaèkz çns'k 1- Hkkjr esa foÜo esa lokZfèkd nqXèk vfèk'ks"k gSA
2- vksfM'kk 2- Hkweè;lkxjh; {ks= dks ogk¡ gksus okyh Qyksa dh
3- xqtjkr [ksrh ds fy, foÜo dk Qyks|ku dgk tkrk
4- >kj[kaM gSA
15 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Which of the above statements are Which of the above statements is/are correct?
incorrect?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
46. “Salinity of the oceans changes with
43. Consider the following statements: latitude as well as depth.” Consider the
1. Tidal bulges on earth’s surface are formed following statements in this regard:
due to balancing act of centrifugal force 1. The salinity of the oceans decreases with
and gravitational force. increase in depth.
2. Both the gravitational force of the Sun and
2. The salinity of ocean water at a particular
the moon are responsible for formation of
depth is almost constant across the
tidal bulges.
different oceans.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
3. The enclosed water-bodies in sub-tropical
RE
(a) 1 only areas have highest salinity in the world.
(b) 2 only Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) 1 and 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
44. “Different currents flow across the
O
world having different characteristics (d) 1, 2 and 3
and impact.” Consider the following
statements in this regard: 47. Consider the following statements
SC
1. Oyashio current is warm water current regarding different types of resources:
which flows near Kamchataka plateau. 1. Stocks are those materials which have
2. Kuroshio Current is a cold water current not been used by human being due to
which flows near the east coast of Japan. lack of technology.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 2. Reserves are those stocks which are
(a) 1 only being exploited with current technical
know-how.
GS
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 2 only
45. “Various types of rocks are formed by different (c) Both 1 and 2
process on the surface of the earth.” Consider
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
the following statements in this regard:
1. Chalk and Limestone are organically
formed sedimentary rocks while
sandstone is a mechanically formed regarding land degradation in India:
sedimentary rock. 1. 130 million hectares of land of India has
2. Lithification is the process by which been categorized as degraded land.
clay, sand, and other sediments on the 2. Forest degraded regions has higher
bottom of the ocean are slowly compacted share than water eroded regions in total
into rocks from the weight of overlying degraded land of India.
sediments.
3. Mining and Quarrying is one of the
3. Gabbro and Breccia are types of important primary activities responsible
metamorphic rocks. for land degradation in India.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 16
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls xyr gSa\ mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
43. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% 46. "v{kka'k ds lkFk&lkFk xgjkÃ ds lkFk Hkh egklkxjksa dh
1- i`Foh dh lrg ij Tokjh; mHkkj dsUækilkjd yo.krk ifjorZu gksrk gSA" bl lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr
cy vkSj xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy ds larqyu ds dkj.k dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
curk gSA 1- xgjkÃ esa o`f) ds lkFk egklkxjksa dh yo.krk
2- lw;Z vkSj paæek nksuksa dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy de glksrh gSA
Tokjh; mHkkj ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mRrjnk;h 2- ,d fo'ks"k xgjkÃ ij egklkxjh; ty dh
gksrk gSA yo.krk fofHkUu egklkxjksa esa yxHkx fLFkj
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ gksrh gSA
RE
(a) dsoy 1 3- foÜoèk esa lcls vfèkd yo.krk miks".kdfVcaèkh;
(b) dsoy 2 {ks=ksa esa ifjc) ty fudk;ksa esa gSA
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
44. "fo'o Hkj esa vyx&vyx egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ cgrh
O
gSa ftudh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj çHkko gSaA" bl
lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
1- dkepVd iBkj ds fudV cgus okyh vks;kf'k;ks 47. fofHkUu çdkj ds lalkèkuksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr
SC
èkkjk xeZ èkkjk gSA dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
2- tkiku ds iwoÊ rV ds fudV cgus okyh 1- ftudk çkS|ksfxdh ds vHkko esa euq"; }kjk
dqjksf'k;ks èkkjk BaMh èkkjk gSA mi;ksx ugÈ fd;k x;k gS] os HkaMkj gSaA
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ 2- fu{ksi os gSa ftudk orZeku rduhdh Kku ds
(a) dsoy 1 lkFk nksgu fd;k tk jgk gSA
(b) dsoy 2
GS

(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (a) dsoy 1
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 (b) dsoy 2
45. "i`Fohdh lrg ij fofHkUu çfØ;kvksa }kjk fofHkUu (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
çdkj dh 'kSyksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA" bl lacaèk esa
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% 48. Hkkjr esa Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr
1- [kfM;k vkSj pwuk iRFkj tSotfur volknh dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
'kSysa gSa tcfd cyqvk iRFkj ;kaf=dr% fuÆer 1- Hkkjr dh 13 djksM+ gsDVs;j Hkwfe dk fuEuh—r
volknh 'kSy gSA Hkwfe ds :i esa oxÊdj.k fd;k x;k gSA
2- f'kyhHkou og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk leqæ ds 2- Hkkjr dh dqy fuEuh—r Hkwfe esa ty&fuEuh—r
ry ij e`nk] jsr vkSj vU; ryNV mifj'kk;h {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa ou fuEuh—r {ks=ksa dh
volknksa ds otu ls èkhjs&èkhjs 'kSyksa esa lagr fgLlsnkjh vfèkd gSA
gks tkrh gSA 3- [kuu vkSj mR[kuu Hkkjr esa Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k ds
3- varHksZnh vkXus; pêku vkSj ladks.kk'e fy, mRrjnk;h egRoiw.kZ çkFkfed xfrfofèk;ksa
dk;kUrfjr 'kSyksa ds çdkj gSaA esa ls ,d gSA
17 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3
52. “Different deposits of various minerals

49. “Varied landforms and topography is are distributed in whole of the India and
formed by rivers in their youth, mature are concentrated in different pockets.”
and old stage.” Consider the following Consider the following statements in
statements in this regard: this regard:
1. Down cutting is more prominent during 1. Kudremukh iron ore mines are located
the mature stage of the river while lateral in the state of Odisha and are part of
Odisha-Jharkhand belt.
erosion is prominent in youthful stage.
2. Bilaspur-Katni region of Madhya Pradesh
2. Presence of features such as monadnocks is rich in Copper ore deposits.
and peneplains in a river valley mark the
RE
old stage of a river.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(a) 1 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
O 53. Consider the following statements
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
regarding the location of different types
of mines across the globe:
50. ‘Temperature of oceans varies with
1. Les Baux in France is an important
SC
depth as well as latitude.” Consider the center of copper ore mining.
following statements in this regard:
2. Chuquicamata is the largest copper ore
1. The highest temperature is recorded mine in the world which is located in
at equator due to high annual mean Chile.
temperature. 3. Australia has the largest reserve of
2. Oceans in northern hemisphere have Uranium while Kazakhstan is the largest
producer of Uranium in the world.
lower average temperature than oceans
GS
in Southern Hemisphere. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 54. Consider the following statements
regarding the heat budget of the earth:
51. “Salinity of Oceans around the Indian 1. Albedo is the amount of sunlight which is
sub-continent is variable due to different reflected back to the space by the earth’s
factors.” Consider the following surface.
statements in this regard: 2. Highest amount of insolation is reflected
back into the space by snow covered
1. The salinity of Bay of Bengal is higher peaks.
than that of Arabian Sea.
3. The amount of heat received by the
2. Influx of large volume of river water and surface of the earth in form of insolation
location of Arabian Sea is responsible for is equal to the amount reflected by it
its lower salinity. through terrestrial radiation.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 18
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
49. "ufn;ksa }kjk viuh ;qokoLFkk] ifjiDokoLFkk 52. "fofHkUu [kfutksa ds fofHkUu fu{ksi laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa
vkSj o`)koLFkk esa fofoèkrkiw.kZ Hkw&vkÑfr;ksa vkSj forfjr gSa vkSj fofHkUu [kaMksa esa ladsafær gSaA" bl lacaèk
LFkykÑfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA" bl lacaèk esa esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% 1- dqæseq[k ykSg v;Ld dh [kkusa vksfM'kk jkT;
1- unh dh ifjiDokoLFkk ds nkSjku vo[kuu esa fLFkr gSa vkSj vksfM'kk&>kj[kaM isVh dk
vfèkd mUur gksrk gS tcfd ;qokoLFkk esa ikÜoZ Hkkx gSaA
vijnu egRowi.kZ gksrk gSA 2- eè; çns'k dk fcykliqj&dVuh {ks= rkez
v;Ld ds fu{ksiksa esa le`) gSA
2- unh ?kkVh esa eksuSMu‚d vkSj leçk; Hkwfe tSlh
RE
vk—fr;ksa dh mifLFkfr unh o`)koLFkk fpfàr mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
djrh gSA
(b) dsoy 2
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 O
53. fo'o Hkj esa fofHkUu çdkj dh [kkuksa dh vofLFkfr ds
lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
1- Ýkal esa ysl ckDl rkez v;Ld [kuu dk ,d
50. êgklkxjksa ds rkieku esa xgjkÃ ds lkFk&lkFk v{kka'k
SC
egRoiw.kZ dsaæ gSA
ds lkFk ifjorZu gksrk gSA* bl lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr
2- fpyh esa fLFkr pqfDodekVk fo'o dh lcls cM+h
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
rkez v;Ld dh [kku gSA
1- mPp okÆ"kd vkSlr rkieku ds dkj.k Hkweè;
3- v‚LVªsfy;k esa ;wjsfu;e dk lcls cM+k HkaMkj
js[kk ij mPpre rkieku ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA
gS tcfd dtkfdLrku fo'o esa ;wjsfu;e dk
2- nf{k.kh xksykèkZ ds egklkxjksa dh rqyuk esa lcls cM+k mRiknd gSA
GS
mÙkjh xksykèkZ ds egklkxjksa dk vkSlr rkieku mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
de gksrk gSA (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(a) dsoy 1 (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 54. i`Foh ds m"ek ctV ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
fopkj dhft,%
51. "Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds pkjksa vksj egklkxjksa dh 1- vYchMks i`Foh dh lrg ls okil varfj{k esa
yo.krk fofHkUu dkjdksa ds dkj.k ifjorZu'khy gSA" bl ijkoÆrr gksus okys lw;Z ds çdk'k dh ek=k
lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% gSA
1- caxky dh [kkM+h dh yo.krk vjc lkxj dh 2- lw;kZri dh mPpre ek=k fgekPNkfnr pksfV;ksa
rqyuk esa vfèkd gSA }kjk okil varfj{k esa ijkoÆrr gks tkrh gSA
2- cM+h ek=k esa unh ty dk varokZg vkSj vjc 3- lw;kZri ds :i esa i`Foh dh lrg }kjk çkIr
lkxj dh vofLFkfr bldh de yo.krk ds Å"ek dh ek=k blds }kjk LFkyh; fofdj.k ds
fy, mRrjnk;h gSA ekè;e ls ijkoÆrr ek=k ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
19 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3
58. Consider the following statements in

55. Consider the following statements this regarding Air Mass:
regarding Isotherms and their nature
1. Air Masses are formed when a mass
in different hemisphere: of air resting on a region acquires the
1. Isotherms deviates less in southern characteristic of that region.
hemisphere than in northern hemisphere 2. Warm front is formed when a cold air
and are almost parallel to latitudes. mass moves towards a warm air mass.
2. Isotherms are impacted by Warm ocean Which of the above statements is/are correct?
currents in both northern and southern (a) 1 only
hemisphere.
(b) 2 only
RE
(c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(b) 2 only
59. Consider the following statements in
(c) Both 1 and 2
this regarding various types of clouds:
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. Cirrus clouds are formed at high altitudes
O while Cumulus clouds forms at medium
56. Consider the following statements altitude.
regarding the impact of Coriolis force 2. Stratus clouds are formed due to loss of
on circulation of wind: heat or the mixing of air masses with
SC
different temperatures.
1. Direction of wind is influenced by Coriolis
3. Nimbus clouds are transparent to the
force only. rays of the Sun.
2. The magnitude of deflection of winds Which of the above statements is/are
by Coriolis force is independent of wind incorrect?
velocity.
(a) 1 and 2 only
3. Coriolis force increases as one move away
(b) 3 only
from equator towards pole.
GS
(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 2 only
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only 60. Consider the following statements
regarding the Antarctic Circumpolar
(c) 3 only Current:
(d) 1, 2 and 3 1. It is formed due to the combined effect
of westerlies and changes in surface
temperature between the Equator and
57. Consider the following statements the poles.
regarding the formation of Hadley cell
2. It helps to keep the Antarctica Ice caps
and role of different winds: frozen throughout the year.
1. Hadley cell is formed by rising air from Which of the above statements is/are
equator and sinking air at subtropical incorrect?
high coupled with easterly winds at the
(a) 1 only
surface.
(b) 2 only
2. Westerlies converge towards Inter-
tropical convergence zone from northern (c) Both 1 and 2
and southern hemisphere. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 20
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
55. lerki js[kkvksa vkSj fofHkUu xksyk)ks± esa mudh çÑfr 58. ok;qjkf'k;ksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj
ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% dhft,%
1- tc fdlh {ks= esa Bgjh gqÃ ok;qjkf'k ml {ks=
1- lerki js[kk,a mÙkjh xksykèkZ dh rqyuk esa
dh fo'ks"krk çkIr dj ysrh gS] rc ok;qjkf'k;k¡
nf{k.kh xksykèkZ esa de fopfyr gksrh gSa vkSj
curh gSaA
yxHkx v{kka'kksa ds lekukarj gksrh gSaA
2- tc BaMh ok;q jkf'k xeZ ok;q jkf'k dh vksj
2- lerki js[kk,¡ mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh nksuksa
c<+rh gS rc xeZ okrkxz curk gSA
xksyk)ks± esa xeZ egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa ls çHkkfor
gksrh gSaA
RE
(a) dsoy 1
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (b) dsoy 2
(a) dsoy 1 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
(b) dsoy 2 (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 O 59. fofHkUu çdkj ds cknyksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa
ij fopkj dhft,%
56. iou ds ifjlapj.k ij dksfjvksfyl cy ds çHkko ds 1- i{kkHk es?k vfèkd ÅapkÃ ij curs gSa tcfd
lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% diklh es?k eè;e ÅapkÃ ij curs gSaA
SC
1- iou dh fn'kk dsoy dksfjvksfyl cy ls 2- Lrjh es?k Å"ek dh gkfu ;k fofHkUu rkiekuksa
çHkkfor gksrh gSA okyh ok;qjkf'k;ksa ds feyus ls curs gSaA
2- dksfjvksfyl cy }kjk iouksa ds fo{ksi.k dk 3- o"kkZ es?k lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds fy, ikjn'kÊ gksrs
ifjek.k iou ds osx ls Lora= gksrk gSA gSaA
3- fo"kqor js[kk ls èkzqoksa dh vksj tkus ij mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@gSa\
dksfjvksfyl cy c<+rk gSA (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
GS
(b) dsoy 3
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(a) dsoy 1
(d) dsoy 2
(b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 3
60. vaVkdZfVd ifjèkzqoh; èkkjk ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
1- ;g èkkjk iNqvk iouksa vkSj Hkweè; js[kk vkSj èkzqoksa
57. gSMyh lsy ds fuekZ.k vkSj fofHkUu iouksa dh Hkwfedk ds
ds chp lrg ds rkieku esa ifjorZu ds la;qä
lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% çHkko ds dkj.k curh gSA
1- gSMyh lsy Hkweè; js[kk ls Åij mBrh ok;q 2- ;g èkkjk vaVkdZfVdk dh fgePNn dh o"kZ Hkj
vkSj lrg ij iwoÊ iouksa ds lkFk la;qfXer tes jgus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
miks".kdfVcaèkh; mPp ij uhps cSBrh ok;q ls mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@gSa\
curk gSA (a) dsoy 1
2- iNqvk iousa mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh xksykèkZ ls (b) dsoy 2
varj&m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks= dh vksj (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
vfHklfjr gksrh gSaA (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
21 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
61. “Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was 64. Which of the following statements
cited as one of the important reasons regarding Ocean Currents are correct?
behind dry cycle in north-eastern states.”
1. Warm ocean currents bring rains to the
Consider the following statements in
coastal regions as well as the interiors.
this regard:
2. Cold currents are one of the reasons
1. The PDO is an El Nino-like pattern in
why deserts are located on the western
Pacific Ocean which is characterized by
warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific margins of continents in the sub-tropical
Ocean. belts.
2. It impacts the weather of North-Western 3. Cold currents flow along the east coast
part of the Indian Sub-continent. of continents in tropical and sub-tropical
latitudes resulting in warm and rainy
Which of the above statements is/are climates.
incorrect?
(a) 1 only below:
(b) 2 only
(a) 1 and 3 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3 only
RE
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) 1 and 2 only
62. Which of the following statements are (d) 1, 2 and 3

correct about the Sun?
1. Our sun is relatively older star, as it has 65. Which of the following are the primary
used more than half of its hydrogen for factors that affect/initiate the movement
fusion reaction. of water as an ocean current?
2. By mass, sun has approximately 70.6%
O 1. Heat by solar energy
hydrogen and 27.4% helium in it. 2. Wind
3. Sun and 8 planets of the solar system 3. Gravity
were formed out of the same nebula.
SC
4. Coriolis Force
below: Select the correct answer using the codes given
below;
(a) 1 and 2 only
(a) 3 and 4 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
GS
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
63. Earth and other planets of the solar
system were formed from the same 66. Consider the following pairs:
nebula that gave birth to the Sun.
Today’s earth is very different from its Grassland Type Areas
earliest form, which one of the following 1. Dry Sub-humid Nilgiri Mountains
is correct about the evolution of the Zone
Earth?
2. Moist-Sub Humid Alluvial Plains of
(a) Earlier earth was in the form of Ganga Zone
planetesimal and did not have enough
mass to hold its atmosphere. 3. Humid Montane Aravalis Zone
(b) Earlier earth was broken part of the Sun Which of the above pairs is/are correctly
and it cooled off slowly. matched?
(c) Mass of the earth is almost constant and (a) 1 only
only reshuffling of material took place.
(b) 2 only
(d) Earth acquired an atmosphere right after
(c) 2 and 3 only
its origin, except that original atmosphere
did not contain molecular oxygen. (d) 1, 2 and 3
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 22
61. "ç'kkar n'kdh; nksyu ¼PDO½ dks mÙkj&iwoÊ jkT;ksa 64. egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls
esa 'kq"d pØ ds fy, mRrjnk;h ,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k ds dkSu&ls dFku lgh gSa\
:i esa m)`r fd;k tkrk FkkA" bl lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr 1- xeZ egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa ls rVh; {ks=ksa ds
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% lkFk&lkFk vkarfjd Hkkxksa esa Hkh o"kkZ gksrh gSA
1- PDO ç'kkar egklkxj esa vy uhuks l–'k iSVuZ 2- miks".kdfVcaèkh; isVh esa egk}hiksa ds if'peh
gS ftldh fo'ks"krk ç'kkar egklkxj esa xeZ ;k
lhekar ij e:LFky fLFkr gksus dk ,d dkj.k
BaMk lrg dk ty gSA
BaMh èkkjk,¡ gSaA
2- blls Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds mÙkj&if'peh
3- BaMh èkkjk,¡ m".kdfVcaèkh; vkSj miks".kdfVcaèkh;
Hkkx dk ekSle çHkkfor gksrk gSA
v{kka'kksa esa egk}hiksa ds iwoÊ rV ds lkFk çokfgr
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@gSa\
gksrh gSa] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i tyok;q xeZ
(a) dsoy 1
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj o"kkZ okyh gksrh gSA
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
RE
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
62. lw;Z ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls dFku lgh (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
gSa\ (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
1- gekjk lw;Z vis{kk—r iqjkuk rkjk gS] D;ksafd
blus lay;u vfHkfØ;k ds fy, vius vkèks ls 65. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls egklkxjh; èkkjk ds :i esa
vfèkd gkbMªkstu dk mi;ksx dj fy;k gSA
2- æO;eku vuqlkj] lw;Z esa yxHkx 70-6%
gkbMªkstu vkSj 27-4% ghfy;e gSA
O ty dh xfr çHkkfor@vkjaHk djus okys çkFkfed dkjd
gSa\
1- lkSj ÅtkZ ls Å"ek
3- lw;Z vkSj lkSjeaMy ds 8 xzg ,d gh fugkfjdk
SC
2- iou
ls cus gSaA
3- xq#Rokd"kZ.k
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 4- dksfjvksfyl cy
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh fodYi
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 pqfu,A
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 (a) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
GS
(b) dsoy 4
63. i`Foh vkSj lkSj eaMy ds vU; xzgksa dk fuekZ.k lw;Z dks (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
tUe nsus okyh uhgkfjdk ls gh gqvk gSA vkt dh i`Foh (d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
vius çkphure Lo:i ls cgqr fHkUu gS] i`Foh ds Øfed
fodkl ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ,d lgh 66. fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,%
gS\ ?kklHkwfe dk çdkj {ks=
(a) igys i`Foh xzgk.kq ds :i esa Fkh vkSj bldk 1- 'kq"d mi&vkæZ uhyfxjh ioZrh; {ks=
æO;eku bruk ugÈ Fkk fd ;g viuk ok;qeaMy 2- ue&mi vkæZ xaxk {ks= dk tyks<+ eSnku
laHkkys j[krhA 3- vkæZ ioZrh; vjkoyh {ks=
(b) igys i`Foh lw;Z dk [kafMr Hkkx Fkh vkSj
mi;qZä ;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh lqesfyr gS@
èkhjs&èkhjs BaMh gksrh xÃA
gSa\
(c) i`Foh dk æO;eku yxHkx fLFkj gS vkSj dsoy
(a) dsoy 1
lkexzh dk iquxZBu gqvk gSA
(d) i`Foh dk bldh mRifÙk ds le; ls gh ok;qeaMy (b) dsoy 2
Fkk] flok; blds fd ewy ok;qeaMy esa vk.kfod (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
v‚Dlhtu ugÈ FkkA (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
23 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
67. Why the black soil is considered the best 71. Consider the following statements:
soil for cotton cultivation? 1. The vertical pressure gradient force of
(a) It is sandy in nature. atmospheric pressure is generally much
smaller than horizontal pressure gradient
(b) It has an absence of lime.
force, which is why we do not experience
(c) It has a high water-retaining capacity. strong vertical winds.
(d) It is rich in Potash. 2. The air at the Inter Tropical Convergence
Zone (ITCZ) rises upwards because of
68. Given below are two statements, one is convection caused by high insolation.
labelled as Assertion (A) and other is as Which of the statements given above is/are
Reason (R). correct?
A. Tropical Cyclones cannot cross the
equator. (a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
R. Coriolis force is not only a necessary
ingredient to make a tropical cyclone, but (c) Both 1 and 2
it also pulls them away from the equator
making the crossing event a tough one. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
RE
Select the correct answer from the codes given 72. Consider the following statements:
below:
1. The Earth receives radiation from the
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct sun in the form of long-wave radiation.
explanation of A
2. Carbon dioxide absorbs short-wave
(b) Both A and R are true but, R is not the radiation, and thus contributes to global
correct explanation of A warming.
(c) A is true, but R is false
O
(d) A is false, but R is true correct?
(a) 1 only
SC
69. Consider the following, (b) 2 only
1. Ocean Currents
(c) Both1 and 2
2. Altitude
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. Precipitation
Which of the above is/are factors that affect 73. Consider the following:
the climate of a place?
1. In the Northern hemisphere, the
GS
(a) 1 and 2 only isotherms are generally parallel to

(b) 2 and 3 only latitude throughout the year.
(c) 1 and 3 only 2. Temperature distribution is affected by
Ocean currents.
(d) 1, 2 and 3
70. Consider the following statements, with correct?
reference to insolation on Earth: (a) 1 only
1. Insolation is affected by the angle of (b) 2 only
inclination of the sun’s rays.
(c) Both 1 and 2
2. The highest insolation is received in
subtropical deserts. (d) Neither 1 nor 2
correct? 74. Consider the following statements
(a) 1 only regarding pulses production:
1. India is the largest producer, consumer
(b) 2 only
and importer of pulses in the world.
(c) Both 1 and 2
2. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 pulses among Indian states.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 24
67. dkyh e`nk dks dikl dh [ksrh ds fy, loksZÙke e`nk 71. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\ 1- ok;qeaMyh; ncko dk ÅèokZèkj nkc ço.krk cy
(a) ;g ç—fr esa jsrhyh gksrh gSA lkekU;r% {kSfrt nkc ço.krk cy dh rqyuk esa
(b) blesa pwus dk vHkko gksrk gSA cgqr de gksrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd gesa rst
(c) bldh tyèkkj.k {kerk vfèkd gksrh gSA ÅèokZèkj iouksa dk vuqHko ugÈ gksrk gSA
(d) ;g iksVk'k ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSA
2- mPp lw;kZri ds dkj.k gksus okys laogu ds
dkj.k varj&m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks= ¼ITCZ½
68. uhps nks dFku fn, x, gSa] ,d dks vfHkdFku ¼A½ vkSj
esa ok;q Åij dh vksj mBrh gSA
nwljs dks dkj.k ¼R½ dgk x;k gSA
A- m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr Hkweè; js[kk dks ikj ugÈ mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
dj ldrs gSaA (a) dsoy 1
R- dksfjvksfyl cy u dsoy m".kdfVcaèkh; (b) dsoy 2
pØokr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mRrjnk;h ,d (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
vko';d ?kVd gS] cfYd ;g mUgsa Hkweè; js[kk (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
ls nwj Hkh [kÈprk gS ftlls ikj djus dh ?kVuk
RE
nq"dj gks tkrh gSA 72. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A 1- i`Foh nh?kZ rjax fofdj.k ds :i esa lw;Z ls
(a) A vkSj R nksuksa lgh gSa vkSj R] A dk lgh fofdj.k çkIr djrh gSA
Li"Vhdj.k gSA
2- dkcZu Mkbv‚DlkbM y?kq&rjax fofdj.k dks
(b) A vkSj R nksuksa lgh gSa] ysfdu R] A dk lgh
Li"Vhdj.k ugÈ gSA
O vo'kksf"kr dj Xykscy okÉex esa ;ksxnku nsrh
(c) A lgh gS] ysfdu R xyr gSA gSA
(d) A xyr gS] ysfdu R lgh gSA mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
SC
69. fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft,] (b) dsoy 2
1- egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
2- Å¡pkÃ (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
3- o"kkZ
73. fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft,%
mi;qZä esa ls fdlh LFkku dh tyok;q dks çHkkfor
djus okyk@okys dkSu&lk@ls dkjd gS@gSa\ 1- mÙkjh xksyk)Z esa] lerki js[kk,a lkekU;r% iwjs
GS
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 o"kZ v{kka'k ds lekukarj gksrh gSaA

(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 2- rkieku forj.k egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa ls çHkkfor
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 gksrk gSA
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3 mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
70. i`Foh ij lw;kZri ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij (b) dsoy 2
fopkj dhft,% (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
1- lw;kZri lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds vkufr dks.k ls (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
çHkkfor gksrk gSA
2- lokZfèkd lw;kZri miks".kdfVcaèkh; e#LFkyksa esa 74. nygu mRiknu ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
çkIr gksrk gSA fopkj dhft,%
1- Hkkjr fo'o esa nygu dk lcls cM+k mRiknd]
(a) dsoy 1
miHkksäk vkSj vk;krd gSA
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa 2- Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa mÙkj çns'k nygu dk lcls
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 cM+k mRiknd gSA
25 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 3. Discovery of similar fossils in Shivalik
range and Tibetan plateau indicates that
(a) 1 only
both the regions were part of the same
(b) 2 only land mass more than 50 million years
ago.
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) 1 only
75. Consider the following statements (b) 1 and 2 only
regarding livestock census: (c) 2 and 3 only
1. Livestock census has been conducted (d) 1, 2 and 3
along with the population census since
1881.
2. It is done by the Ministry of fisheries,
animal husbandry and dairying. 1. Frequent flooding of the northern plains
causes huge loss of top-soil by erosion
3. This livestock census has registered an decreasing the fertility of the region.
increase in indigenous cattle population
2. Alluvial fans along the foot of the
RE
on account of Gokul mission.
Himalayas are called Bhabar and are the
Which of the above statements are most fertile part of the region for annual
incorrect? crops.
(a) 1 and 2 only 3. Presence of several ancient cities
situated in northern plains and which
(b) 2 and 3 only have become the centres for cultural and
religious tourism can be attributed to the
(c) 1 and 3 only
O extensive river system in this region.
(d) None of the above
76. Consider the following statements (a) 1 and 2 only

SC
regarding population figures: (b) 2 only
1. Poorest countries have fastest growing (c) 3 only
population while rich countries of
Europe and North America have ageing (d) 1 and 3 only
population.
2. According to UN projections India is 79. Consider the following statements
regarding the moving margins of the
expected to surpass China in population
GS
Indian plate:
figures by 2040.
1. Tectonic movement when one plate meets
Which of the above statement are is/correct? the other and generate enough stress on
(a) 1 only one another that cause rupture/relative
motion is called faults.
(b) 2 only
2. Main boundary thrust (MBT) zone, is
(c) Both 1 and 2 a reverse fault that separates outer
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Himalayas from lesser Himalayas.
3. A blind rupture in Himalayan Frontal
Fault/Thrust (HFF/HFT) was the main
reason behind the earthquake in Nepal
1. The curved shape of the Himalayan in the year 2015 claiming approx. 10,000
mountain ranges is due to the higher human lives.
push force at the ends of Indian peninsula
Which of the above statements are correct?
than in the middle.
(a) 1 and 2 only
2. The presence of High Mountain peaks
like the Everest and Kanchenjunga in (b) 1 and 3 only
eastern part of the Himalaya because (c) 2 and 3 only
push force is higher in its northern region
than eastern region. (d) 1, 2 and 3
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 26
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ 3- f'kokfyd ioZrJs.kh vkSj frCcrs ds iBkj esa
(a) dsoy 1 ,d tSls thok'eksa dh [kkst ls ladsr feyrk
(b) dsoy 2 gS fd nksuksa {ks= 5 djksM+ o"kZ igys ,d gh Hkwfe
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa dk Hkkx FksA
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
75. i'kqèku x.kuk ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj (b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
dhft,% (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
1- 1881 ls tux.kuk ds lkFk&lkFk i'kqèku x.kuk (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
Hkh dh tk jgh gSA
2- i'kqèku x.kuk eRL; ikyu] i'kqikyu vkSj 78. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
Ms;jh ea=ky; }kjk dh tkrh gSA 1- mÙkjh eSnkuksa esa ckj&ckj vkus okyh ck<+ ls
3- bl i'kqèku x.kuk esa xksdqy fe'ku ds dkj.k vijnu }kjk Åijh e`nk dh Hkkjh gkfu gksrh gS
ns'kh eosf'k;ksa dh vkcknh esa o`f) ntZ dh xÃ ftlls {ks= dh moZjrk de gks tkrh gSA
RE
gSA 2- fgeky; dh rygVh esa tyks<+ ia[kksa dks Hkkcj
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls xyr gSa\ dgk tkrk gS vkSj okÆ"kd Qlyksa ds fy, bl
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 {ks= dk lcls mitkÅ Hkkx gSaA
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 3- mÙkjh eSnku esa fLFkr dÃ çkphu 'kgjksa dh
(c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 O mifLFkfr ds fy, tks lkaL—frd vkSj èkkÆed
(d) mi;qZä esa ls dksÃ ugÈ i;ZVu dk dsaæ cu x, gSa] bl {ks= esa O;kid
unh ç.kkyh dks mÙkjnk;h Bgjk;k tk ldrk
76. tula[;k ds vkadM+ksa ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij gSA
SC
fopkj dhft,% mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
1- fuèkZure ns'kksa dh tula[;k lcls rsth ls c<+ (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
jgh gS tcfd ;wjksi vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk ds èkuh (b) dsoy 2
ns'kksa dh tula[;k cw<+h gksrh tk jgh gSA (c) dsoy 3
2- la;qä jk"Vª ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj 2040 rd (d) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
tula[;k ds ekeys esa Hkkjr phu ls vkxs
GS
fudy tk,xkA 79. Hkkjrh; IysV ds xfreku lhekar ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
(a) dsoy 1 1- foorZfud xfr ls tc ,d IysV nwljh IysV
(b) dsoy 2 ls feyrh gS vkSj ,d&nwljs ij i;kZIr çfrcy
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa mRiUu djrh gS ftlls fonkj.k@lkis{k xfr
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 gksrh gS] rks bls Hkza'k dgk tkrk gA
2- eq[; lhek ç.kksn ¼MBT½ {ks= cká fgeky;
77. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% dks y?kq fgeky; ls vyx djus okyk mRØe
Hkza'k gSA
1- fgeky; ioZr Jà[kyk dk oØkdkj vkdkj eè;
3- fgeky;h yykfVd Hkza'k@ç.kksn ¼HFF@
dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; çk;}hi ds fljksa ij HFT½ esa vfoosfpr fonkj.k o"kZ 2015 esa usiky
vfèkd oèkZu cy ds dkj.k gSA esa vk, Hkwdai ds fy, mRrjnk;h eq[; dkj.k
2- fgeky; ds iwoÊ Hkkx esa ,ojsLV vkSj daputaxk Fkk] ftlls yxHkx 10]000 ekuo thou dh
tSlh Å¡ph ioZr pksfV;ksa dh mifLFkfr blfy, gkfu gqÃ FkhA
gS D;ksafd iwoÊ {ks= dh rqyuk esa blds mÙkjh mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls lgh gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
{ks= esa oèkZu cy vfèkd gSA
27 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
80. Given below are two statements, one is 83. Consider the following statements:
labelled as Assertion (A) and other is as
1. Tibet Autonomous Region was annexed
Reason (R).
by China in 1965, which led to the Sino-
A. There are fewer volcanos and no active
India war.
volcanos in the Himalayan range, while
Himalayan ranges are characterised by 2. Tibet geographically divides Central,
faults and folds. East and South Asia.
R. Himalayan ranges are formed by the 3. The Qing dynasty existed on the lands of
collision of two plates with differential Tibet, having Chinese Origin.
densities which led to subduction of
subduction of one plate. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
incorrect?
Select the correct answer from the codes given (a) 1 and 3 only
below:
(b) 1 only
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A (c) 2 and 3 only
(b) Both A and R are true but, R is not the (d) 1, 2 and 3
RE
correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false 84. With reference to cloud formation,
(d) A is false, but R is true consider the following statements:
1. Clouds are formed only after the air
81. Consider the following statements: reaches its saturation point in definite
1. Kirbati Island lies in the Southern Pacific temperature range.
O
Ocean but is not the part of Micronesian 2. Clouds are a form of Fog at higher
islands. altitude.
2. Kirbati has the largest atoll island in the
world.
correct?
SC
3. It was the only island declared to be no
cases of Covid19 since the pandemic (a) 1 only
started.
(b) 2 only
correct? (c) Both 1 and 2
(a) 1 and 3 Only (d) Neither 1 nor 2

GS
(b) 2 Only
85. The proposed Kra Isthmus canal would
(c) 1, 2 and 3 connect which of the following water
(d) 3 only bodies?
(a) Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean
82. Consider the following pairs:
(b) Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara
Sea Ports – State
1. Ennore – Kerala (c) Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean
2. Vadhavan – West Bengal (d) Gulf of Thailand with the Andaman Sea
3. Kandla – Gujarat
4. Tajpur – Maharashtra 86. Consider the following statements:
How many pairs given above are incorrectly 1. China holds more than 50 percent of the
matched? World’s Lithium reserves.
(a) Only one pair 2. India is the biggest importer of Lithium
from China.
(b) Only two pairs
3. Mineral Security partnership is an
(c) Only three pairs
alliance formed by the US to reduce
(d) All four pairs dependence on China.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 28
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (c) dsoy rhu ;qXe
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) lHkh pkjks ;qXe
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
80. uhps nks dFku fn, x, gSa] ,d dks vfHkdFku ¼A½ vkSj 1- 1965 esa phu us frCcr Lok;Ùk {ks= dks gM+i
nwljs dks dkj.k ¼R½ dgk x;k gSA fy;k] ftlds pyrs phu&Hkkjr ;q) gqvkA
A- fgeky; ioZrJà[kyk esa dksÃ lfØ; Tokykeq[kh 2- frCcr HkkSxksfyd :i ls eè;] iwoZ vkSj nf{k.k
ugÈ gS] tcfd fgeky; ioZr Jà[kyk dh ,f'k;k dks foHkkftr djrk gSA
fo'ks"krk Hkza'k vkSj oyu gSaA 3- frCcr dh Hkwfe ij jkt djus okys Çdx jktoa'k
R- fgeky; ioZrekyk dk fuekZ.k foHksnd ?kuRo dh phuh mRifÙk FkhA
okyh nks IysVksa ds vkil esa Vdjkus ls gqvk gS] mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@
ftlls ,d IysV dk fuEuL[kyu gks x;k gSA gSa\
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(a) A vkSj R nksuksa lgh gSa vkSj R] A dk lgh (b) dsoy 1
RE
Li"Vhdj.k gSA (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(b) A vkSj R nksuksa lgh gSa] ysfdu R] A dk lgh (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
Li"Vhdj.k ugÈ gSA
(c) A lgh gS] ysfdu R xyr gSA 84. cknyksa ds fuekZ.k ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
(d) A xyr gS] ysfdu R lgh gSA O fopkj dhft;s%
1- tc ok;q ,d fuf'pr rkieku lhek esa vius
lar`fIr Çcnq rd igq¡p tkrh gS] rc cknyksa dk
1- fdjckrh }hi nf{k.kh ç'kkar egklkxj esa fLFkr
fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
gS] ysfdu ekbØksusf'k;kÃ }hilewg dk Hkkx
SC
ugÈ gSA 2- ckny vfèkd ÅapkÃ ij dksgjs dk ,d :i
2- fdjckrh esa fo'o dk fo'kkyre çoky}hi gSaA
oy; }hi gSA mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@
3- egkekjh vkjaHk gksus ds ckn ls ;g ,dek= ,slk gSa\
}hi Fkk tgk¡ dksfoM&19 dk dksÃ ekeyk ugÈ (a) dsoy 1
?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA (b) dsoy 2
GS
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@ (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa

gSa\ (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2
85. çLrkfor Øk bLrel ugj fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu ty
(c) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(d) dsoy 3
fudk;ksa dks tksM+sxh\
(a) ç'kkar egklkxj ls esfDldks dh [kkM+h dks
82. fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa ij fopkj dhft,% (b) ejejk lkxj ls dkyk lkxj dks
canjxkg jkT; (c) ç'kkar egklkxj ls dSjsfc;kÃ lkxj dks
1- ,Uuksj & dsjy (d) vaMeku lkxj ls FkkÃySaM dh [kkM+h dks
2- oèkkou & if'pe caxky
3- dkaMyk & xqtjkr 86. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa%
4- rktiqj & egkjk"Vª
1- phu esa foÜo dk 50 çfr'kr ls vfèkd fyfFk;e
mi;qZä ;qXeksa esa ls fdrus ;qXe lgh lqesfyr ugÈ
HkaMkj gSA
gSa\
(a) dsoy ,d ;qXe 2- Hkkjr phu ls fyfFk;e dk lcls cM+k vk;krd
(b) dsoy nks ;qXe gSA
29 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Which of the statements given above is/are Select the correct answer from the code given
correct? below:
(b) 2 only (b) 2 only
(c) 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
87. With reference to ‘derechos’, consider 90. Consider the following:

the following statements: 1. Less rainfall during monsoon
1. Derechos are wide-spread and long- 2. Rainfall in Western Arabian Sea
lived windstorms that are similar to a 3. Delay in Winter season
tornado. 4. Increasing Cyclonic weather over Indian
2. These are a warm-weather phenomenon. Ocean
3. These are limited to central and eastern Which of the impacts given above are not
associated to the Triple dip La Nina?
RE
parts of the United States.
(a) 1 and 4 only
Which of the above statements is/are
incorrect? (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 and 2 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(c) 3 only
O 91. Consider the following statements
(d) 1 and 3 only regarding the Glacial lake Atlas:
1. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)
88. With reference to volcanoes, consider is the Implementing Agency for glacial
SC
the following statements: lake mapping.
1. Shield volcanoes are mostly made up of 2. The atlases produced are useful for
basalt, a type of lava that is very fluid identifying the potential critical glacial
when erupted. lakes and consequent GLOF risk
assessment.
2. Composite volcanoes are the most
explosive of the earth’s volcanoes. 3. Ministry of Earth sciences has sponsored
the Glacial lake Atlas Project by NRSC.
GS
3. Calderas are characterized by eruptions

Which of the statements given above are
of cooler and more viscous lavas than
incorrect?
basalt.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(a) 1 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 92. With reference to New Tectonic mapping
released, consider the following
89. With reference to the Lunar Eclipse, statements:
consider the following statements: 1. It covers about 90% of the spatial
distribution of the Earthquakes and
1. A Lunar Eclipse can only take place on a
Volcanic eruptions.
full moon night.
2. The new study added Macquarie
2. During the eclipse, the penumbral microplate which sits south of Tasmania
shadow is a zone where the Earth blocks increasing the number of microplates
part but not all of the Sun’s rays from that separates the Indian and Australian
reaching the Moon. plates.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 30
3- [kfut lqj{kk Hkkxhnkjh vesfjdk }kjk phu ij 2- xzg.k ds nkSjku] miNk;k {ks= ,slk {ks= gksrk
fuHkZjrk de djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k ,d gS tgk¡ i`Foh lw;Z dh fdj.kksa dks paæek rd
xBcaèku gSA igqapus ls jksd nsrh gS ysfdu lHkh dks ugÈA
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(b) dsoy 2 (b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 3 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
87. Msjsdksl ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj 90. fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft,%
dhft;s% 1- ekulwu ds nkSjku de o"kkZ
1- Msjsdksl V‚jusMks l–'k O;kid :i ls QSys vkSj
2- if'peh vjc lkxj esa o"kkZ
nh?kZthoh rwQku gSaA
3- 'khr_rq esa foyac
2- Msjsdksl xeZ ekSle dh ifj?kVuk gSaA
RE
4- Çgn egklkxj ij c<+rk pØokrh ekSle
3- Msjsdksl la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds eè; vkSj iwoÊ
Åij fn, x, çHkkoksa esa ls dkSu&ls çHkko fVªiy fMi
Hkkxksa rd lhfer gSaA
yk uhuk ls lacafèkr ugÈ gSa\
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls xyr gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 4
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 2
(c) dsoy 3
(d) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
O (c) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2] 3 vkSj 4
SC
88. Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj 91. fgeun >hy ,Vyl ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij
dhft,% fopkj dhft,%
1- 'khYM Tokykeq[kh eq[;r% cslkYV ls cus gksrs 1- jk"Vªh; lqnwj laosnu dsaæ ¼NRSC½ fgeun
gSa] tks mn~Hksfnr gksus ij ,d çdkj dk cgqr >hy ekufp=.k ds fy, dk;kZUo;u ,tsalh gSA
rjy ykok gksrk gSA 2- mRikfnr ,Vyl laHkkfor egRoiw.kZ fgeun
GS
2- fefJr Tokykeq[kh i`Foh ij Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa >hyksa dh igpku djus vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i
lcls vfèkd foLQksVd gSaA GLOF tksf[ke ewY;kadu ds fy, mi;ksxh gSaA
3- Tokykeq[kh dqaM@dkYMsjk dh fo'ks"krk cslkYV 3- i`Foh foKku ea=ky; NRSC dh fgeun >hy
dh rqyuk esa vis{kk—r BaMs vkSj vfèkd ';ku@ ,Vyl ifj;kstuk dk çk;kstd gSA
fpifpis ykok dk mn~xkj gksrk gSA mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&ls xyr gSa\
mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
92. tkjh fd, x, u, foorZfud ekufp=.k ds lanHkZ esa
89. pUæ xzg.k ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
dhft;s% 1- blesa Hkwdai vkSj Tokykeq[kh foLQksVksa dk
1- paæ xzg.k dsoy iwÆ.kek dh jkr esa gh yx yxHkx 90% LFkkfud forj.k 'kkfey gSA
ldrk gSA 2- u, vè;;u esa Hkkjrh; vkSj v‚LVªsfy;kÃ IysV
31 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Select the correct answer from the code given 3. State Governments have the power to
below: frame rules to prevent illegal mining of
(a) 1 only minor minerals.
(b) 2 only Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) 1 and 3 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
93. Consider the following regarding
Special Agriculture Zone (SAZs): (d) 1, 2 and 3
1. It is one region where agricultural land
is preserved for posterity because of its 96. Consider the following statements
importance to increasing agriculture regarding Snake Islands seen in news
production and promoting livelihood recently:
security for a large number of farm
1. Snake Island is on the delta of the river
families.
Danube in the Black Sea.
2. Tamil Nadu is the first state to declaration
RE
of such areas for sustainable agricultural 2. The Island is governed by Ukrainian
development. government.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct? correct?
(a) 1 only (a) 1 Only
(b) 2 only
O (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
SC
94. Which of the following is correct
regarding the term Bomb Cyclone? 97. Match the following types of precipitation
with their characteristics:
(a) A bomb cyclone occurs when a high-
latitude cyclone rapidly intensifies or List I List II
quickly drops in atmospheric pressure,
A. Convectional 1. Depressions
marking the strengthening of the storm.
Rainfall
GS
(b) High heat and moisture facilitate the

formation of Bomb Cyclones over Oceans B. Relief Rainfall 2. Intense rains
during summers. C. Frontal Rainfall 3. Rain-shadow effect
(c) Sinking air is one of the important factors
Select the correct answer using the code given
contributing for Bombogenesis.
below:
(d) It affects US’s east coast leading to A B C
formation of a heat bubble over the
(a) 1 3 2
landmass.
(b) 1 2 3
(c) 3 1 2
95. With reference to the management of
(d) 2 3 1
minor minerals in India, consider the
following statements:
98. Which of the following cyclone(s) made
1. Sand is a 'minor mineral' according to the
their landfall on eastern coast of India?
prevailing law in the country.
2. State Governments have the power to 1. Amphan
notify a ‘mineral’ as ‘minor mineral’, but 2. Nisarga
the powers regarding the formation of
3. Tauktae
rules related to the grant of minor minerals
lie with the Central Government. 4. Fani
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 32
dks vyx djus okyh lw{eIysVksa dh la[;k 2- jkT; ljdkjksa ds ikl fdlh ^[kfut* dks ^xkS.k
c<+krs gq, rLekfu;k ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr eSDosjh [kfut* vfèklwfpr djus dh 'kfä gS] ysfdu
lw{eIysV dks tksM+k x;k gSA xkS.k [kfut vuqnku ls lacafèkr fu;e cukus
dh 'kfä dsaæ ljdkj esa fufgr gSA
(a) dsoy 1 3- xkS.k [kfutksa dk voSèk [kuu jksdus ds fy,
(b) dsoy 2 jkT; ljdkjksa dks fu;e cukus dk vfèkdkj
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa gSA
(d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2 mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
93. fo'ks"k Ñf"k {ks= (SAZs) ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr ij (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
fopkj dhft,% (c) dsoy 3
1- ;g ,d ,slk {ks= gS tgk¡ —f"k mRiknu c<+kus (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
vkSj cM+h la[;k esa —"kd ifjokjksa ds fy,
vkthfodk lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsus ds vius egRo
gky gh esa lqÆ[k;ksa esa jgs Lusd vkbySaM~l ds lacaèk esa
RE
96.
ds dkj.k —f"k Hkwfe dk Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy,
laj{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,%
2- rfeyukMq laèkkj.kh; —f"k fodkl ds fy, ,sls 1- Lusd vkbySaM dkyk lkxj esa MsU;wc unh ds
{ks= dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk igyk jkT; gSA MsYVk ij gSA
mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@
gSa\
O 2- ;g }hi ;wØsuh ljdkj }kjk 'kkflr gSA
(a) dsoy 1 mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@
(b) dsoy 2 gSa\
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (a) dsoy 1
SC
(b) dsoy 2
94. ce pØokr 'kCn ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk
lgh gS\ (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2
(a) ce pØokr rc curk gS tc mPp&v{kka'k
okyk pØokr rsth ls xgu gks tkrk gS ;k 97. fuEufyf[kr çdkj dh o"kkZ dks mudh fo'ks"krkvksa ds
GS
ok;qeaMyh; ncko esa rsth ls fxj tkrk gS] lkFk lqesfyr dhft,%
ftlls rwQku dh etcwrh fpfàr gksrh gSA
lwph - I lwph - II
(b) mPp rki vkSj ueh xzh"e_rq esa egklkxjksa
ij ce pØokrksa ds fuekZ.k dh lqfoèkk çnku A- laoguh o"kkZ 1- vonkc
djrs gSaA B- mPpkop o"kkZ 2- rhoz o"kkZ
(c) uhps cSBrh gqÃ ok;q c‚Eckstsusfll ds fy, C- okrkxzh o"kkZ 3- o"kkZ&Nk;k çHkko
;ksxnku nsus okys egRoiw.kZ dkjdksa esa ls ,d uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
gSA A B C
(d) blls vesfjdk dk iwoÊ rV çHkkfor gksrk gS (a) 1 3 2
ftlls Hkwlagfr ij xeZ cqycqys dk fuekZ.k gksrk (b) 1 2 3
gSA (c) 3 1 2
(d) 2 3 1
95. Hkkjr esa xkS.k [kfutksa ds çcaèku ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr
dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 98. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl@fdu pØokr ¼pØokrksa½ dk
1- ns'k esa çpfyr dkuwu ds vuqlkj jsr ^y?kq
Hkkjr ds iwoÊ rV ij LFkkykorj.k gqvk Fkk\
[kfut* gSA
1- vEQku
33 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Select the correct answer using the code given (c) 1 and 3 only
below:
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 4 only 100. Consider the following landforms:
(c) 2 and 3 only 1. Stalagmites
(d) 3 only 2. Staletites
3. Uvalas
99. Which of the following countries share
land border with Afghanistan? 4. Dolines
1. Uzbekistan Which of the above are the depositional
2. Turkmenistan landforms formed by groundwater?
3. Tajikistan
(a) 1 and 2 only
Select the correct answer using the code given
RE
below: (b) 3 and 4 only
(a) 1 and 2 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

O
SC
GS
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 34
2- fulxZ uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
3- rkmrs
(b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
4- Q+uh (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3
uhps fn, x, dwV dk ç;ksx dj lgh mÙkj pqfu,A (d) 1] 2 vkSj 3
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
(b) dsoy 1 vkSj 4 100. fuEufyf[kr LFkykÑfr;ksa ij fopkj dhft,%
1- LVSysXekbV
(c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3
2- LVSysDVkbV
(d) dsoy 3
3- ;qokyk
4- Mksykbu
99. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu ns'kksa dh Hkwfe lhek vQxkfuLrku
mi;qZä esa ls dkSu&lh Hkwty }kjk fuÆer
ls yxrh gS\ fu{ksi.kkRed Hkw&vk—fr;k¡ gSa\
(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2
RE
1- mT+csfdLrku
(b) dsoy 3 vkSj 4
2- rqdZesfuLrku
(c) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 3
3- rtkfdLrku (d) dsoy 1] 2 vkSj 4

O
SC
GS
35 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Space for Rough Work
RE
O
SC
GS
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 36
Space for Rough Work
RE
O
SC
GS
37 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
tc rd vkidks ;g ijh{k.k iqfLrdk [kksyus dks u dgk tk, rc rd u [kksysa
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Test No.
lkekU; v/;;u
Hkwxksy fjfotu VsLV 17
le; % nks ?k.Vs iw.kkZad % 200
1. ijh{kk izkjEHk gksus ds rqjUr ckn] vki bl ijh{k.k iqfLrdk dh iM+rky vo'; dj ysa fd blesa dksbZ fcuk Nik] QVk ;k NwVk gqvk i`"B
vFkok iz'uka'k] vkfn u gksA ;fn ,slk gS] rks bls lgh ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ls cny ysaA
2. Ñi;k /;ku j[ksa fd OMR mÙkj&i=d esa] mfpr LFkku ij] jksy uEcj vkSj ijh{k.k iqfLrdk vuqØe A, B, C ;k D dks] /;ku ls ,oa
fcuk fdlh pwd ;k folaxfr ds Hkjus vkSj dwVc) djus dh ftEesnkjh mEehnokj dh gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj dh pwd@folaxfr dh fLFkfr esa
mÙkj&i=d fujLr dj fn;k tk,xkA
3. bl ijh{k.k ij lkFk esa fn, x, dks"Bd esa vkidks viuk vuqØekad fy[kuk gSA ijh{k.k
iqfLrdk ij vkSj dqN u fy[ksaA
4. bl ijh{k.k iqfLrdk esa 100 iz'ukad ¼iz'u½ fn, x, gSaA izR;sd iz'uka'k fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksauksa esa Nik gSA izR;sd iz'uka'k esa pkj izR;qÙkj
¼mÙkj½ fn, x, gSaA buesa ls ,d izR;qÙkj dks pqu ysa] ftls vki mÙkj&i=d ij vafdr djuk pkgrs gSaA ;fn vkidks ,slk yxs fd ,d ls
vf/kd izR;qÙkj lgh gS] rks ml izR;qÙkj dks vafdr djsa tks vkidks loksZÙke yxsA izR;sd iz'uka'k ds fy, dsoy ,d gh izR;qÙkj pquuk gSA
5. vkidks vius lHkh izR;qÙkj vyx ls fn, x, mÙkj&i=d ij gh vafdr djus gSaA mÙkj&i=d esa fn, x, funsZ'k ns[ksaA
6. lHkh iz'uka'kksa ds vad leku gSaA
7. blls igys fd vki ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ds fofHkUu iz'uka'kksa ds izR;qÙkj mÙkj&i=d ij vafdr djuk 'kq: djsa] vkidks izos'k izek.k&i= ds
lkFk izsf"kr vuqns'kksa ds vuq'kkj dqN fooj.k mÙkj&i=d esa nsus gSaA
8. vki vius lHkh izR;qÙkjksa dks mÙkj&i=d esa Hkjus ds ckn rFkk ijh{kk ds leku ij dsoy mÙkj&i=d v/kh{kd dks lkSai nsaA vkidks vius
lkFk ijh{kd iqfLrdk ys tkus dh vuqefr gSA
9. dPps dke ds fy, i=d ijh{k.k iqfLrdk ds vUr esa layXu gSA
10. xyr mÙkjksa ds fy, n.M %
mEehnokj }kjk fn, x, xyr mÙkjksa ds fy, n.M fn;k tk,xkA

(i) izR;sd iz'u ds fy, pkj oSdfYid mÙkj gSaA mEehnokj }kjk izR;sd iz'u ds fy, fn, x, ,d xyr ds fy,
iz'u gsrq fu;r fd, x, vadksa dk ,d&frgkbZ n.M ds :i esa dkVk tk,xkA
(ii) ;fn dksbZ mEehnokj ,d ls vf/kd mÙkj nsrk gS] rks bls xyr mÙkj ekuk tk,xk] ;|fi fn, x, mÙkjksa esa ls
,d mÙkj lgh gksrk gS] fQj Hkh ml iz'u ds fy, mi;qZäkuqlkj gh mlh rjg dk n.M fn;k tk,xkA
(iii) ;fn mEehnokj }kjk dksbZ iz'u gy ugha fd;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ mEehnokj }kjk mÙkj ugha fn;k tkrk gS] rks ml
iz'u ds fy, dksbZ n.M ugha fn;k tk,xkA
tc rd vkidks ;g ijh{k.k iqfLrdk [kksyus dks u dgk tk, rc rd u [kksysa
Note: English version of the instructions is printed on the front cover of this Booklet.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Test No.
IAS Prelims - 2023

17
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
GENERAL STUDIES
GEOGRAPHY REVISION TEST
Answer Key
Q. 1 (b) Q. 26 (a) Q. 51 (d) Q. 76 (a)
Q. 2 (a) Q. 27 (d) Q. 52 (d) Q. 77 (a)
Q. 3 (b) Q. 28 (c) Q. 53 (b) Q. 78 (c)
Q. 4 (c) Q. 29 (d) Q. 54 (c) Q. 79 (a)
Q. 5 (c) Q. 30 (b) Q. 55 (c) Q. 80 (c)
Q. 6 (d) Q. 31 (c) Q. 56 (c) Q. 81 (b)
Q. 7 (b) Q. 32 (b) Q. 57 (a) Q. 82 (c)
Q. 8 (d) Q. 33 (b) Q. 58 (a) Q. 83 (b)
Q. 9 (c) Q. 34 (a) Q. 59 (b) Q. 84 (c)
Q. 10 (d) Q. 35 (a) Q. 60 (d) Q. 85 (d)
Q. 11 (c) Q. 36 (c) Q. 61 (b) Q. 86 (c)
Q. 12 (d) Q. 37 (d) Q. 62 (c) Q. 87 (d)
Q. 13 (c) Q. 38 (b) Q. 63 (a) Q. 88 (a)
Q. 14 (c) Q. 39 (a) Q. 64 (c) Q. 89 (c)
Q. 15 (a) Q. 40 (b) Q. 65 (d) Q. 90 (c)
Q. 16 (d) Q. 41 (c) Q. 66 (b) Q. 91 (b)
Q. 17 (c) Q. 42 (a) Q. 67 (c) Q. 92 (a)
Q. 18 (d) Q. 43 (c) Q. 68 (d) Q. 93 (a)
Q. 19 (d) Q. 44 (d) Q. 69 (a) Q. 94 (d)
Q. 20 (b) Q. 45 (a) Q. 70 (c) Q. 95 (a)
Q. 21 (a) Q. 46 (b) Q. 71 (b) Q. 96 (b)
Q. 22 (a) Q. 47 (a) Q. 72 (d) Q. 97 (a)
Q. 23 (a) Q. 48 (c) Q. 73 (b) Q. 98 (b)
Q. 24 (d) Q. 49 (b) Q. 74 (a) Q. 99 (d)
Q. 25 (d) Q. 50 (d) Q. 75 (c) Q. 100 (a)
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
1. Correct option: (b) rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire
mountain ranges.
Explanation:
Fold Mountains are often associated with
Statement 3 is incorrect: The oceanic continental crust.
crust is denser than the continental crust.
They are created at convergent plate
Structure of Earth boundaries, sometimes called continental
collision zones or compression zones.
The earth is made up of several concentric
layers. Convergent plate boundaries are sites of
collisions, where tectonic plates crash into
The outer layer of the earth’s crust i.e.
each other. Compression describes a set of
the Lithosphere comprises of two distinct
stresses directed at one point in a rock or
parts.
rock formation.
The upper part of the lithosphere At a compression zone, tectonic activity
consists of granitic rocks which forces crustal compression at the leading
forms the continents. The primary edge of the crust formation. For this reason,
constituents of continental crust are most fold mountains are found on the
silica and alumina. So it is collectively edge or former edge of continental plate
referred to as ‘Sial’. boundaries.
The lower part is a continuous zone
RE

Block Mountains
of denser basaltic rocks forming the
ocean floors, comprising mainly silica, Fault-block Mountains are formed by the
iron and magnesium. It is therefore called movement of large crustal blocks when
‘Sima’. forces in the Earth’s crust pull it apart.
The density of Sial (Continents) is lower Some parts of the Earth are pushed upward
than the density of Sima (Oceans). and others collapse down.
Faults are simply cracks in the Earth’s
O
The Sial and Sima form the earth’s crust
which varies in thickness from only 3-4 miles crust. The surface of the Earth can move
beneath the oceans to 30 miles beneath the along these faults, and displace rock layers
continents. on either side.
Large blocks of rock along the sides of these
SC

Since Sial is lighter than Sima, the
faults can be uplifted and tilted sideways
continents are said to be floating over on a
by this incredible force. And then, on the
sea of denser Sima.
opposite sides of the faults, the ground
Topic: Geomorphism tilts downwards forming a depression. This
depression gets filled in and leveled by the
Sub-topic: Structure of Earth erosion of the mountains above.
Volcanic Mountains
2. Correct option: (a)
GS
Volcanic mountains form when molten rock

Explanation: from deep inside the Earth erupts through
the crust and piles up on itself.
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Fold
Mountains – They are formed at the The islands of Hawaii were formed by
continental collision zone where two or undersea volcanoes, and the islands seen
more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed above water today are the remaining
together. volcano tops.
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Block When magma pushes the crust up but
Mountains – They are formed by the hardens before erupting onto the surface, it
movement of large crustal blocks when forms so-called dome mountains. Wind and
forces in the Earth’s crust pull it apart. rain pummel the domes, sculpting peaks
and valleys.
Earth Movements and Types of
Mountain Topic: Geomorphism
Fold Mountains Sub-topic: Types of Mountains and rocks

Fold Mountains are created where two or
more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed 3. Correct option: (b)
together.
Explanation:
At these colliding, compressing boundaries,
rocks and debris are warped and folded into Option (b) is correct.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 2
Dissected Plateau chromium.
A dissected plateau forms as a result of Batholiths: They are type of igneous
upward movement in the Earth’s crust. rock that forms when magma rises into
The uplift is caused by the slow collision of the earth’s crust, but does not erupt
tectonic plates. onto the surface. The individual plutons
The Colorado Plateau, in the western United in batholiths vary in size but the largest are
States, has been rising about .03 centimeter about 30 km across. The individual plutons
(.01 inch) a year for more than 10 million can show quite different forms and ages
years. of emplacement (sometimes separated by
millions of years).
These are formed through the erosion of
sediment by flowing water. Phacoliths: They are lens-shaped mass
of igneous rocks occupying the crest
The eastern part of the Plateau of Tibet
of an anticline or the bottom of the
is believed to have dissected terrain
syncline and being fed by a conduit
due to the headwaters of many Asian
from beneath.
rivers which eroded much of the rock,
and left behind deep canyons. Laccoliths: They are lens-shaped
intrusions where magmas were
Such plateaus are defined by ridged
emplaced like a sill between
piercings in the ground with sharp, narrow
sedimentary layers but then bulged
RE
sides, and although lacking flat areas, the
up into a dome. This commonly happens
uplands consisting of mountains and ridges
in dioritic intrusions. An excellent example
are almost uniformly level.
of a laccolith is the Prospect intrusion of
The dissected plateaus are distinguishable Sydney, New South Wales.
from orogenic mountain belts by the lack of
folding, metamorphism, extensive faulting, Topic: Geomorphism
or magmatic activity that accompanies Sub-topic: Landforms
orogeny.
O
Topic: Geomorphism
5. Correct option: (c)
Sub-topic: Plateau and Mountains
Explanation:
SC
All statements are correct.
Geothermal Features
Explanation:
Fumaroles:
Option (c) is correct
They are geothermal features
Intrusive Igneous Rocks that depend on the interactions of
An intrusion is a body of igneous (created released volcanic gases and the local
GS
under intense heat) rock that has crystallized groundwater system.

from molten magma. These occur in areas where a magma conduit
Gravity influences the placement of passes through the water table. The magma
igneous rocks because it acts on the density can be liquid or recently solidified, but still
differences between the magma and the hot.
surrounding wall rocks (country or local The heat from the magma causes water to
rocks). become steam. As the steam rises it carries
In general, silica-rich magmas are less volcanic gases such as hydrogen sulfide
dense than wall rocks, while silica-poor (H2S) to the surface.
magmas are similar in density to wall rocks. This mixture of steam and gas is erupted
Because of this, lower density intrusions from vents and fissures in the ground. Due
take different shapes to higher density to this chemical activity, fumaroles can be
intrusions.
very dangerous.
Types of Intrusive Igneous Rocks Associated chemical reactions can color the
Lopoliths: They are the largest known surrounding rocks. Areas with fumarole
intrusions of dense magma and form features are sometimes called “dying
a thick saucer shape within the volcanoes” because they occur near the
surrounding country rocks. Lopoliths end stages of volcanic activity as the
contain many important economic deposits magma deep underground solidifies
of nickel, copper, platinum, palladium and and cools.
3
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Mudpots: Middle America Trench:
They are surface features that occur The Middle America Trench sometimes
when limited amount of geothermal referred to as the Central America Trench
water is mixed with mud and clay. or Mid-American Trench, is a major
Acid and bacteria in the water can dissolve subduction zone.
surrounding rock forming viscous pools of It is an oceanic trench in the eastern Pacific
bubbling mud. Ocean off the coast of Central America.
Topic: Geomorphism It can be divided into a northern section
called the Acapulco Trench and a southern
Sub-topic: Landforms section called the Guatemala Trench.
The trench is the boundary between the
6. Correct option: (d) Rivera Plate (a microplate), the Cocos Plate
and the Nazca Plate on one side; and the
Explanation:
North American Plate and Caribbean Plate
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Juan de on the other.
Fuca Plate – Cascadia Trench
Topic: Geomorphism
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Nazca
Sub-topic: Interior of the earth
RE
Plate – Atacama Trench
Trenches formed along Minor Plates

7. Correct option: (b)
Cascadia Trench:
The subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate
Explanation:
beneath the North American Plate forms Statement 1 is incorrect: It is a mechanical
the Cascadia Trench, which is the western weathering of rocks in which pressure in a
O
edge of the Cascadia subduction zone. rock is released along parallel alignments
near the surface of the bedrock.
Oceanic crust forms by eruptions along the
Juan de Fuca Ridge. Exfoliation
SC
As the Juan de Fuca Plate drifts eastward, Exfoliation is a mechanical weathering
it cools, becomes denser, and eventually process in which pressure in a rock
dives under the less dense North American is released (unloading) along parallel
Plate at the Cascadia Trench. alignments (sheet joints) near the surface of
Water released from the subducting slab the bedrock and layers or slabs of the rock
causes the overlying mantle to partially melt, along these alignments break off from the
forming magma that sustains the Cascade bedrock and move downhill by gravity.
Range of volcanoes (black triangles).
GS
• Exfoliation primarily occurs on intrusive

Atacama Trench: igneous or metamorphosed rocks that are
exposed at the Earth’s surface.
The Peru–Chile Trench, also known as the
Atacama Trench, is an oceanic trench in the Exfoliation can occur both very slowly or
eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Peru very rapidly as a form of mass wasting.
and Chile. Large rocks characterized by exfoliation are
It delineates the boundary between the commonly referred to as exfoliation domes.
subducting Nazca Plate and the overriding Table Rock Mountain in South Carolina and
South American Plate. Enchanted Rock in Texas are both examples
The Peru-Chile Trench reaches a maximum of exfoliation domes with large slabs of rock
depth of 8,065 m (26,460 ft) below sea level exfoliating from the bedrock.
in “Richards Deep” and is approximately Topic: Geomorphism
5,900 km (3,666 mi) long.
Sub-topic: Interior of earth
The Peru–Chile Trench, the forearc, and
the western edge of the central Andean
plateau (Altiplano), delineate the dramatic 8. Correct option: (d)
“Bolivian Orocline” that defines the Andean
slope of southern Peru, northern Chile and
Explanation:
Bolivia. Both statements are correct.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 4
Frost Wedging The algae produce food for the fungi and the
Frost wedging (or ice wedging) happens fungi provide water and protection for the
when water seeps into cracks, and then algae.
expands upon freezing. The expansion Lichens produce a dilute, acidic solution
enlarges the cracks. that slowly causes some minerals in rock to
The effectiveness of frost wedging depends decompose.
on how often freezing and thawing occurs. Topic: Interior of earth
Frost wedging won’t be as important
Sub-topic: Weathering and Movements
in warm areas where freezing is
on earth
infrequent, in very cold areas where
thawing is infrequent, or in very dry
areas, where there is little water to 10. Correct option: (d)
seep into cracks.
Explanation:
Frost wedging is most effective in Canada’s
climate, where for at least part of the year All statements are correct.
temperatures oscillate between warm and Factors affecting composition/formation
freezing. of soil
A common feature in areas of effective frost
Parent Material
RE
wedging is a talus slope — a fan-shaped
deposit of fragments removed by frost Parent material is a passive control factor
wedging from the steep rocky slopes above. in soil formation.
Topic: Geomorphism Parent materials can be any in-situ or on-

site weathered rock debris (residual soils) or
Sub-topic: Rocks and Minerals transported deposits (transported soils).
Soil formation depends upon the texture
O (sizes of debris) and structure (disposition of
individual grains/particles of debris) as well
Explanation: as the mineral and chemical composition of
Both statements are correct. the rock debris/deposits.
SC
Biological Weathering Nature and rate of weathering and depth
of weathering mantle are important
Biological weathering is the weakening and considerations under parent materials
subsequent disintegration of rock by plants,
animals and microbes. Topography
Microbial activity breaks down The influence of topography is felt through
rock minerals by altering the rock’s the amount of exposure of a surface covered
chemical composition, thus making it by parent materials to sunlight and the
GS
more susceptible to weathering. amount of surface and sub-surface drainage

over and through the parent materials.
Fungi release chemicals that break down
rock minerals; the minerals thus released Soils over flat areas may develop a thick
from rock are consumed by the algae. As layer of clay with good accumulation
this process continues, holes and gaps of organic matter giving the soil dark
continue to develop on the rock, exposing colour.
the rock further to physical and chemical In middle latitudes, the south facing slopes
weathering. exposed to sunlight have different conditions
Burrowing animals can move rock fragments of vegetation and soils and the north facing
to the surface, exposing the rock to more slopes with cool, moist conditions have some
intense chemical, physical, and biological other soils and vegetation.
processes and so indirectly enhancing the Over gentle slopes where erosion is slow and
process of rock weathering. percolation of water is good, soil formation
Lichens are some of the first living organisms is very favourable.
that establish themselves on barren rock. Topography like parent materials is another
Lichens are made up of algae and fungi, passive control factor.
which live together in a symbiotic,
Climate
mutualistic relationship (an interaction in
which two organisms depend upon each The climatic elements involved in soil
other). development are:
5
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Moisture in terms of its intensity, frequency 11. Correct option: (c)
and duration of precipitation -evaporation
and humidity; and Explanation:
Temperature in terms of seasonal and Option (c) is correct.
diurnal variations Natural Levee
In climates like wet equatorial rainy areas Natural levees are embankments formed
with high rainfall, not only calcium, sodium, naturally after a river floods and recedes.
magnesium, potassium etc. but also a major Friction with the floodplain during a flood
part of silica is removed from the soil. causes a decrease in the velocity of the river
Removal of silica from the soil is known as leading to the deposit of the material that
desilication. the flood water is carrying.
In dry climates, because of high The deposits in natural levees contain mud,
temperature, evaporation exceeds sand, and stones and are formed such that
precipitation and hence ground they slope away from either side of the river
water is brought up to the surface by or flood plain.
capillary action and in the process the Raised mounds are formed near the
water evaporates leaving behind salts riverbank where the larger material is
in the soil. deposited, and the gently sloping sides are
RE
a result of the smaller particles deposited
Time away from the riverbank.
Time is the third important controlling Pipelines can be installed through such
factor in soil formation. natural formations without disturbing them
The length of time the soil forming processes by using trenchless construction methods
operate, determines maturation of soils and like horizontal directional drilling (HDD).
profile development. Although most levees exist to control rivers,
O
A soil becomes mature when all soil-forming they can also exist on the coast. The country
of the Netherlands has an elaborate system
processes act for a sufficiently long time
of dikes, levees, and dams to hold back the
developing a profile.
North Sea.
Soils developing from recently deposited
SC

Natural levees are commonly developed by
alluvium or glacial till are considered young alluvial streams flowing on flood plains.
and they exhibit no horizons or only poorly
developed horizons. The levee is located immediately adjacent
to the channel and forms a low wide ridge,
Biological Activity which in some cases are so small that they
cannot be seen.
The vegetative cover and organisms that
occupy the parent materials from the Topic: landforms
GS
beginning and also at later stages help in

Sub-topic: Coastal landforms
adding organic matter, moisture retention,
nitrogen etc.
Dead plants provide humus, the finely 12. Correct option: (d)
divided organic matter of the soil. Some Explanation:
organic acids which form during humification
aid in decomposing the minerals of the soil
• All statements are correct
parent materials.
Intensity of bacterial activity shows up Solifluction
differences between soils of cold and warm It is a slow downward movement of soil which
climates. Humus accumulates in cold results from the complete waterlogging of
climates as bacterial growth is slow. sediment.
In humid tropical and equatorial It occurs slowly and is measured in
climates, bacterial growth and action is millimeters or centimeters per year.
intense and dead vegetation is rapidly It more or less uniformly affects the whole
oxidized leaving very low humus thickness of the soil rather than collecting
content in the soil. in certain areas.
Topic: Exterior of Earth Solifluction happens during the summer

thaw when the water in the soil is trapped
Sub-topic: Soil there by frozen permafrost beneath it.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 6
This waterlogged sludge moves downslope From Britain, the climatic belt stretches
by gravity, helped along by freeze-and-thaw far inland into the lowlands of North-West
cycles that push the top of the soil outward Europe, including such regions as northern
from the slope (the mechanism of frost and western France, Belgium, the Nether-
heave). lands, Denmark, western Norway and also
The major sign of Solifluction in the north-western Iberia.
landscape is hillsides that have lobe-shaped In the southern hemisphere, the climate is
slumps in them, similar to small, thin experienced in southern Chile, Tasmania
earthflows. and most parts of New Zealand, particularly
Other signs include patterned ground, the in South Island.
name for various signs of order in the stones Topic: Climatology
and soils of alpine landscapes.
Sub-topic: Types of Climate around
Slumping World
It is a downward movement of a block of
earth material where clay-rich materials
are exposed along a steep slope.
Slump is common where clay-rich materials Explanation:
are exposed along a steep slope. Such over Both statements are correct.
RE
steepend slopes naturally occur on the
outside of meanders along the Red River. Hot Desert and Mid-latitude Desert
Climates
Slump is typically identified as the downward
movement of a block of earth material along The aridity of the hot deserts is mainly due
some curved surface of failure. to the effects of the Trade winds, hence they
are called Trade Wind Desert.
Soil Creep
The temperate deserts are rainless

O
It is a slow and downward flow of soils which because of their interior location in the
is common in damp soils where water act as temperate latitudes.
a lubricant so that individual soil particles
move over each other. The hot deserts lie astride the Horse
Latitudes or the Sub-Tropical High
SC
It is also found where continuous trampling Pressure Belts where the air is descending,
by animals grazing on the slopes sets up a condition least favourable for precipitation
vibrations which loosen the soil and cause of any kind to take place.
it to move.
The deserts are some of the hottest spots
Topic: Soil on earth and have high temperatures
throughout the year. There is no cold season
Sub-topic: Characteristics and Nature
in the hot deserts.
GS
The climatic conditions of the mid-latitude

13. Correct option: (c) deserts are in many ways similar to those
of the hot deserts. Aridity is the keynote.
Explanation:
These inland basins lie hundreds of miles
Option (c) is correct from the sea, and are sheltered by the high
mountains all around them. As a result they
British Type of Climate
are cut off from the rain-bearing winds.
It is a cool temperate western margin
climate. World’s tropical deserts located on the
Western margins of continents
This climate is under permanent influence
of westerlies all-round the year. Presence of cold ocean currents along
the western coast of continents tends
It experiences oceanic influence on both the
to stabilise the air over the coast. This
temperature and the precipitation.
prevents cloud formation and rainfall.
This climate has adequate rainfall Hence, it leads to arid conditions or the
throughout the year with a tendency towards formation of marine deserts on the adjacent
a slight winter or autumn maximum from coastal lands.
cyclonic sources.
Offshore areas of trade wind and falling
They are also regions of much cyclonic under the rain shadow area: When the
activity, typical of Britain, and are thus said moisture laden trade wind flows from east
to experience the British type of climate. to west shed their moisture on the eastern
7
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
part and by the time they reach the western Nutrient Cycling
margin, they become dry. These dry winds
The movement of those elements and
make the soil more and this led to the
inorganic compounds that are essential to
formation of the desert.
life can be conveniently designated as the
Anti-cyclonic conditions: The areas between nutrient cycling.
20 ° -30 ° latitude on western margins of
continents are the regions of descending air. Topic: Nutrient cycle
Because of this, the air gets compressed and
Sub-topic: Biogeochemical Cycles
warm as it descends and thus the moisture
keeps decreasing.
Formation of Rain-shadow Zone: A region 16. Correct option: (d)
in the lee of mountains that receives less
rainfall than the region windward of the Explanation:
mountains is called rain-shadow zone. Pair 1 is incorrectly matched:
Continental Slope – It begins where the
Topic: Climatology
bottom of the continental shelf sharply
Sub-topic: Deserts drops off into a steep slope.
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Seamount
15. Correct option: (a) – It is a mountain with pointed summits,
RE
rising from the seafloor that does not reach
Explanation: the surface of the ocean.
All statements are correct Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Guyots -
Biogeochemical Cycle It is a flat topped seamount.
Carbon cycle Division of Ocean Floor

Continental Shelf: The continental shelf
O
The carbon cycle describes the process in
which carbon atoms continually travel from is the extended margin of each continent
the atmosphere to the Earth and then back occupied by relatively shallow seas and
into the atmosphere. gulfs. It is the shallowest part of the ocean
Since our planet and its atmosphere form a showing an average gradient of 1° or even
SC

closed environment, the amount of carbon less. The shelf typically ends at a very steep
in this system does not change. Where the slope, called the shelf break.
carbon is located — in the atmosphere or on Continental Slope: The continental slope
Earth — is constantly in flux. connects the continental shelf and the ocean
On Earth, most carbon is stored in rocks and basins. It begins where the bottom of the
sediments, while the rest is located in the continental shelf sharply drops off into a
ocean, atmosphere, and in living organisms. steep slope. The gradient of the slope region
These are the reservoirs, or sinks, through
GS
varies between 2-5°.

which carbon cycles.
Deep Sea Plain: Deep sea planes are gently
Carbon is released back into the atmosphere sloping areas of the ocean basins. These are
when organisms die, volcanoes erupt, fires the flattest and smoothest regions of the
blaze, fossil fuels are burned, and through a
world. The depths vary between 3,000 and
variety of other mechanisms.
6,000m. These plains are covered with fine-
In the case of the ocean, carbon is continually grained sediments like clay and silt.
exchanged between the ocean’s surface
waters and the atmosphere, or is stored for Oceanic Deeps or Trenches: These areas
long periods of time in the ocean depths. are the deepest parts of the oceans. The
trenches are relatively steep sided, narrow
Sedimentary Cycle basins. They are some 3-5 km deeper than
In the sedimentary type of cycle major the surrounding ocean floor. They occur at
reservoir is the lithosphere, from which the the bases of continental slopes and along
elements are released by weathering. island arcs and are associated with active
The sedimentary types are best exemplified volcanoes and strong earthquakes.
by Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Iodine cycles. Guyots: They show evidences of gradual
In these cycles a little portion of the supply subsidence through stages to become
may get lost, as in the deep ocean sediments, flat topped submerged mountains. It is
and thereby becomes inaccessible to estimated that more than 10,000 seamounts
organisms and to continual cycling. and guyots exist in the Pacific Ocean alone.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 8
Atoll: These are low islands found in the Genetically Modified Crops
tropical oceans consisting of coral reefs
Conventional plant breeding involves
surrounding a central depression. It may
crossing of species of the same genus to
be a part of the sea (lagoon), or sometimes
provide the offspring with the desired
form enclosing a body of fresh, brackish, or
highly saline water. traits of both parents.
Mid-Oceanic Ridges: A mid-oceanic ridge Genus is a class of items such as a group

is composed of two chains of mountains of animals or plants with similar traits,
separated by a large depression. qualities or features.
Submarine Canyons: These are deep Bt cotton is the only Genetically
valleys, some comparable to the Grand Modified (GM) crop that is allowed
Canyon of the Colorado River. They in India. It has alien genes from the soil
are sometimes found cutting across the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that
continental shelves and slopes, often allows the crop to develop a protein toxic to
extending from the mouths of large rivers. the common pest pink bollworm.
The Hudson Canyon is the best known
Herbicide Tolerant Bt (Ht Bt) cotton, on
submarine canyon in the world.
the other hand is derived with the insertion
Topic: Oceanography of an additional gene, from another soil
bacterium, which allows the plant to resist
Sub-topic: Sea Floor and Features
RE
the common herbicide glyphosate.
In Bt brinjal, a gene allows the plant to
17. Correct option: (c) resist attacks of fruit and shoot borers.
Explanation: In DMH-11 mustard, genetic modification
Both statements are correct allows cross-pollination in a crop that self-
pollinates in nature.
Factors affecting Ocean Salinity
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal

O
Rate of Evaporation: The waters fringing

Committee, a 23-member committee
the High Pressure Belts of the Trade composed of scientists and government
Wind Deserts, between 20 degrees and 30 officials, had first approved GM food
degrees N and S have high salinity because crop Bt brinjal in 2009
SC
of high rate of evaporation caused by high
temperature and low humidity. Legal Position of GM crops in India
The amount of freshwater added by In India, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal
Precipitation: Salinity is lower than the Committee (GEAC) is the apex body that
average 35 parts per thousand in equatorial allows for commercial release of GM crops.
waters because of the heavy daily rainfall
Use of the unapproved GM variant can
and high relative humidity.
attract a jail term of 5 years and fine
The degree of water mixing by currents: of Rs. 1 lakh under the Environment
GS
In wholly or partially enclosed seas, the Protection Act, 1986.

waters do not mix freely with the ocean
water and they are not penetrated by ocean Topic: Exterior of earth
currents.
Sub-topic: Flora and Fauna
Topic: Oceanography
Sub-topic: Salinity variations 19. Correct option: (d)
Explanation:
18. Correct option: (d)
All statements are correct
Explanation:
Human Settlement Planning in Hill
Option (d) is correct Areas
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) In hilly areas, it is important to plan the
These are living organisms whose genetic settlement keeping crucial factors in mind
material has been artificially manipulated in for the population to lead a comfortable
a laboratory through genetic engineering. life without conflicting with the natural
dynamics of the region.
This creates combinations of plant, animal,
bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in Hilly areas are generally the region with
nature or through traditional crossbreeding high biodiversity and also easily become
methods. unstable if large land use changes were to be
9
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
introduced without properly understanding Topic: Human Geography
the rock and land stability and instability
factors.
Sub-topic: Settlements and habitat
Generally, the top of the rocks is the best

platform for the settlements while slopes 20. Correct option: (b)
and steps need to remain covered with trees
and vegetation. Vegetation on the slopes Explanation
helps in reducing the landslide incidents Statement 1 is incorrect: Himalayan
as well as provides scenic landscape that Rivers are example of antecedent drainage
attracts tourism to boost the local economy system while Peninsular Rivers are example
without the need of large-scale agricultural of consequent drainage system.
activity.
Drainage System in India
Development of hill settlements, especially
towns and the surrounding areas is a The Himalayas are drained by 19 major
challenging task, as hill/mountain regions rivers, of which the Indus and the
are largely situated within or near highly Brahmaputra are the largest, each having
sensitive, and at times fragile eco-systems. catchment basins in the mountains of about
Since most hill areas have abundant 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km)
scenic capacity, which is a visual resource, in extent.
RE
development in the hill areas has the
Five of the 19 rivers, with a total catchment
potential to affect and be affected by the
area of about 51,000 square miles (132,000
environment.
square km), belong to the Indus system—
Moreover, the development issue becomes the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas,
more complicated when planners take and the Sutlej—and collectively define the
up large urban agglomerations in the vast region divided between Punjab state in
hills, which is a capital of their respective India and Punjab province in Pakistan.
O
state. Due to their very high population
density, these hill settlements are highly Of the remaining rivers, nine belong to
vulnerable to irreversible damages caused the Ganges system—the Ganges, Yamuna,
by overuse, deforestation or rapid changes Ramganga, Kali (Kali Gandak), Karnali,
in the characteristics of land and vegetation Rapti, Gandak, Baghmati, and Kosi rivers—
SC
resources. draining roughly 84,000 square miles
(218,000 square km) in the mountains, and
Landslides, erosion, flooding, the destruction
three belong to the Brahmaputra system—
of scenic capacity and other problems of
environmental degradation are caused by the Tista, the Raidak, and the Manas—
the growth in tourism, urban sprawl and draining another 71,000 square miles
intensification of commercial agriculture. (184,000 square km) in the Himalayas.
Any growth in the hills needs to protect the The Peninsular river system is older than
GS
natural resource base, while giving the hill the Himalayan river system. It is evident
folk an opportunity to improve their quality from the broad, largely-graded shallow
of life, without eroding their traditions valleys, and the maturity of the rivers.
and values. In other words it should be The Western Ghats running close to the
sustainable. western coast is the main water divide
The concept of sustainable development between the major Peninsular Rivers,
refers to environmental sustainability, discharging their waters in the Bay of
economic sustainability and social Bengal and as small rivulets joining the
sustainability. While planning to achieve Arabian Sea.
sustainable development in hill areas that
Most of the major Peninsular Rivers except
are ecologically sensitive, the objectives
Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati and Mahi flow
should be:
towards the west.
To conserve the natural resources and
the scenic capacities for the benefit of the Mahanadi, Kaveri, Godavari, Krishna
present and future generations rivers have a fixed course and there is an
absence of meanders, and the flow of water
To bring sustainable - social, institutional is non-perennial. And Narmada and Tapi
and economic development to local people.
flow through the rift valley.
To develop tourism in such a way that it
will have minimum negative impact on the Topic: Physiography of India
environment. Sub-topic: River system
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 10
21. Correct option: (a) 22. Correct option: (a).
Explanation: Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Brahmaputra Statement 3 is incorrect: Jiri is a north
is one of the largest rivers in the world bank tributary while Sonai is a south bank
and rank fifth with respect to its average tributary of Barak.
discharge.
Rivers of Northeast India
Statement 2 is incorrect: The north bank
tributaries of the Brahmaputra river carry The Barak River originates from the
heavy silt charge. Manipur hills, from Liyai Village in
Senapati district in Manipur at an
Brahmaputra River System elevation of 2,331 m and flows through
The Brahmaputra Valley has an average Assam and further down to Bangladesh,
width of about 80 Km. The main river of the where it is known by the name of the
valley, Brahmaputra is one of the largest Surma and the Kushiyara and later
rivers in the world and rank fifth with called the Meghna before receiving the
respect to its average discharge. combined flow of the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra.
The river originates from the Kailash
ranges of Himalayas at an elevation of 5300 The principal tributaries of Barak joining
M. After flowing through Tibet it enters from north bank are the Jiri, the Chiri,
RE
India through Arunachal Pradesh and flows the Modhura, the Jatinga, the Harang,
through Assam and Bangladesh before it the Kalain and the Gumra whereas the
joins Bay of Bengal. Dhaleswari, the Singla, the Longai, the
Sonai and the Katakhal joins from south
The catchments area of Brahmaputra in bank.
Tibet is 2, 93,000 Sq. Km; in India and Bhutan
is 2,40,000 Sq. Km and in Bangladesh is The Barak sub-basin lies in the States of
47,000 Sq. Km. The Brahmaputra basin Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam,
O
extends over an area of 5,80,000 Sq. Km up
to its confluence within Bangladesh.
Tripura and Nagaland.
The basin of Minor Rivers draining into
The tributaries namely Subansiri, Myanmar and Bangladesh extends over
Ronganadi, Dikrong, Buroi, Borgong, states of Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur
and Tripura having a total area of approx.
SC
Jiabharali, Dhansiri (North) Puthimari,
Manas, Beki, Aie, Sonkosh are the 36,202 Sq.km.
main tributaries on the North while The Imphal River or Manipur River is
the Noadehing, Buridehing, Desang, the main river of the basin and it rises
Dikhow, Bhogdoi, Dhansiri (South), near Kangpokpi in Senapati district of
Kopilli, Kulsi, Krishnai, Dhdhnoi, Manipur and receives the Iril River from
Jinjiran are the main tributaries on the the south and the Thoubal River from the
south bank of the river Brahmaputra. east.
GS
The characteristics of the north bank It also receives the Khuga River from the
tributaries are different than that of the south-west and is known as Manipur River
south bank tributaries, which may be below its confluence.
summarized as below: The Rivers of North East supports rich
The North Bank Tributaries have biodiversity as the region is located in
very steep slopes and shallow braided two biodiversity hotspot, the Indo-Burma
channels for a considerable distance Biodiversity Hotspot and the Eastern
from the foot hills and in some cases Himalayas Hotspot.
right up to the outfall; boulder, pebble Indigenous communities also maintained
and coarse sandy beds and carry heavy unique cultural and spiritual relationship
silt charge; and generally have flashy with these Rivers, other than survival
floods. dependence.
The South bank Tributaries have
comparatively flatter grades and deep Topic: Physiography of India
meandering channels almost from the foot Sub-topic: River system
hills; comparatively low silt charge; and
besides these, there are several other small
streams also which drain directly to the 23. Correct option: (a)
river.
Explanation:
Topic: Physiography of India
Statement 3 is incorrect: Musi is a left
Sub-topic: Major Rivers and Tributaries bank tributary of Krishna River.
11
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Peninsular Rivers of India 25. Correct option: (d)
Left bank Tributaries of Mahanadi: The
Explanation:
Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and the Ib.
All statements are correct.
Right bank Tributaries of Mahanadi: The
Ong, the Tel and the Jonk. Classification of Land Use in India
Left Bank Tributaries of Godavari: Statistics on land use are collected at present,
Dharna, Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha, in the form of a nine-fold classification on a
Pranahita [conveying the combined waters yearly basis.
of Penganga, the Wardha and Wainganga], Out of a geographical area of 329 million
Pench, Kanhan, Sabari, Indravati etc. hectares (reporting area) statistics are
Right Bank Tributaries of Godavari: available only from 305 million hectares
Pravara, Mula, Manjra, Peddavagu, Maner (non-reporting area), which makes
etc. some areas to the extent of 7% still not
Right bank tributary of Krishna: the covered or classifiable under the nine-fold
Ghatprabha, the Malprabha and the classification.
Tungabhadra. The reporting area is classified into the
Left Bank tributaries of Krishna: the Bhima, following nine categories:
the Musi and the Munneru. Forests: This includes all lands classed as
RE

forest under any legal enactment dealing
with forests or administered as forests,
Sub-topic: Major River and its whether state-owned or private, and
Tributaries whether wooded or maintained as potential
forest land. The area of crops raised in the
forest and grazing lands or areas open for
24. Correct option: (d) grazing within the forests should remain
O
included under the forest area.
Explanation:
Area under Non-agricultural Uses: This
Option (d) is correct
includes all lands occupied by buildings,
Damodar River roads and railways or under water, e.g.
SC
rivers and canals and other lands put to
It rises in the hills of the Chotanagpur
uses other than agriculture.
plateau and flows through a rift valley.
Barren and Un-culturable Land:
Rich in mineral resources, the valley is
includes all barren and unculturable land
home to large-scale mining and industrial
like mountains, deserts, etc. Land which
activity.
cannot be brought under cultivation except
It has a number of tributaries and at an exorbitant cost, should be classed as
subtributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, unculturable whether such land is in isolated
GS
Bokaro, Haharo, etc. The Barakar is blocks or within cultivated holdings.

the most important tributary of the
Permanent Pastures and other Grazing
Damodar.
Lands: includes all grazing lands whether
Several dams have been constructed in the they are permanent pastures and meadows
valley, for the generation of hydroelectric or not. Village common grazing land is
power. The valley is called “the Ruhr of included under this head.
India”.
Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops,
The first dam was built across the Barakar etc.: This includes all cultivable land which
River, a tributary of the Damodar River. It is not included in ‘Net area sown’ but is
used to cause devastating floods as a result put to some agricultural uses. Lands under
of which it earned the name ‘Sorrow of Casurina trees, thatching grasses, bamboo
Bengal’. bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which
Now the river is tamed by constructing are not included under ‘Orchards’ should be
numerous dams. It joins the Hugli River 48 classed under this category.
km below Kolkata. The total length of the Culturable Waste Land: This includes
river is 541 km. lands available for cultivation, whether
Topic: Physiography of India not taken up for cultivation or taken up for
cultivation once but not cultivated during
Sub-topic: Major River and its the current year and the last five years or
Tributaries more in succession for one reason or other.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 12
Such lands may be either fallow or covered Distance from the Sea
with shrubs and jungles, which are not
Areas near the coast have an equable or
put to any use. They may be assessed or
maritime climate.
unassessed and may lie in isolated blocks
or within cultivate holdings. Land once On the contrary, interior locations are
cultivated but not cultivated for five years deprived of the moderating influence of the
in succession should also be included in this sea and experience extreme or continental
category at the end of the five years. climate.
Fallow Lands other than Current The Northern Mountain Ranges
Fallows: This includes all lands, which
India is separated from the rest of Asia by
were taken up for cultivation but are
the impenetrable wall of the Himalayan
temporarily out of cultivation for a period
mountain ranges.
of not less than one year and not more than
five years. These ranges protect India from the bitterly
cold and dry winds of Central Asia during
Current Fallows: This represents cropped
winter.
area, which are kept fallow during the
current year. For example, if any seeding Further, these mountain ranges act as an
area is not cropped against the same year it effective physical barrier for rain bearing
may be treated as current fallow. south-west monsoon winds to cross the
RE
northern frontiers of India.
Net area Sown: This represents the total
area sown with crops and orchards. Area Thus, the Himalayan mountain ranges act
sown more than once in the same year is as a climatic divide between the Indian
counted only once. Subcontinent and Central Asia.
If the Himalayas were not present, the
Topic: Human Geography
monsoon winds would simply move
Sub-topic: Settlement patterns
Nature of Human beings
O and into China and most of the north India
would have been a desert.
Physiography
26. Correct Option: (a) Physiography of India has a great bearing
SC
on major elements of climate such as
Explanation:
temperature, atmospheric pressure,
Statement 3 is incorrect: The south-west direction of winds and the amount of
monsoon winds from the Arabian sea strike rainfall.
almost perpendicular at the Western Ghats
Several hill stations and the Himalayan
and cause copious rainfall in the Western
ranges are much cooler than the places
Coastal plain and the western slopes of the
located in the Great Plain of North India.
Western Ghats.
GS
The south-west monsoon winds

Factors determining climate of India: from the Arabian sea strike almost
Location & Relief perpendicular at the Western Ghats
and cause copious rainfall in the
Location and Latitudinal Extent
Western Coastal plain and the western
The mainland of India extends roughly from slopes of the Western Ghats.
8°N to 37°N and the Tropic of Cancer passes
On the contrary, vast areas of Maharashtra,
through the middle of the country.
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Areas south of the Tropic of Cancer are Nadu lie in rain-shadow or leeward side
closer to the equator and experience high of the Western Ghats and receive scanty
temperatures throughout the year. rainfall.
Water bodies comprising the Arabian The monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal
Sea and the Bay of Bengal surround are bifurcated into two branches by the
the peninsular India and make climatic physiographic features. One branch goes
conditions mild along the coastal areas. to the Brahmaputra valley through the
The northern parts on the other hand lie Meghalaya plateau.
in the warm temperature zone. Hence they Here the funnel shaped Cherrapunji valley
experience comparatively low temperatures. forces the moisture laden monsoon winds
Some places record considerably low to rise along the steep slope and make this
temperatures particularly in winter. area the wettest place in the world.
13
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
The other branch of monsoons from the the distribution of monsoon rainfall
Bay of Bengal enters the Ganga valley. over the Indian subcontinent. The
Its northward-movement is obstructed tracks of these depressions are the areas of
by the Himalayan ranges and it advances highest rainfall in India.
westwards up the Ganga plain.
Topic: Climatology
Initially this branch causes heavy rainfall
but the amount of rainfall decreases as the Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances
monsoons lose much of the moisture content
while advancing westwards.
28. Correct Option: (c)
Topic: Climatology
Explanation:
Sub-topic: Monsoon in India
Statement 2 is incorrect: The depressions
created by the Easterly jet stream have a
27. Correct Option: (d) significant role in the distribution of monsoon
rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
Explanation:
Statement 3 is incorrect: The western
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Westerly cyclonic disturbance originates in the
Jet stream blowing over Northern India Mediterranean Sea.
in winters is bifurcated in two by Tibetan
RE
Highlands. Mechanism of Weather in the Winter
Season
Statement 2 is incorrect: The easterly jet
streams blow over peninsular India in the Surface Pressure and Winds
summer season.
In winter months, the weather conditions
Factors determining climate of India: Air over India are generally influenced by the
Pressure & Wind distribution of pressure in Central and
Western Asia.
O
The climate and associated weather
conditions in India are governed by the A high pressure centre in the region lying to
following atmospheric conditions: the north of the Himalayas develops during
Distribution of air pressure and winds on winter.
the surface of the earth. The surface winds blowing out of the high
SC

Upper air circulation caused by factors pressure centre over Central Asia reach
controlling global weather and the inflow of India in the form of a dry continental air
different air masses and jet streams. mass.
Inflow of western cyclones generally known These continental winds come in contact
as disturbances during the winter season with trade winds over north-western India.
and tropical depressions during the south- The position of this contact zone is not,
west monsoon period into India, creating however, stable.
GS
weather conditions favourable to rainfall. Occasionally, it may shift its position as far
The variations in the atmospheric pressure east as the middle Ganga valley with the
closer to the surface of the earth have no result that the whole of the north-western
role to play in the making of upper air and northern India up to the middle Ganga
circulation. All of Western and Central Asia valley comes under the influence of dry
remains under the influence of westerly north-western winds.
winds along the altitude of 9-13 km from
Jet Stream and Upper Air Circulation
west to east. These winds blow across the
Asian continent at latitudes north of the All of Western and Central Asia remains
Himalayas roughly parallel to the Tibetan under the influence of westerly winds along
highlands. the altitude of 9-13 km from west to east.
Tibetan highlands act as a barrier These winds blow across the Asian continent
in the path of these jet streams. As a at latitudes north of the Himalayas roughly
result, jet streams get bifurcated. One parallel to the Tibetan highlands. These are
of its branches blows to the north of the known as jet streams.
Tibetan highlands, while the southern Tibetan highlands act as a barrier in the path
branch blows in an eastward direction, of these jet streams. As a result, jet streams
south of the Himalayas. get bifurcated. One of its branches blows to
The easterly jet stream steers the the north of the Tibetan highlands, while
tropical depressions into India. These the southern branch blows in an eastward
depressions play a significant role in direction, south of the Himalayas.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 14
It is believed that this southern branch Impact of ITCZ on India
of the jet stream exercises an important
The southeast trade winds in the southern
influence on the winter weather in India.
hemisphere and the northeast trade winds
Western Cyclonic Disturbance and in the northern hemisphere meet each other
Tropical Cyclones near the equator.
The western cyclonic disturbances The meeting place of these winds is known
which enter the Indian subcontinent as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
from the west and the northwest during (ITCZ).
the winter months originate over the Westerly jet stream: By the middle of July,
Mediterranean Sea and are brought
the low pressure belt nearer the surface
into India by the westerly jet stream.
[termed as Inter Tropical Convergence Zone
Tropical cyclones originate over the Bay of (ITCZ)] shifts northwards, roughly parallel
Bengal and the Indian Ocean. These tropical to the Himalayas. By this time, the westerly
cyclones have very high wind velocity and jet stream withdraws from the Indian
heavy rainfall and hit the Tamil Nadu, region.
Andhra Pradesh and Odisha coast.
Southwest Monsoon: The ITCZ being a
Mechanism of Weather in the Summer zone of low pressure attracts inflow of winds
Season from different directions. The maritime
RE
tropical air mass (mT) from the southern
Surface Pressure and Winds
hemisphere, after crossing the equator,
As the summer sets in and the sun shifts rushes to the low pressure area in the
northwards, the wind circulation over the general south-westerly direction. It is this
subcontinent undergoes a complete reversal moist air current which is popularly known
at both, the lower as well as the upper as the southwest monsoon.
levels.
Frequency of the tropical depressions:

O
By the middle of July, the low pressure belt
nearer the surface [termed as Inter Tropical
originating from the Bay of Bengal varies
from year to year. Their paths over India are
Convergence Zone (ITCZ)] shifts northwards,
mainly determined by the position of ITCZ
roughly parallel to the Himalayas. By this
which is generally termed as the monsoon
time, the westerly jet stream withdraws
SC
from the Indian region. trough.
As the axis of the monsoon trough oscillates,
Jet Streams and Upper Air Circulation
there are fluctuations in the track and
An easterly jet stream flows over the direction of these depressions, and the
southern part of the Peninsula in June. intensity and the amount of rainfall vary
Easterly Jet Stream and Tropical from year to year.
Cyclones Topic: Climatology
GS
The easterly jet stream steers the tropical

Sub-topic: Weather disturbances
depressions into India.
These depressions play a significant
role in the distribution of monsoon 30. Correct Option: (b)
rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
Explanation:
The tracks of these depressions are the
areas of highest rainfall in India. Statement 1 is incorrect: El Nino
adversely affects monsoon rainfall and
The frequency at which these depressions cyclogenesis in the Bay of Bengal, but is
visit India, their direction and intensity, all good for cyclogenesis in the Arabian Sea.
go a long way in determining the rainfall
pattern during the southwest monsoon Effect of El Nino on Indian Monsoon:
period. The Sea surface temperatures play a major
Topic: Climatology role in global weather which influences two
extreme phases of a naturally occurring
Sub-topic: Seasonal Variations climate cycle i.e. El Nino/Southern
Oscillation and La Nina.
29. Correct Option: (d) Both terms refer to large-scale changes in
sea-surface temperature across the eastern
Explanation
tropical Pacific and the most powerful
All statements are correct. phenomenon of the Earth.
15
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Impact of El Nino and La Nina on Indian of the Bay of Bengal, and their crossing
Weather: into the mainland. Besides the frequency
and intensity of these depressions, the
El Nino during winter causes warm
passage followed by them determines the
conditions over the Indian subcontinent and
spatial distribution of rainfall.
during summer, it leads to dry conditions
and deficient monsoon. Whereas La Nina The summer rainfall comes in a heavy
results in better than normal monsoon in downpour leading to considerable
India. runoff and soil erosion.
India experienced deficient rainfall during Monsoons play a pivotal role in the agrarian
El Nino years 2002 and 2009 whereas economy of India because over three-fourths
monsoon was normal during El Nino years of the total rain in the country is received
1994 and 1997. It means that in about 50 during the southwest monsoon season.
per cent of the year with El Nino during The beginning of the rains sometimes is
summer, India experienced droughts during considerably delayed over the whole or a
monsoon. part of the country.
In 1990-91, there was a wild EI-Nino event The rains sometimes end considerably
and the onset of the southwest monsoon earlier than usual, causing great damage
was delayed over most parts of the country to standing crops and making the sowing of
ranging from five to twelve days. winter crops difficult.
RE
Crops like Paddy, Maize, Groundnut, Guar, The retreating southwest monsoon
Castor, Tur, Moong and Bajra would suffer season is marked by clear skies and rise
due to El Nino. in temperature. The land is still moist.
It adversely affects monsoon rainfall and Owing to the conditions of high temperature
cyclogenesis in the Bay of Bengal, but is and humidity, the weather becomes rather
good for cyclogenesis in the Arabian Sea. oppressive. This is commonly known as the
O
‘October heat’.
Topic: Climatology
Topic: Weather patterns and
Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances Disturbances
Sub-topic: Cyclones
SC
Explanation: 32. Correct Option: (b)
Statement 2 is incorrect: The retreating Explanation:
monsoon season is marked by rising
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Nor
temperatures and clear skies.
Westers are dreaded evening thunderstorms
Characteristics of SW monsoon, in Bengal and Assam. In Assam, these
GS
Retreating Monsoon and Northeast storms are known as “Bardoli Chheerha”.

Monsoon Local Storms of Hot Weather Season in
Rainfall received from the southwest India
monsoons is seasonal in character, which
Mango Shower: Towards the end of
occurs between June and September. summer, there are pre-monsoon showers
Monsoonal rainfall is largely governed which are a common phenomenon in Kerala
by relief or topography. For instance the and coastal areas of Karnataka. Locally,
windward side of the Western Ghats they are known as mango showers since
registers a rainfall of over 250 cm. Again, they help in the early ripening of mangoes.
the heavy rainfall in the north-eastern Blossom Shower: With this shower, coffee
states can be attributed to their hill ranges flowers blossom in Kerala and nearby
and the Eastern Himalayas areas.
The monsoon rainfall has a declining trend Nor Westers: These are dreaded evening
with increasing distance from the sea. thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam. Their
The monsoon rains occur in wet spells notorious nature can be understood from
of a few days duration at a time. The the local nomenclature of ‘Kalbaisakhi’,
wet spells are interspersed with rainless a calamity of the month of Baisakh. These
intervals known as ‘breaks’. These breaks showers are useful for tea, jute and rice
in rainfall are related to the cyclonic cultivation. In Assam, these storms are
depressions mainly formed at the head known as “Bardoli Chheerha”.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 16
Loo: Hot, dry and oppressing winds blowing 34. Correct Option: (a)
in the Northern plains from Punjab to Bihar
with higher intensity between Delhi and Explanation:
Patna. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: In the
Topic: Climatology Summer season ITCZ is at Tropic of Cancer,
i.e. at the foothills of Himalayas and Ganga
Sub-topic: local Winds Plains.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: The
33. Correct Option: (b) weather in the retreating monsoon is dry in
Explanation: north India but it is associated with rain in
Statement 1 is incorrect: The phenomenon the eastern part of the Peninsula
Western disturbances are usually associated Rhythm of Indian Seasons
with cloudy sky, higher night temperatures
and unusual rain. Winter Season
Impact of Western Disturbances in India The cold weather season sets in by mid-
Western Disturbances are the cause November in northern India.
of the most winter and pre-monsoon Northern India faces extreme cold due to
season rainfall across North-West
RE
continentality, snowfall in the Himalayas
India. This phenomenon is usually
and western disturbances.
associated with cloudy sky, higher
night temperatures and unusual rain. The Peninsular region of India, however,
It is estimated that India gets close to 5-10% does not have any well-defined cold weather
of its total annual rainfall from western season because of the moderating influence
disturbances.
of the sea and the proximity to the equator.
In winter, western winds bring moderate
O
to heavy rain in low lying areas and heavy
Winter monsoons do not cause rainfall
as they move from land to the sea. It is
snow to mountainous areas of the Indian
subcontinent. because firstly, they have little humidity;
India is a rain dependent country and while and secondly, due to anti cyclonic
circulation on land.
SC
the south west monsoon covers most of
India, parts of North India don’t get much
Summer Season
rain from it. These regions depend upon
snow and rain from western disturbance With the apparent northward movement
during the winter season from November to of the sun towards the Tropic of Cancer in
March. March, temperatures start rising in north
Precipitation during the winter season India.
has great importance in agriculture
Because of the heating of the subcontinent,
GS

particularly for Rabi crops including
wheat, which is one of the most the ITCZ moves northwards occupying
important Indian crops. a position centred at 25°N in July.
They start declining after winter. During Retreating Monsoon
the summer months of April and May, they
move across North India and at times help The months of October and November are
in the activation of monsoon in certain parts known for retreating monsoons.
of northwest India. By the end of September, the southwest
During the monsoon season, western monsoon becomes weak as the low pressure
disturbances may occasionally cause dense trough of the Ganga plain starts moving
clouding and heavy precipitation. southward in response to the southward
Weak western disturbances are associated march of the sun.
with crop failure and water problems across
north India. The weather in the retreating monsoon
is dry in north India but it is associated
Strong western disturbances can help
with rain in the eastern part of the
residents, farmers and governments avoid
many of the problems associated with water Peninsula. Here, October and November
scarcity. are the rainiest months of the year.
Topic: Climatology Topic: Climatology

Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances Sub-topic: Factors affecting seasons
17
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
35. Correct Option: (a) It’s one branch moves westward along the
Ganga plains, reaching as far as the Punjab
Explanation: plains.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The monsoon The other branch moves up the Brahmaputra
enters West Bengal and Bangladesh from valley in the north and the northeast,
south and southeast instead of from the causing widespread rains.
south-westerly direction.
Topic: Climatology
Monsoon winds of Arabian Sea and Bay
of Bengal Sub-topic: Indian Monsoon
The monsoon approaches the landmass in
two branches i.e. the Arabian Sea branch 36. Correct option: (c)
and the Bay of Bengal branch.
Explanation:
Monsoon Winds of the Arabian Sea
Statement 1 is incorrect: Gondwana coal
The monsoon winds originating over
has less carbon content due to its young
the Arabian Sea further split into three
age.
branches:
Statement 3 is incorrect: Jharkhand has
Its one branch is obstructed by the Western
the highest coal reserves in India.
RE
Ghats. These winds climb the slopes of the
Western Ghats from 900-1200 m. Soon, they Coal Reserves in India
become cool, and as a result, the windward
Jharia coalfield is a large coal field located
side of the Sahyadris and Western Coastal
in the east of India in Jharia, Jharkhand.
Plain receive very heavy rainfall ranging
between 250 cm and 400 cm. Jharia represents the largest coal
reserves in India having estimated
After crossing the Western Ghats, these
O
winds descend and get heated up. This reserves of 19.4 billion tonnes of coking
reduces humidity in the winds. As a result, coal.
these winds cause little rainfall east of the Located in north-east India, the state of
Western Ghats. This region of low rainfall is Jharkhand top the list of India’s coal reserves
SC
known as the rain-shadow area. — at more than 26% — and production.
Another branch of the Arabian Sea monsoon The state’s main coal-mining centres are
strikes the coast north of Mumbai. Moving Jharia, Bokaro, Auranga, Giridh, Dhanbad,
along the Narmada and Tapi River Ramgarh, Karanpur and Hutar. Most of
valleys, these winds cause rainfall in these coal fields are located in a narrow belt
extensive areas of central India. that runs east to west.
A third branch of this monsoon wind strikes
Gondwana coal
the Saurashtra Peninsula and the Kachchh.
GS
It then passes over west Rajasthan and Gondwana coal makes up to 98 per cent
along the Aravallis, causing only a scanty of the total reserves and 99 per cent of
rainfall. In Punjab and Haryana, it too the production of coal in India. Satpuras,
joins the Bay of Bengal branch. These two denudation [weathering + erosion] has
branches, reinforced by each other, cause exposed coal bearing Gondwana strata.
rains in the western Himalayas.
The carbon content in Gondwana coal
Monsoon Winds of the Bay of Bengal [250 million years old] is less compared
to the Carboniferous coal [350 million
The Bay of Bengal branch strikes the
years old] [Almost Absent in India] because
coast of Myanmar and is part of southeast
Bangladesh. But the Arakan Hills along the of its much younger age. Gondwana coal
coast of Myanmar deflect a big portion of this forms India’s metallurgical grade as well as
branch towards the Indian subcontinent. superior quality coal.
The monsoon, therefore, enters West The Damuda series (i.e., Lower Gondwana)
Bengal and Bangladesh from south and possesses the best worked coalfields
southeast instead of from the south- accounting for 80 per cent of the total coal
westerly direction. production in India.
From here, this branch splits into two under 80 out of 113 Indian coalfields are located
the influence of the Himalayas and the in the rock systems of the Damuda series
thermal low is northwest India. [lower Gondwana Age].
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 18
Tertiary coal These reserves have supported the
Tertiary coal is 15 to 60 million years old. rapid growth of Russia’s steelmaking
industry as the country pursued
Its carbon content is very low and is industrialization.
mainly confined to the extra-Peninsula
[Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Key reserves in Russia are located
Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh in the Kursk magnetic anomaly in
etc.] Coal generally has low carbon and the west of the country, as well as in
high percentage of moisture and Sulphur. areas around the Ural Mountains, the
[It takes few hundred million years for the regions of Tula and Siberia.
carbon content to improve]. China – 20 billion tons
Important areas of Tertiary coal include China ranks fourth on the list
parts of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal of the world’s largest iron ore
Pradesh, and Nagaland, Himalayan foothills reserves, with around 20 billion
of Darjeeling in West Bengal, Jammu and tons measured in 2019.
Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. It is also the third-largest producer
Topic: Mineral and Rocks after Australia and Brazil, with output
used to supply the country’s huge
Sub-topic: Deposits in India steelmaking industry – which is by far
the largest internationally, currently
RE
accounting for more than half (53%) of
37. Correct option: (d) the world’s entire production according
Explanation: to the World Steel Association.
Option (d) is correct: China< Russia< Topic: Mineral and Rocks
Brazil< Australia
Sub-topic: Deposits in India
Crude Iron Ore Reserves of the world
Seven countries with the largest crude
O 38. Correct option: (b)
iron ore reserves in the world
Explanation:
Australia – 48 billion tones
Option (b) is correct: Odisha has the
Australia is home to the largest highest Bauxite deposit among all Indian
SC
reserves of iron ore worldwide, states.
with an estimated 48 billion tones Bauxite reserves in India
identified as of 2019.
Bauxite is basically an aluminous rock that
The majority of the country’s iron contains hydrated aluminum oxide as main
ore resources are located in the state constituent and iron oxide, silica & titania
of Western Australia, particularly as minor constituents present in varying
the Pilbara region, with much of the proportions.
GS
remainder based in South Australia. Bauxite is the principal ore of aluminum

Given this natural abundance, which is one of the most important
non-ferrous metals used in the modern
Australia is also the world’s top iron
industry.
ore producer, almost doubling the
output of its nearest rival with around It is also an essential ore for Refractory and
930 million tons in 2019. Chemical industries.
The country has 3,896 million tons of
Brazil – 29 billion tons
resources of bauxite which is sufficient to
Brazil holds the second-largest iron ore meet both domestic and export demands.
reserves globally, estimated at around By States, Odisha alone accounts
29 billion tons. for 51% of country’s resources of
The country is home to the world’s bauxite followed by Andhra Pradesh
biggest iron ore mining operation – the (16%), Gujarat (9%), Jharkhand (6%),
Maharashtra (5%) and Madhya Pradesh
Carajás Mine based in the northern
& Chhattisgarh (4% each).
state of Pará.
Major bauxite resources are concentrated in
Russia – 25 billion tons the East Coast bauxite deposits in Odisha
Russia is home to an estimated 25 and Andhra Pradesh.
billion tons of iron ore reserves, Topic: Mineral and Rocks
placing it third on the list of global
deposits. Sub-topic: Deposits in India
19
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
39. Correct option: (a) Among Indian states Gujarat has got the
highest wind energy potential followed by
Explanation: Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Option (a) is correct. Overall, Gujarat is the most resource
South Pars/ North Dome enriched when it comes to wind energy
as it is also first on the list for wind
The South Pars/North Dome field is a
power potential with 142.56 GW (at 120
natural-gas condensate field located in
M agl).
the Persian Gulf.
It is by far the world’s largest natural gas Topic: Natural Resources
field, with ownership of the field shared
Sub-topic: Composition of resources
between Iran and Qatar.
According to the International Energy
Agency (IEA), the field holds an estimated 41. Correct option: (c)
1,800 trillion cubic feet (51 trillion cubic
meters) of in-situ natural gas and some 50 Explanation:
billion barrels (7.9 billion cubic meters) of Both statements are correct.
natural gas condensates.
Sugar industry in India
On the list of natural gas fields it has
almost as much recoverable reserves as all Uttar Pradesh and Bihar were top sugar
RE
the other fields combined. It has significant producing states once upon a time. However,
geostrategic influence. they have lost their position to states such
as Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
This gas field covers an area of 9,700 square
kilometres (3,700 sq. mi), of which 3,700 Sugar mills are located close to
square kilometres (1,400 sq. mi) (South Pars) sugarcane growing areas because
is in Iranian territorial waters and 6,000 sugarcane is a weight losing crop, i.e.,
square kilometres (2,300 sq. mi) (North its sucrose content goes on decreasing with
O
Dome) is in Qatari territorial waters. time. Therefore, it is necessary to crush
Topic: Mineral and Rocks sugarcane within 24 hours of harvesting.
The sugar industry of India is gradually
Sub-topic: Natural reserves
shifting from north India to peninsular
SC
India because of several better conditions
40. Correct option: (b) prevailing there. These include:
Explanation: The tropical climate of Peninsular

India results in higher yield per unit
Statement 2 is incorrect: Gujarat has got
hectare of land
the highest wind energy potential in India.
Higher sucrose content in peninsular cane
Renewable energy resources in India
Long crushing season in south. In North
GS
NTPC Renewable Energy ltd, a 100% India, it lasts from November to February
subsidiary of NTPC, has received the
(4 months); while in South it lasts from
go-ahead from Ministry of New and
October to May or even June (nearly 8
Renewable Energy (MNRE) to set up
months)
4750 MW renewable energy park at
Rann of Kutch in Khavada, Gujarat. The mills in peninsular India are larger.
This will be India’s largest solar park to Though Uttar Pradesh has more sugar mills
be built by the largest power producer than Maharashtra yet Maharashtra’s sugar
of the country. mills are larger in size & Capacity. Further,
the mills in cooperative sector in south are
India’s wind energy sector is led by
better managed.
indigenous wind power industry and has
shown consistent progress. Topic: Soil distribution
The expansion of the wind industry has
Sub-topic: Cultivation and Soils
resulted in a strong ecosystem, project
operation capabilities and manufacturing
base of about 10,000 MW per annum. 42. Correct option: (a)
The country currently has the fourth highest
Explanation:
wind installed capacity in the world with
total installed capacity of 39.25 GW (as on Statement 1 is incorrect: New Zealand
31st March 2021) and has generated around is the highest milk surplus country in the
60.149 billion Units during 2020-21. world.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 20
Major Industries of the world Another factor is centrifugal force, which
Milk Industry is the force that acts to counter balance the
gravity.
In the last three decades, world milk
production has increased by more than Together, the gravitational pull and
59 percent, from 530 million tons in the centrifugal force are responsible
1988 to 843 million tons in 2018. for creating the two major tidal bulges
on the earth.
India is the world’s largest milk
producer, with 22 percent of global The ‘tide-generating’ force is the difference
production, followed by the United between these two forces; i.e. the
States of America, China, Pakistan gravitational attraction of the moon and the
and Brazil. centrifugal force. On the surface of the earth,
nearest the moon, pull or the attractive force
The countries with the highest milk of the moon is greater than the centrifugal
surpluses are New Zealand, the force, and so there is a net force causing a
United States of America, Germany, bulge towards the moon.
France, Australia and Ireland.
On the opposite side of the earth, the
The countries with the highest milk attractive force is less, as it is farther away
deficits are China, Italy, the Russian from the moon, the centrifugal force is
RE
Federation, Mexico, Algeria and dominant.
Indonesia.
Hence, there is a net force away from the
Fruit Cultivation moon. It creates the second bulge away
Mediterranean forests are found in from the moon. On the surface of the earth,
areas around Mediterranean Sea, the horizontal tide generating forces are
Central Chile, South-West USA, more important than the vertical forces in
Australia, Africa. generating the tidal bulges.
They have thick barks and wax
O The tidal bulges on wide continental shelves
coated leaves which help them reduce have greater height while lower at narrower
transpiration. shelves. When tidal bulges hit the mid-
oceanic islands they become low.
SC
Due to these characteristics, Mediterranean
trees adapt themselves to dry summers. The shape of bays and estuaries along a
Mediterranean Forests are known as coastline can also magnify the intensity of
‘Orchards of the world’ for their fruit tides. Funnel-shaped bays greatly change
cultivation. Citrus fruits such as oranges, tidal magnitudes.
figs, olives and grapes are commonly When the tide is channeled between islands
cultivated here. or into bays and estuaries they are called
tidal currents.
GS
Topic: Human geography

Sub-topic: Agriculture and land pattern Topic: Oceanography
Sub-topic: Tides, waves and currents
Explanation: 44. Correct Option: (d)
Both statements are correct Explanation:
Tidal Bulge Statement 1 is incorrect: Oyashio Current
The study of tides is very complex, spatially is a cold oceanic current.
and temporally, as it has great variations in Statement 2 is incorrect: Kuroshio
frequency, magnitude and height. Current is a warm oceanic current.
Tides are caused due to gravitational
Ocean Currents of the World
attraction of sun and moon, and
centrifugal force due to rotation of Oyashio Current flows near the
earth. Kamchataka plateau which is a part of
eastern Russia. It is a cold current.
The moon’s gravitational pull to a great
extent and to a lesser extent the sun’s Kuroshio Current flows near the east
gravitational pull, are the major causes for coast of Japan and is a warm water
the occurrence of tides. current.
21
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Oyashio flows across the east coast of Salinity variations in Oceans
Kamchatka Peninsula to merge with the
Salinity changes with depth, but the way
warmer waters of Kuroshio.
it changes depends upon the location of the
The Okhotsk current flows past Sakhlain sea.
Islands to merge with the Oyashio current
Salinity at the surface increases by the loss
off Hokkaido.
of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased
Topic: Oceanography by the input of fresh waters, such as from
the rivers.
Sub-topic: Tides, waves and currents
Salinity at depth is very much fixed, because
there is no way that water is ‘lost’, or the
45. Correct Option: (a) salt is ‘added.’
Explanation: There is a marked difference in the salinity
Statement 3 is incorrect: Gabbro and between the surface zones and the deep
Breccia are types of igneous rocks not zones of the oceans.
metamorphic rocks. The lower salinity water rests above the
higher salinity dense water.
Formation of Rocks
Salinity, generally, increases with
Lithification is the process by which
depth and there is a distinct zone called
RE
clay, sand, and other sediments on the
the halocline, where salinity increases
bottom of the ocean or other bodies
of water are slowly compacted into sharply.
rocks from the weight of overlying Other factors being constant, increasing
sediments. salinity of seawater causes its density to
Depending upon the mode of formation, increase. High salinity seawater, generally,
sedimentary rocks are classified into three sinks below the lower salinity water. This
major groups: leads to stratification by salinity.
O
Mechanically formed — sandstone, Sub-tropical regions are characterized
conglomerate, limestone, shale, loess etc. by high evaporation and low rainfall.
are examples; Due to this factor, there is low influx of
fresh water amid high evaporation.
SC
Organically formed—Geyserite, chalk,
limestone, coal etc. are some examples; Hence, in these regions, enclosed
Chemically formed — Chert, limestone, water bodies have highest salinity in
halite, potash etc. are some examples. the world.
Igneous rocks are classified based on Topic: Oceanography

texture. Texture depends upon size and
Sub-topic: Salinity variations
arrangement of grains or other physical
conditions of the materials.
GS
If molten material is cooled slowly at great 47. Correct Option: (a)

depths, mineral grains may be very large.
Explanation:
Sudden cooling (at the surface) results in
small and smooth grains. Intermediate Statement 2 is incorrect: Reserves are
conditions of cooling would result in the subset of the stock, which can be put
intermediate sizes of grains making up into use with the help of existing technical
igneous rocks. ‘know-how’ but their use has not been
started.
Granite, gabbro, pegmatite, basalt,
volcanic breccia and tuff are some of Stock
the examples of igneous rocks.
Materials in the environment which
Topic: Geomorphism have the potential to satisfy human
needs but human beings do not have
Sub-topic: Karst Topography the appropriate technology to access
these, are included among stock.
46. Correct Option: (b) For example, water is a compound of two
gases; hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen can
Explanation:
be used as a rich source of energy. But we
Statement 1 is incorrect: The salinity of do not have advanced technical ‘know-how’
oceans increases with increase in depth. At to use it for this purpose. Hence, it can be
halocline this salinity rapidly increases. considered as stock.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 22
Reserves disposal of industrial effluents and wastes
after treatment can reduce land and water
These are the subset of the stock, which
degradation in industrial and suburban
can be put into use with the help of
areas.
existing technical ‘know-how’ but their
use has not been started. These can be Topic: Human geography
used for meeting future requirements.
Sub-topic: Land use pattern and Agriculture
River water can be used for generating
hydroelectric power but presently, it is being
49. Correct Option: (b)
utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the
water in the dams, forests etc. are a reserve Explanation:
which can be used in the future. Statement 1 is incorrect: Down cutting is
Topic: Natural Resources more prominent during the youthful stage of
the river while lateral erosion is prominent
Sub-topic: Compositions and Distribution in mature stage.
Different stages of a river

48. Correct Option: (c) Down cutting is more prominent during
Explanation: the youthful stage of the river while lateral
RE
erosion is prominent in mature stage.
Statement 2 is incorrect: 28 per cent of
Youthful stage is also marked by headward
the total degraded regions belong to the
erosion while in mature stage valley
category of forest degraded area while 56
widening takes place.
percent of eroded regions belong to water
eroded area. Hence, water eroded regions In the early stages, down-cutting dominates
in India are higher than forest degraded during which irregularities such as
regions.
O waterfalls and cascades will be removed.
This s called headward erosion.
Land degradation in India In the middle stages, streams cut their beds
Human activities have not only brought slower, and lateral erosion of valley sides
SC
about degradation of land but have also becomes severe.
aggravated the pace of natural forces to Gradually, the valley sides are reduced
cause damage to land. to lower and lower slopes. The divides
There are about 130 million hectares of between drainage basins are likewise
degraded land in India. lowered until they are almost
completely flattened leaving finally,
Approximately, 28 per cent of it belongs lowland of faint relief with some low
to the category of forest degraded area, resistant remnants called monadnocks
GS
56 percent of it is water eroded area standing out here and there.

and the rest is affected by saline and
This type of plain forming as a result of
alkaline deposits.
stream erosion is called a peneplains (an
Human activities such as deforestation, almost plain).
over grazing, mining and quarrying too
have contributed significantly in land
degradation. Sub-topic: River system and drainage
There are many ways to solve the problems basin
of land degradation.
Afforestation and proper management of 50. Correct Option: (d)
grazing can help to some extent. Explanation:
Planting of shelter belts of plants, controls Statement 1 is incorrect: The highest
on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes temperature is not recorded at the equator
by growing thorny bushes are some of the but slightly towards north of it.
methods to check land degradation in arid
Statement 2 is incorrect: Oceans in
areas.
northern hemisphere have higher average
Proper management of waste lands, control temperature than oceans in Southern
of mining activities, proper discharge and Hemisphere due to dominance of land.
23
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Temperature variations in Oceans The salinity variation in the Pacific Ocean
The oceans in the northern hemisphere is mainly due to its shape and larger areal
record relatively higher temperature than extent. Salinity decreases from 35% -
in the southern hemisphere. 31% on the western parts of the northern
hemisphere because of the influx of melted
The highest temperature is not water from the Arctic region.
recorded at the equator but slightly
towards north of it. The average annual Topic: Oceanography
temperatures for the northern and southern
Sub-topic: Indian Ocean
hemisphere are around 19° C and 16° C
respectively.
This variation is due to the unequal 52. Correct Option: (d)
distribution of land and water in the
northern and southern hemispheres.
Explanation:
The high mean temperature of oceans of Statement 1 is incorrect: Kudremukh
northern hemisphere is due to presence of deposits of Karnataka are known to be
land which heats slowly and cools slowly. one of the largest in the world. It is part
of Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-
Presence of vast land surfaces in the Tumakuru belt.
northern hemisphere keeps the oceans
warmer where mean ocean temperature is Statement 2 is incorrect: Bilaspur-Katni
RE
relatively low. deposit is famous for bauxite ore deposit not
copper ore deposit. It is located in Madhya
Topic: Climatology Pradesh-Chhattisgarh region.
Sub-topic: Temperature variations on Iron ore Belts in India
earth
Odisha-Jharkhand belt: In Odisha high
grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar
O
51. Correct Option: (d) mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar
districts. In the adjoining Singbhum district
Explanation: of Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined in
Statement 1 is incorrect: The average Gua and Noamundi.
salinity of the Indian Ocean is 35%. The Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in
SC

low salinity trend is observed in the Bay Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high
of Bengal due to influx of river water while grade hematites are found in the famous
Arabian sea experiences high salinity. Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district
Statement 2 is incorrect: On the contrary, of Chhattisgarh. The range of hills comprise
the Arabian Sea shows higher salinity due of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite
to high evaporation and low influx of fresh iron ore.
water. Iron ore from these mines is exported to
GS
Salinity of Oceans in Indian Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam

Subcontinent port.
In the same way, after 15° - 20° south, it Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-

decreases to 33%. The average salinity of Tumakuru belt in Karnataka has large
the Atlantic Ocean is around 36%. reserves of iron ore.
The average salinity of the Indian Ocean is Kudremukh deposits of Karnataka are
35%. The low salinity trend is observed known to be one of the largest in the
in the Bay of Bengal due to influx of world. The ore is transported as slurry
river water. through a pipeline to a port near
Mangaluru.
On the contrary, the Arabian Sea shows
higher salinity due to high evaporation Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of
and low influx of fresh water. Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
Though, the ores are not of very high quality,
The salinity for normal Open Ocean ranges
yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is
between 33% and 37 %. In the land locked
exported through Marmagao port.
Red Sea, it is as high as 41%, while in
the estuaries and the Arctic, the salinity Bauxite deposits in India:
fluctuates from 0 - 35%, seasonally.
Aluminum is obtained from Bauxite. Bauxite
In hot and dry regions, where evaporation deposits are formed by the decomposition of
is high, the salinity sometimes reaches to a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminum
70 %o. silicates.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 24
Aluminium is an important metal because Les Baux in southern France is
it combines the strength of metals such as considered as the first bauxite mine in
iron, with extreme lightness and also with Europe from which it has derived its
good conductivity and great malleability. name.
India’s bauxite deposits are found in Topic: Natural reserves and deposits
the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills
and the plateau region of Bilaspur- Sub-topic: Ores and Minerals
Katni.
Odisha was the largest bauxite producing 54. Correct Option: (c)
state in India with 34.97 percent.
Explanation:
Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district
are the most important bauxite deposits in Statement 2 is incorrect: Highest
the state. amount of insolation is reflected back from
the clouds. It accounts for 27 units of the 35
Topic: Natural reserves and deposits units of the total insolation reflected back
Sub-topic: Ores and Minerals before reaching the earth’s surface.
Heat budget of the earth

53. Correct Option: (b) The insolation received by the earth is in
RE

short waves forms and heats up its surface.
Explanation:
The earth after being heated itself becomes a
Statement 1 is incorrect: Les Baux in
radiating body and it radiates energy to the
southern France is considered as the first
atmosphere in long wave form. This energy
bauxite mine in Europe from which it has heats up the atmosphere from below. This
derived its name. Brignoles is other mining process is known as terrestrial radiation.
center of the region.
O The long wave radiation is absorbed by the
Different Mines across the Globe atmospheric gases particularly by carbon
Chile is the largest producer of copper in the dioxide and the other greenhouse gases.
world which produces more than 35 percent Thus, the atmosphere is indirectly heated
SC

of the total world copper. by the earth’s radiation. The atmosphere
In Chile most of the copper mines are located in turn radiates and transmits heat to the
on the western side of the Andes. space.
The important copper-producing Finally the amount of heat received from

areas of Chile are Chuquicamata, El the sun is returned to space, thereby
Teniente, El Salvador and La-Africana. maintaining constant temperature at the
Chuquicamata is the largest copper earth’s surface and in the atmosphere.
GS
mine in the world. It depicts the heat budget of the planet earth.
The earth as a whole does not accumulate or
Australia has the largest reserve of
loose heat. It maintains its temperature.
Uranium in the world which accounts
for almost one-third of the total world This can happen only if the amount of heat
reserves and is the third largest received in the form of insolation equals the
Uranium producing country in the amount lost by the earth through terrestrial
world after Kazakhstan and Canada. radiation.
There are three operating uranium mines While passing through the atmosphere some
in Australia at present: Ranger in Northern amount of energy is reflected, scattered and
Territory, Olympic Dam in South Australia, absorbed. Only the remaining part reaches
and Beverley with Four Mile in South the earth surface.
Australia. Four Miles has final processing Roughly 35 units are reflected back to
through the Beverley plant. space even before reaching the earth’s
It is largest producer of Uranium in the surface. Of these, 27 units are reflected
world and has second largest reserve. Major back from the top of the clouds and 2
mines of Uranium in Kazakhstan are Inkai units from the snow and ice-covered
Uranium Project, South Inkai mine, Akdala areas of the earth. The reflected amount
mine, Central Mynkuduk mine, West of radiation is called the albedo of the
Mynkuduk mine and Karatau mine. earth.
25
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
The earth as a whole does not accumulate Impact of Coriolis force on Circulation of
or loose heat. It maintains its temperature. Wind
This can happen only if the amount of
The wind blows from high pressure to
heat received in the form of insolation
low pressure. The wind at the surface
equals the amount lost by the earth
experiences friction. In addition, rotation of
through terrestrial radiation.
the earth also affects the wind movement.
Topic: Heat Budget of earth The force exerted by the rotation of the earth
Sub-topic: Insolation on earth is known as the Coriolis force. Thus, the
horizontal winds near the earth surface
respond to the combined effect of three
55. Correct Option: (c) forces – the pressure gradient force,
the frictional force and the Coriolis
Explanation:
force. In addition, the gravitational force
Both statements are correct acts downward.
Isotherms The rotation of the earth about its axis
The Isotherms are lines joining places affects the direction of the wind. This force
having equal temperature. In the northern is called the Coriolis force.
hemisphere the land surface area is much It deflects the wind to the right direction in
RE
larger than in the southern hemisphere. the northern hemisphere and to the left in
Hence, the effects of land mass and the the southern hemisphere. The deflection is
ocean currents are well pronounced. In more when the wind velocity is high.
January the isotherms deviate to the north The impact of the Coriolis Effect is dependent
over the ocean and to the south over the on velocity—the velocity of Earth and the
continent. This can be seen on the North velocity of the object or fluid being deflected
Atlantic Ocean. by the Coriolis Effect. The impact of the
O
The presence of warm ocean currents, Gulf Coriolis Effect is most significant with
Stream and North Atlantic drift, make the high speeds or long distances.
Northern Atlantic Ocean warmer and the The Coriolis force is directly proportional
isotherms bend towards the north. Over to the angle of latitude. It is maximum
SC
the land the temperature decreases sharply at the poles and is absent at the equator.
and the isotherms bend towards south in The Coriolis force acts perpendicular to the
Europe. pressure gradient force.
The effect of the ocean is well pronounced At the equator, the Coriolis force is
in the southern hemisphere. Here the zero and the wind blows perpendicular
isotherms are more or less parallel to the to the isobars. The low pressure gets filled
latitudes and the variation in temperature instead of getting intensified. That is the
GS
is more gradual than in the northern reason why tropical cyclones are not formed
hemisphere. near the equator.
The isotherm of 20° C, 10° C, and 0° C runs
Topic: Rotation of earth
parallel to 35° S, 45° S and 60° S latitudes
respectively. Sub-topic: Concepts
Topic: Location of earth
Sub-topic: latitude and Longitude 57. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation:
56. Correct Option: (c) Statement 2 is incorrect: Easterlies
converge towards ITCZ from northern and
Explanation: southern hemisphere.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The pressure
gradient force, the frictional force and the Formation of Hadley cell and role of
Coriolis force all three are responsible for different winds
direction and movement of wind near the The air at the Inter Tropical Convergence
earth’s surface. Zone (ITCZ) rises because of convection
Statement 2 is incorrect: The impact of caused by high insolation and a low pressure
Coriolis force is more on wind with high is created. The winds from the tropics
velocity than wind with low velocity. converge at this low pressure zone.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 26
The converged air rises along with the When the front remains stationary, it is
convective cell. It reaches the top of the called a stationary front.
troposphere up to an altitude of 14 km. and When the cold air mass moves towards
moves towards the poles. the warm air mass, its contact zone is
This causes accumulation of air at about 30 called the cold front, whereas if the
degree N and S. Part of the accumulated air warm air mass moves towards the cold
sinks to the ground and forms a subtropical air mass, the contact zone is a warm
high. Another reason for sinking is the front.
cooling of air when it reaches 30 degree N If an air mass is fully lifted above the land
and S latitudes. surface, it is called the occluded front.
The fronts occur in middle latitudes and
Down below near the land surface the
are characterized by steep gradient in
air flows towards the equator as the temperature and pressure.
easterlies. The easterlies from either
side of the equator converge in the Inter They bring abrupt changes in temperature
and cause the air to rise to form clouds and
Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).
cause precipitation.
Such circulations from the surface upwards
and vice-versa are called cells. Such a cell in The systems developing in the mid and high
the tropics is called Hadley Cell. latitude, beyond the tropics are called the
RE
middle latitude or extra tropical cyclones.
Hadley Cells are the low-latitude
overturning circulations that have air The passage of front causes abrupt changes
in the weather conditions over the area in
rising at the equator and air sinking at
the middle and high latitudes.
roughly 30° latitude.
Extra tropical cyclones form along the polar
They are responsible for the trade winds in
front. Initially, the front is stationary. In
the Tropics and control low-latitude weather
the northern hemisphere, warm air blows
patterns.
O from the south and cold air from the north
In the Hadley Cell as an air particle moves of the front.
toward the high-latitudes, it becomes closer When the pressure drops along the front,
to the Earth’s spin axis, so axis of rotation the warm air moves northwards and the cold
SC
(r) becomes smaller. air move towards, south setting in motion
an anticlockwise cyclonic circulation.
Topic: Climatology
The cyclonic circulation leads to a well-
Sub-topic: Air masses and cells developed extra tropical cyclone, with a
warm front and a cold front.
58. Correct Option: (a) Topic: Climatology
Explanation: Sub-topic: Air masses and cells
GS
Statement 2 is incorrect: Warm front

is formed when a warm air mass moves 59. Correct Option: (b)
towards a cold air mass.
Explanation:
Air Mass Statement 3 is incorrect: Nimbus clouds
When the air remains over a homogenous are black or dark gray and these are
area for a sufficiently longer time, it acquires extremely dense and opaque to the rays of
the characteristics of the area. the sun.
The homogenous regions can be the vast Types of Clouds
ocean surface or vast plains. The air with Cirrus clouds are formed at high
distinctive characteristics in terms of altitudes (8,000 - 12,000m). They are thin
temperature and humidity is called an and dethatched clouds having a feathery
airmass. appearance. They are always white in
It is defined as a large body of air colour.
having little horizontal variation Cumulus clouds look like cotton wool.
in temperature and moisture. The They are generally formed at a height
homogenous surfaces, over which air of 4,000 - 7,000 m. They exist in patches
masses form, are called the source and can be seen scattered here and there.
regions. They have a flat base.
27
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Stratus clouds are layered clouds covering 61. Correct Option: (b)
large portions of the sky. These clouds are
generally formed either due to loss of Explanation:
heat or the mixing of air masses with
Statement 2 is incorrect: Pacific Decadal
different temperatures.
Oscillation impacts the monsoon pattern.
Nimbus clouds are black or dark gray. The recent drying seasons in North-eastern
They form at middle levels or very near state is the result of this phenomenon.
to the surface of the earth.
These are extremely dense and opaque Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
to the rays of the sun. Sometimes, the Northeast India which is one of the
clouds are so low that they seem to touch wettest places on the Earth has been
the ground. Nimbus clouds are shapeless experiencing rapid drying for last thirty
masses of thick vapour.
years. The decreasing monsoon rainfall
A combination of these four basic types can is associated with natural changes in
give rise to the following types of clouds: high the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO).
clouds – cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus;
The “Pacific Decadal Oscillation”
Middle clouds – altostratus and
(PDO) is an El Niño-like pattern of
altocumulus; low clouds – stratocumulus
and nimbostratus and clouds with extensive Pacific climate variability. The PDO
vertical development – cumulus and is detected as warm or cool surface
RE
cumulonimbus. waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of
20°N latitude.
Topic: Climatology
As seen with the better-known El Niño/
Sub-topic: Formation of Clouds Southern Oscillation (ENSO), extremes
in the PDO pattern are marked by
60. Correct Option: (d) widespread variations in the Pacific Basin
and the North American climate. In parallel
O
Explanation: with the ENSO phenomenon, the extreme
Both statements are correct phases of the PDO have been classified
as being either warm or cool, as defined
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
by ocean temperature anomalies in the
SC
The ACC is created by the combined northeast and tropical Pacific Ocean.
effects of strong westerly winds across the
Southern Ocean, and the big change in Major changes in northeast Pacific marine
surface temperatures between the Equator ecosystems have been correlated with
and the poles. phase changes in the PDO; warm eras have
It is vital for Earth’s health because it keeps seen enhanced coastal ocean biological
Antarctica cool and frozen. productivity in Alaska and inhibited
productivity off the west coast of the
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, or ACC,
GS
is the strongest ocean current on our planet. contiguous United States, while cold PDO
It extends from the sea surface to the bottom eras have seen the opposite north-south
of the ocean, and encircles Antarctica. pattern of marine ecosystem productivity.
The ACC carries an estimated 165 million Both PDO and ENSO have similar spatial
to 182 million cubic metres of water every climate fingerprints yet the major difference
second (a unit also called a “Sverdrup”) from is that PDO persists for 20-30 years while
west to east, more than 100 times the flow the typical ENSO persists for 6 to 18
of all the rivers on Earth. months.
It provides the main connection between the
Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Topic: Climatology
The tightest geographical constriction Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances
through which the current flows is Drake
Passage, where only 800 km separates
South America from Antarctica. 62. Correct option: (c)
Global warming has led to changes in Explanation:
nature of this current. Hence, scientists are
studying that how it might affect the world’s Statement 1 is incorrect: Although by
climate. mass, sun has only 70.6% hydrogen, but
by molar ratio, it still has 91.0% hydrogen
Topic: Oceanography
atoms and only 8.9% helium atoms. This
Sub-topic: Tides, waves and currents makes our sun very young.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 28
Sun’s composition and structure planetesimals, and, finally, dust became the
The Sun, like others stars, is a ball of gas. In size of the moon.
terms of the number of atoms, it is made of As the planetesimals became larger, their
91.0% hydrogen and 8.9% helium. By mass, numbers decreased. Consequently, the
the Sun is about 70.6% hydrogen and 27.4% number of collisions between planetesimals,
helium. or meteorites, decreased. Fewer items
available for accretion meant that it took a
The Sun has six regions: The core, the
long time to build up a large planet.
radiative zone, and the convective zone in
the interior; the visible surface, called the The part of the nebula (that formed early
photosphere; the chromosphere; and the earth) condensed due to gravitational
outermost region, the corona. compression to form as mass about 4.5
billion years ago.
At the core, the temperature is about 27
million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million This mass was not as big as today’s
degrees Celsius), which is sufficient to earth but big enough to pull many other
sustain thermonuclear fusion. small celestial bodies (including other
planetesimals and meteorites) to collide
In the Sun’s core, hydrogen atoms fuse to with it. Due to these collisions which were
make helium. very frequent in those times, earth grew in
Energy from the core is carried outward mass and approximately 120-150 million
by radiation, which bounces around the year later than its formation, earth began
RE
radiative zone, taking about 170,000 to hold its atmosphere.
years to get from the core to the top of the Topic: The Universe
convective zone. The temperature drops
below 3.5 million degrees Fahrenheit (2 Sub-topic: Sun and The earth
million degrees Celsius) in the convective
zone, where large bubbles of hot plasma (a
soup of ionized atoms) move upwards. 64. Correct Option: (c)

O
The surface of the Sun – the part we can see Explanation:
– is about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,500 Statement 3 is incorrect: Warm currents
degrees Celsius). flow along the east coast of continents
As per the nebular hypothesis, the in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes
SC
entire solar system including the Sun resulting in warm and rainy climates while
and its planets were originated from the cold currents flow along the west coast of
same nebula, gaseous cloud, formed by continents.
condensation. Ocean Currents and climate
Topic: The Universe Warm currents flow along the east coast
of continents in tropical and sub-tropical
Sub-topic: Sun and The earth latitudes resulting in warm and rainy
climates while cold currents flow along the
GS
63. Correct option: (a) west coast of continents.

The mixing of warm and cold currents
Explanation: helps to replenish the oxygen and favor the
Option (a) is correct growth of planktons which are the regions
that are rich in microscopic marine plants
Origin and Evolution of the Earth and animals.
Scientists used to believe the rocky planets, Warm and Cold currents affect the local
including Earth, Mercury, Venus and Mars, climate of a region.
were created by the rapid gravitational
For example, the Gulf Stream which is
collapse of a dust cloud, finally giving rise
driven to the western coast of Europe as the
to a dense planet.
North Atlantic Drift keeps the coasts of the
In 1960, study of moon craters by Apollo Space North Sea warm which is unusual for such
program changed this view and rejuvenated high latitudes.
the theory of accretion postulated by Otto
Similarly, the warm waters of the Kuroshio
Schmidt. The Russian geophysicist had Current in the North Pacific ocean are
suggested in 1944 that planets grew in size carried as the North Pacific Drift keeping
gradually, step by step. the ports of the Alaskan coast ice-free in
According to Schmidt, cosmic dust lumped winter.
together to form particulates, particulates
Topic: oceanography
became gravel, gravel became small
balls, then big balls, then tiny planets, or Sub-topic: Ocean currents
29
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
65. Correct Option: (d) 67. Correct Option: (c)
Option (d) is correct Option (c) is correct
Ocean Currents Black soil/regur soil

Ocean currents are influenced by two Regur means cotton – best soil for cotton
cultivation.
types of forces namely: (i) primary forces
that initiate the movement of water; (ii) Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black
secondary forces that influence the currents soil.
to flow. High water-retaining capacity.
The primary forces that influence the Swells and will become sticky when wet and
currents are: (i) heating by solar energy; (ii) shrink when dried.
wind; (iii) gravity; (iv) Coriolis force Self-plowing is a characteristic of the black
The secondary forces that influence the soil as it develops wide cracks when dried.
currents are: (i) Temperature difference Rich in: Iron, lime, calcium, potassium,
and (ii) Salinity difference. aluminum, and magnesium.
Deficient in: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and
Topic: oceanography
RE
organic matter.
Sub-topic: Ocean currents Colour: Deep black to light black.
Texture: Clayey
66. Correct Option: (b) Topic: Soil
Explanation: Sub-topic: Types of soil and vegetation
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Dry Sub-
O

humid Zone covers the whole of peninsular
68. Correct Option: (d)
India, except the Nilgiris.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: Humid
Explanation:
Montane Zone covers the humid montane A is incorrect: Tropical Cyclones can cross
SC
and moist sub-humid areas of Jammu the equator theoretically but is almost
and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, impossible.
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, and Tropical Cyclones
Manipur.
The prerequisite conditions for hurricanes
Grasslands in India are: warm, deep ocean waters (greater than
80°F / 27°C), an atmosphere cooling rapidly
In order to promote research in the with altitude, moist middle layers of the
GS
development of grassland ecosystems the atmosphere, low wind shear, and a pre-
government has created two institutions existing near surface disturbance.
viz., Indian Grasslands and Fodder Research Even if these conditions are in place, a
Institute, Jhansi; and Central Arid Zone tropical cyclone is not likely to form if it is
Research Institute, Jodhpur. not at least 300 or so miles from the equator.
Intensive grazing of grasslands opens This is because of the lack of the Coriolis
up the bare soil which facilitates the growth force.
of populations of burrowing animals such Energy
mice, jack-rabbits, prairie dogs, gophers,
The energy that intensifies the storm,
etc. The new habitat for these animals can comes from the condensation process in the
render large areas of forage lands sterile. towering cumulonimbus clouds, surrounding
Fire is known to play an important role in the centre of the storm. With continuous
the management of grassland ecosystems. supply of moisture from the sea, the storm
is further strengthened.
In moist conditions, fire favors grass over
On reaching the land the moisture supply
trees whereas in dry conditions fire often
is cut off and the storm dissipates. The
protects the grasslands against the invasion
place where a tropical cyclone crosses the
of alien species such as desert shrubs. coast is called the landfall of the cyclone.
Topic: Human Geography The cyclones, which cross 20o N latitude
generally, recurve and they are more
Sub-topic: Types of Habitat destructive.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 30
Can it cross the Equator? Topic: Climatology
A well-developed storm has plenty of spin Sub-topic: Factors affecting Climate on
would dominate the weak Coriolis force earth
near the equator. If it crosses the equator,
the Coriolis force would be working against
the initial direction of the spin, but it would 70. Correct Option: (c)
be dominated by what we call the relative
vorticity of the storm. Explanation:
So, it can move across equator at least Both statements are correct
theoretically but one cannot find an example
of crossing in the Atlantic or eastern Pacific. Variability of Insolation at the Surface of
In the Indian Ocean some come closer to the Earth
pulling off this trick, still do not cross. The The energy received by the earth is known
variation in Coriolis with latitude - called as incoming solar radiation which in short
the Beta effect - actually moves a hurricane is termed as insolation.
to the NW in the northern hemisphere even
if there is no large scale wind pushing the The amount and the intensity of insolation
storm along. So, Coriolis not only seems to vary during a day, in a season and in a year.
be a necessary ingredient to make a storm, The factors that cause these variations in
but it may also pull them away from the insolation are:
RE
equator making the crossing event a tough the rotation of earth on its axis;
one to pull off.
the angle of inclination of the sun’s
Topic: Climatology rays;
Sub-topic: Cyclones the length of the day;
the transparency of the atmosphere;
69. Correct Option: (a) The configuration of land in terms of
Explanation:
O its aspect.
Option (a) is correct The insolation received at the surface varies
from about 320 Watt/m2 in the tropics to
Elements of Climate and factors affecting about 70 Watt/m2 in the poles.
SC
them
Maximum insolation is received over the
Climate, conditions of the atmosphere at subtropical deserts, where the cloudiness is
a particular location over a long period of the least.
time; it is the long-term summation of the
atmospheric elements (and their variations) The Equator receives comparatively less
that, over short time periods, constitute insolation than the tropics.
weather. Generally, at the same latitude the
These elements are solar radiation, insolation is more over the continent than
GS

temperature, humidity, precipitation (type, over the oceans.
frequency, and amount), atmospheric In winter, the middle and higher latitudes
pressure, and wind (speed and direction).
receive less radiation than in summer.
There are many different factors that
affect climate around the world. It is the Topic: Rotation of Earth
varying influence of these factors that lead Sub-topic: Position of Sun, earth and the
to different parts of the Earth experiencing
moon
differing climates. The most important
natural factors are:
distance from the sea 71. Correct Option: (b)
ocean currents Explanation:
direction of prevailing winds Statement 1 is incorrect: The vertical
shape of the land (known as ‘relief’ or pressure gradient force is much larger than
‘topography’) that of the horizontal pressure gradient but,
it is nearly balanced by gravitational force.
distance from the equator
El Niño phenomenon. Pressure and Planetary Winds
The pattern of the movement of the planetary
Precipitation is an element of Climate and winds is called the general circulation of the
not a factor that affects climate. atmosphere.
31
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Air expands when heated and gets 73. Correct Option: (b)
compressed when cooled. This results in
variations in the atmospheric pressure. The Explanation:
result is that it causes the movement of air Statement 1 is incorrect: Due to the large
from high pressure to low pressure, setting proportion of land mass in the Northern
the air in motion. hemisphere, the isotherms show bend and
The vertical pressure gradient force is do not run parallel to the latitude.
much larger than that of the horizontal Factors controlling Temperature
pressure gradient. But, it is generally
distribution
balanced by a nearly equal but opposite
gravitational force. Hence, we do not The temperature of air at any place is
experience strong upward winds. influenced by (i) the latitude of the place; (ii)
the altitude of the place; (iii) distance from
The air at the Inter Tropical Convergence
the sea, the air-mass circulation; (iv) the
Zone (ITCZ) rises because of convection
presence of warm and cold ocean currents;
caused by high insolation and a low
(v) local aspects.
pressure is created. The winds from the
tropics converge at this low pressure zone. The Isotherms are lines joining places
The converged air rises along with the having equal temperature.
convective cell. In general the effect of the latitude on
RE
temperature is well pronounced on the map,
Topic: Heat Budget
as the isotherms are generally parallel to
Sub-topic: Insolation on earth the latitude. The deviation from this general
trend is more pronounced in January
than in July, especially in the northern
72. Correct Option: (d) hemisphere. In the northern hemisphere
Explanation: the land surface area is much larger than in
O
the southern hemisphere. Hence, the effects
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Earth of land mass and the ocean currents are
receives radiation from the sun in the form well pronounced.
of short-wave radiation.
The presence of warm ocean currents, Gulf
SC
Statement 2 is incorrect: Carbon dioxide Stream and North Atlantic drift, make the
absorbs long-wave radiation, and thus Northern Atlantic Ocean warmer and the
contributes in global warming. isotherms bend towards the north.
Terrestrial Radiation, Shortwave Topic: Latitude and Longitude
Radiation, Long wave Earth Radiation
Sub-topic: Northern hemisphere
The insolation received by the earth is in
short-wave forms and heats up its surface.
74. Correct Option: (a)
GS
The earth after being heated itself becomes

a radiating body and it radiates energy to
Explanation:
the atmosphere in long wave form.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Rajasthan is
This energy heats up the atmosphere from
largest producer of pulses among Indian
below. This process is known as terrestrial
states (2019-20).
radiation.
The long wave radiation is absorbed by the Pulses Production in India
atmospheric gases particularly by carbon India is the largest producer (25% of global
dioxide and the other greenhouse gases. production), consumer (27% of world
Thus, the atmosphere is indirectly heated consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses
by the earth’s radiation. in the world.
The atmosphere in turn radiates and Pulses account for around 20 per cent of
transmits heat to space. Finally the amount the area under food grains and contribute
of heat received from the sun is returned around 7-10 per cent of the total food grains
to space, thereby maintaining constant production in the country.
temperature at the earth’s surface and in Though pulses are grown in both Kharif and
the atmosphere. Rabi seasons, Rabi pulses contribute more
Topic: Heat Budget of earth than 60 per cent of the total production.
Gram is the most dominant pulse having
Sub-topic: Insolation on earth a share of around 40 per cent in the total
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 32
production followed by Tur/Arhar at 15 UN world population prospect
to 20 per cent and Urad/Black Matpe and The global population is projected to
Moong at around 8-10 per cent each. increase by another 2 billion people by 2050,
The 2019-20 estimate provided that from 7.7 billion in 2019 to 9.7 billion thirty
Rajasthan was the largest producer of years down the line, according to ‘The World
pulses with 4497.13 (‘000 Tonne). Population Prospects 2019’ published by the
Population Division of the UN Department
Topic: Resources of Economic and Social Affairs.
Sub-topic: Production and distribution Between now and 2050, 55 countries are
estimated to see their populations shrink
by at least one per cent. Incidentally, since
75. Correct Option: (c) 2010, 27 countries have recorded a minimum
Explanation: one per cent reduction in population.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The livestock This trend of a growing number of countries
census is conducted since 1919-20. experiencing a decline in population has
been attributed to sustained low levels of
Statement 3 is incorrect: The population fertility and, in some cases, high rates of
of indigenous cattle has decreased in 20th emigration.
livestock census.
In China, the largest of these 55 countries,
Livestock Census of India
RE
the population is projected to shrink by
The Livestock Census has been conducted in as much as 2.2 per cent or 31.4 million by
the country periodically since 1919-20. The 2050.
Livestock Census covers all domesticated In the same period, India is expected to add
animals and its headcounts. Conducted by 273 million people more to its headcount.
the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry India leads the set of nine countries that will
and Dairying, it covers all domesticated make up for more than half the projected
animals and its headcounts. growth of the global population by 2050.

O
So far 19 such censuses have been conducted According to UN world population
in participation with State Governments prospect, India is expected to surpass
and UT Administrations. China by 2027.
The 20th Livestock Census was conducted The population of sub-Saharan Africa is
SC

in participation with all States and Union projected to double by 2050 (99% increase).
Territories. The enumeration was done both Regions that may experience lower rates
in rural and urban areas. of population growth between 2019 and
2050 include Oceania excluding Australia/
Various species of animals (Cattle, Buffalo,
New Zealand (56%), Northern Africa and
Mithun, Yak, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Horse, Pony,
Western Asia (46%), Australia/New Zealand
Mule, Donkey Camel, Dog, Rabbit and
(28%), Central and Southern Asia (25%),
Elephant)/poultry birds (Fowl, Duck, Emu,
Turkeys, Quail and other poultry birds) Latin America and the Caribbean (18%),
GS
possessed by the households, household Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (3%), and
enterprises/non-household enterprises and Europe and Northern America (2%).
institutions have been counted at their Many of the fastest growing populations are
site. in the poorest countries, where population
There is a decline of 6 % in the total growth brings additional challenges in the
Indigenous/ Non-descript cattle population effort to eradicate poverty, achieve greater
over the previous census. However, the pace equality, combat hunger and malnutrition
of decline of Indigenous/ Non-descript cattle and strengthen the coverage and quality
population during 2012-2019 is much lesser of health and education systems to ensure
than as compared to the 2007-12 which was that no one is left behind.
about 9%. Topic: Human geography
Topic: Economic Geography Sub-topic: Population distribution and
Sub-topic: Economic sectors Land use patterns
76. Correct Option: (a) 77. Correct Option: (a)

Statement 2 is incorrect: According to UN Statement 2 is incorrect: Presence of high
world population prospect, India is expected mountain peaks can be attributed to high
to surpass China by 2027. push (subduction force) i.e. more subduction
33
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
force means more raising of the Eurasian The North-South Division of the Himalayas
peninsula and formation of high peaks. This The Himalayas consist of a series of parallel
is also the reason behind the width of the mountain ranges. The Greater Himalayan
Himalayan ranges more in northern region range, which includes:
(approx. 400 km) than in eastern region
(approx. 150 km, in Arunachal Pradesh). The Great Himalayas (Himadri), and
Statement 3 is incorrect: Discovery of The Trans-Himalayan range
similar fossils simply indicates the presence The Lesser Himalayas (or Himachal),
of similar vegetation in the Shivalik ranges and
and Tibetan plateau during ancient times
which indicates that these two regions were The Outer Himalayas (or Shivalik).
at similar altitude at some point in the Formation of these ranges
past (before the collision of the two tectonic
plates). The Himadri and Himachal ranges of the
Himalayas have been formed much before
The Northern and North-eastern the formation of Siwalik range. The rivers
Mountains rising in the Himadri and Himachal ranges
It consists of two main geographical brought gravel, sand and mud along with
regions: them, which was deposited in the rapidly
shrinking Tethys Sea. In course of time,
The Himalayas, and
RE

the earth movements caused folding of
The Northeastern hills (Purvanchal) these relatively fresh deposits of sediments,
giving rise to the least consolidated Shivalik
The Himalayas
range.
The Himalayas are the highest and longest
of all young fold mountains of the world. Characteristic Features
About 200 million years ago: Pangaea The Himalayas form an arcuate curve which
broke apart leading to the formation of is convex to the south. This curved shape of
O
two landmasses – “Laurasia in North” the Himalayas is attributed to the maximum
and “Gondwanaland in South”. Both the push offered at the two ends on the Indian
landmasses were separated by a shallow peninsula during its northward drift. In the
sea called “Tethys Sea”. The size of Tethys north-west, it was done by Aravalis and in
SC
Sea kept on decreasing due to movement of the Northeast by the Assam ranges.
landmasses towards each other Indian peninsula is still crushing with
About 40 to 50 million years ago: The two Eurasian peninsula causing the increase
large landmasses, India and Eurasia, driven in the height of the Himalayan Mountains
by plate movement, collided. As a result, roughly by 5 cm/year.
the sediments accumulated in Tethys Sea
(brought by rivers) were compressed,
Syntaxial Bends of Himalayas
squeezed and series of folds were formed, The Himalayas are wider in the west than
GS
one behind the other, giving birth to folded in the east. The width varies from 400 km in
mountains of the Himalayas. Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh.
The main reason behind this difference is
Evidence to prove that the Himalayas are that the compressive force was more in the
still rising east than in the west. That is why high
Fossil formation found in Shivalik hills: mountain peaks like Mount Everest and
Similar fossils have also been found in the Kanchenjunga are present in the Eastern
Tibet Plateau. This indicates that in the Himalayas.
past, Tibetan plateau and Shivalik hills
shared a common location, similar level Topic: Physiography of India
and thus similar vegetation, life etc.; then Sub-topic: The Himalayas
Tibetan plateau got uplifted.
Desiccation of lakes of Tibet: In the Tibet
plateau, we find deposits which are 78. Correct Option: (c)
generally found in lakes. This indicates Explanation:
that lakes once existed in Tibet but because
of upliftment the water got discharged and Statement 1 is incorrect: The flow rate of
deposits remained. the major rivers in the region is much slower
as compared to their origins (Himalayas)
Frequent Earthquakes so these rivers mostly bring lots of alluvial
Youthful nature of rivers (High erosion, deposits to these plains making floodplains
v-shaped valleys etc.) of this region more fertile.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 34
Statement 2 is incorrect: The region Floodplain – That part of a river valley,
adjacent to the foot of the Himalayas are adjacent to the channel, over which a river
called Bhabar and it contains alluvial fans flows in times of a flood.
for coarse gravels and pebbles which can Levee – An elevated bank flanking the
support only trees with large root system and channel of the river and standing above the
not suitable for the annual crop cultivation. level of the flood plain.
Northern Plains of India Bluff – A river cut cliff or steep slope on the
outside of a meander. A line of bluffs often
Northern Plains are located south to the marks the edge of a former floodplain.
Shivalik hills separated by Himalayan
Physiographic Divisions of the Northern
frontal faults (HFF). Eastern side of the Plains: From the north to the south, the
plains are limited by the Purvanchal hills northern plains can be divided into three
of the north-eastern India. These are the major zones.
youngest geographical features of the Indian
The Bhabar
subcontinent.
The Tarai
Formation of Northern Plains
The alluvial plains.
Due to the uplift of the Himalayas in the
The alluvial plains can be further
Tethys Sea, the northern part of the Indian
divided into the Khadar and the
Peninsula got subsided and formed a large
RE
Bhangar as illustrated below:
basin.
That basin was filled with sediments from Geomorphology of the Northern Plains
the rivers which came from the mountains Bhabar
in the north and from the peninsula in the Bhabar is a narrow belt (8-10km wide)
south. These extensive alluvial deposits led which runs in the west-east direction along
to the formation of the northern plains of the foot of the Himalayas from the river
India.
O Indus to Teesta.
Main Characteristics Rivers which descend from the Himalayas
deposit their load along the foothills in the
The northern plain of India is formed by form of alluvial fans.
three river systems, i.e. the Indus, the
SC
Ganga and the Brahmaputra; along with These fans consisting of coarser sediments
have merged together to build up the
their tributaries.
piedmont plain/the Bhabar.
The northern plains are the largest alluvial The porosity of the pebble-studded rock
tract of the world. These plains extend beds is very high and as a result, most of
approximately 3200 km from west to east. the streams sink and flow underground.
The average width of these plains varies Therefore, the area is characterized by dry
between 150 and 300 km. In general, the river courses except in the rainy season.
GS
width of the northern plains increases from The Bhabar tract is not suitable for
east to west (90-100km in Assam to about cultivation of crops. Only big trees with
500km in Punjab). large roots thrive in this region.
The exact depth of alluvium has not yet The Bhabar belt is comparatively narrow in
been fully determined. According to recent the east and extensive in the western and
north-western hilly region.
estimates, the average depth of alluvium
in the southern side of the plain varies Tarai
between 1300-1400 m, while towards the It is a 10-20 km wide marshy region in the
Shiwaliks, the depth of alluvium increases. south of Bhabar and runs parallel to it.
The maximum depth of over 8000m has
The Tarai is wider in the eastern parts of the
been reached in parts of Haryana.
Great Plains, especially in the Brahmaputra
The extreme horizontality of this valley due to heavy rainfall.
monotonous plain is its chief characteristic It is characterized by the re-emergence of
(200m – 291m). The highest elevation of 291 the underground streams of the Bhabar
m above mean sea level near Ambala forms belt.
a watershed between Indus system and
Once covered with dense forests, most
Ganga system).
of the Tarai land (especially in Punjab,
The monotony of the physical landscape is Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand) has been
broken at the micro level by the river bluffs, reclaimed and turned into agricultural land
levees etc. over a period of time.
35
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Bhangar This thrust fault follows a NW-SE
It is the older alluvium along the river strike, reminiscent of an arc, and
beds forming terraces higher than the flood gently dips towards the north, beneath
plain. the region.
Dark in colour, rich in humus content and It is the largest active continental
productive.
megathrust fault in the world.
The soil is clayey in composition and has

The MHT accommodates crustal
lime modules (called kankar)
shortening of India and Eurasia as a
result of the ongoing collision between
Found in doabs (inter-fluve areas) the Indian and Eurasian plates.
‘The Barind plains’ in the deltaic region Deformation of the crust is also
of Bengal and the ‘bhur formations’ in accommodated along splay structures
the middle Ganga and Yamuna doab are including the Main Frontal Thrust
regional variations of Bhangar. [Bhur (MFT), Main Boundary Thrust
denotes an elevated piece of land situated (MBT), Main Central Thrust (MCT)
along the banks of the Ganga especially in and possibly the South Tibetan
the upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab. This has Detachment.
been formed due to accumulation of wind-
All these three faults (MCT, MBT,
blown sands during the hot dry months of
and HFF/T) conjoin along the basal
the year]
RE
detachment plane called the Main
In relatively drier areas, the Bhangar also Himalayan Thrust (MHT).
exhibits small tracts of saline and alkaline
The MHT defines the thrust interface
efflorescence known as ‘Reh’, ‘Kallar’ or
between the subducting Indian and
‘Bhur’. Reh areas have spread in recent
the overriding Eurasian plates where
times with increase in irrigation (capillary there is a plane of detachment from
action brings salts to the surface). the Indian lithosphere.
O
Khadar On the far Tibetan side of the
Composed of newer alluvium and forms the Himalayas, there is another fault
flood plains along the river banks. system called the South Tibetan
Detachment (STD).
Light in colour, sandy in texture and more
All these four thrusts form the base of
SC
porous.
the Tethyan Sedimentary Series of the
Found near the riverbeds. Himalayas.
A new layer of alluvium is deposited by river In April 2015, a section of the MHT
flood almost every year. This makes them produced a blind rupture earthquake,
the most fertile soils of Ganges. killing nearly 9,000 Nepalese.
In Punjab, the Khadar rich flood plains are Main Central Thrust (MCT) Zone
locally known as ‘Betlands’ or ‘Bets’.
This separates the Higher Himalayas
GS
The rivers in Punjab-Haryana plains have in the north from lesser Himalayas in
broad flood plains of Khadar flanked by the south.
bluffs, locally known as Dhayas. These
bluffs are as high as 3 metres. Important role in the tectonic history
of these mountains.
Topic: Physiography of India Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) Zone
Sub-topic: The Himalayas It is a reverse fault of great dimensions
which extends all the way from Assam
to Punjab and serves.
79. Correct Option: (a)
Separate the outer Himalayas from
Explanation: the lesser Himalayas.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The rupture Himalayan Frontal Fault/Thrust
that caused the 2015 earthquake of Nepal (HFF/T)
was in Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) and It is a series of reverse faults that
not in HFF/T. demarcates the boundary of the
Faults in Himalayan ranges Shivalik from the Himalayan province
from the alluvial expanse of the Indo-
Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) Gangetic plains.
The Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT)
Topic: Interior of Earth
is a décollement under the Himalaya
Range. Sub-topic: Plate Tectonics
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 36
80. Correct Option: (c) continental margins) is squeezed between
the two converging plates.
Explanation:
Huge slivers of rock, many kilometres wide
A is correct but R is incorrect: Himalayan are thrust on top of one another, forming a
ranges are formed due to continent- towering mountain range.
continent convergence where both the plates
With the building up of resistance,
are buoyant and low density, that is why
convergence comes to an end. The mountain
there is no subduction. Neither of the plates
belt erodes, and this is followed by isostatic
subducted at any place of more than 40-50
adjustment.
km, and at most places their margins met a
head-on collision with each other leading to As two massive continents weld, a single
the formation of folds and faults. large continental mass joined by a mountain
range is produced.
Convergent Boundary
Examples: The Himalayas, Alps, Urals,
Along a convergent boundary two Appalachians and the Atlas Mountains.
lithospheric plates collide against each
other. Suture zone: The subduction of the
continental crust is not possible beyond
When one of the plates is an oceanic plate, it 40 km because of the normal buoyancy of
gets embedded in the softer asthenosphere the continental crust. Thus, the fragments
of the continental plate, and as a result, of oceanic crust are plastered against
RE
trenches are formed at the zone of the plates causing welding of two plates
subduction. known as suture zone. Example: The Indus-
In convergence there are subtypes namely: Tsangpo suture zone.
Collision of oceanic plates or ocean- Topic: Geomorphism
ocean convergence (formation of
volcanic island arcs). Sub-topic: Volcanic activities on earth
O
Collision of continental and oceanic
plates or ocean-continent convergence 81. Correct Option: (b)
(formation of continental arcs and Fold
Explanation:
Mountains).
Statement 1 is incorrect: Kiribati
SC
Collision of continental plates or is an independent republic within the
continent-continent convergence Commonwealth of Nations, located in the
(formation of fold mountains) central Pacific Ocean, about 4,000 km (about
Collision of continent and arc, or 2,500 mi) southwest of Hawaii. It is part of
continent-arc convergence. the division of the Central Pacific islands
that is known as Micronesia.
Continent-Continent Convergence or
The Himalayan Convergence Kiribati is an island country in the central
Pacific Ocean, made up of 33 islands. Only
GS
Understanding Continent-Continent 20 of these are inhabited. Although the

Convergence is important to understand land area is small, the islands are scattered
the Formation of the Himalayas, the Alps, widely. Most of the islands are very low-
the Urals and the Atlas Mountains. lying atolls (ring-shaped coral reefs).
In ocean-ocean convergence and continent- Statement 2 is correct: The Kiritimati
ocean convergence, at least one of the plates is the world largest atoll and is located in
is denser and hence the subduction zone is Kirbati.
quite deep (few hundred kilometres).
In Continent-Continent Convergence, at
continent-continent convergent margins,
due to lower density, both of the continental
crustal plates are too light (buoyant) to be
carried downward (subduct) into a trench.
In most cases, neither plate subducts or even
if one of the plates subducts, the subduction
zone will not go deeper than 40 – 50 km.
The two plates converge, buckle up (suture
zone), fold, and fault. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Island has
As the continental plates converge, the ocean been following strict travel measures since
basic or a sedimentary basin (geoclinal or pandemic started. The first international
geosynclinal sediments found along the flight to the island in ten months had
37
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
COVID-19 infected travellers. Around 36 Major Ports in India
people in the flight have been tested positive. India has a significant size of maritime
The flight came from Fiji. Kirbati entered sector with 12 Major and 205 non-major
into lock down with fresh guidelines after ports along its 7,500 Km long coastline.
the detections. Six major ports each are located on the
Kiribati Islands: western and eastern coasts respectively.
It is an independent island country. Half of JNPT and Mundra are two ports that are
listed amongst the top 40 global container
the population lives in Tarawa atoll. There
ports.
are 32 atolls in the country. South Tarawa
is the capital of Kirbati. Over 54% of the total cargo is being handled
at the 12 Major Ports of India.
Kirbati was a colony of the Britishers.
It gained independence from the UK in Port State Features
1979. Before independence Kibarti was
exporting phosphates. However, the current Chennai Tamil Nadu Second Busiest
government has stopped this. Kirbati is Artificial Port
one of the least developed countries in the Tuticorin Tamil Nadu
world.
Ennore Tamil Nadu F i r s t
Kirbati is a member of IMF, Pacific
corporatized
community, common wealth of nations,
RE
port in India
World Bank. Kirbati is highly vulnerable
to climate change. And therefore, it is a Kochi Kerala Located in
member of Alliance of Small Island States. Vembanad
Prone to several Climatic events: Lake
The Tarawa, Tebua and abanuea islets of
Kolkata or Syama West Bengal Only major
Kirbati disappeared under water in 1999.
Prasad Mookerjee riverine port
This was mainly due to increasing sea level.
Port
O
The further increase in sea level will lead
to soil salination. The La Nina and El Nino Kandla Gujarat A tidal port
climate phenomenon have huge impact on that handles
Kirbati islands. It submerges the low lying the largest
lands of the country. The Cyclones damage volume of
SC
the coastal infrastructure and also destroy cargo
the sea walls.
Mangalore Karnataka
Topic: Location in News
Mormugao Goa
Sub-topic: Pacific Ocean and Islands
Mumbai Port Maharashtra L a r g e s t
Trust natural port
GS
Jawaharlal Nehru Maharashtra L a r g e s t

Explanation: Port Trust (JNPT) artificial port
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: Ennore and largest
port is in Tamil Nadu. It is the first container
corporatized port in India port in India
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched: Vadhavan Paradip Odisha N a t u r a l
port is in Maharashtra. The Vadhavan port harbor
is being planned by the JNPT as India’s 13th
major port. It will be an ‘All Weather, All Vishakhapatnam A n d h r a Deepest port
Cargo’ satellite port to enhance capabilities Pradesh of India
in handling deep draft ships and larger Topic: Location in News
vessels.
Sub-topic: Ports and Infrastructure
Pair 3 is correctly matched: Kandla is
a tidal port in Gujarat which handles the
largest volume of cargo. 83. Correct Option: (b)
Pair 4 is incorrectly matched: Tajpur Explanation:
will be a deep sea port to be developed by
Statement 1 is incorrect: The main cause
Adani Group in West Bengal. It will be the of the Sino-India war was a dispute over
second-biggest port in West Bengal after the the sovereignty of the widely separated
Kolkata Port — now known as the Shyama Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh border
Prasad Mookerjee Port (SMP). regions.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 38
Aksai Chin, claimed by India to belong after attempts by the Tibetan Government
to Ladakh and by China to be part of to gain international recognition, efforts
Xinjiang, contains an important road link to modernize its military, negotiations
that connects the Chinese regions of between the Government of Tibet and the
Tibet and Xinjiang. PRC, and a military conflict in the Chamdo
China’s construction of this road was one of area of western Kham in October 1950.
the triggers of the conflict. The series of events came to be called the
Statement 2 is correct: The geography “Peaceful Liberation of Tibet” by the
of Tibet consists of the high Chinese government and the “Chinese
mountains, lakes and rivers lying invasion of Tibet by the Central Tibetan
between Central, East and South Asia. Administration and the Tibetan diaspora.
Traditionally, Western (European and The Government of Tibet and the Tibetan
American) sources have regarded Tibet as social structure remained in place in the
being in Central Asia, though today’s maps
Tibetan polity under the authority of China
show a trend toward considering all of
until the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when the
modern China, including Tibet, to be part
Dalai Lama fled into exile and after which
of East Asia.
the Government of Tibet and Tibetan social
Statement 3 is correct: China’s present structures were dissolved.
claim to Tibet is based entirely on the
RE
influence that Mongol and Manchu emperors
exercised over Tibet in the thirteenth and Sub-topic: The Himalayas
eighteenth centuries, respectively.
Tibet’s Geo-politics
Tibet is often called “the roof of the world,”
comprising tablelands averaging over 4,950 Explanation:
metres above the sea with peaks at 6,000 to Statement 1 is correct: Clouds are
O
7,500 m, including Mount Everest, on the

formed when air contains as much water
border with Nepal. vapour (gas) as it can hold. This is called
It is bounded on the north and east by the saturation point, and it can be reached
the Central China Plain, on the west by in two ways.
SC
Kashmir and on the south by Nepal, India First, moisture accumulates until it reaches
and Bhutan. Most of Tibet sits atop a
the maximum amount the volume of air
geological structure known as the Tibetan
can hold. The other method reduces the
Plateau, which includes the Himalaya and
temperature of the moisture filled air, which
many of the highest mountain peaks in the
in turn lowers the amount of moisture it can
world.
contain.
High mountain peaks include Changtse,
Lhotse, Makalu, Gauri Sankar, Gurla Statement 2 is correct: There is no
GS
Mandhata, Cho Oyu, Jomolhari, Gyachung difference between fog and clouds other than
Kang, Gyala Peri, Mount Kailash, altitude. Fog is defined as visible moisture
Kawagebo, Khumbutse, Melungtse, that begins at a height lower than 50 feet.
Mount Nyainqentanglha, Namcha Barwa, If the visible moisture begins at or above 50
Shishapangma and Yangra. Mountain feet, it is called a ‘cloud’.
passes include Cherko la and North Col. Clouds
Smaller Mountains include Mount Gephel
and Gurla Mandhata. Wind is the horizontal movement of air,
transporting energy transferred from the
The Tibetan Plateau contains the world’s
earth’s surface as sensible and latent heat.
third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the
Sensible heat is transferred by the processes
former head of the China Meteorological
of conduction and convection. Conduction
Administration, said that the recent fast
transfers energy within a substance, and
pace of melting and warmer temperatures
will be good for agriculture and tourism convection transfers energy through the
in the short term; but issued a strong vertical movement of the heated substance.
warning. Latent heat is the transfer of energy by
transforming the substance itself. As you
Tibet came under the control of People’s recall, water has the ability to exist as
Republic of China (PRC) after the liquid, gas or solid. The transformation
Government of Tibet accepted the from liquid to gas is called evaporation;
Seventeen Point Agreement under Chinese the reverse process, from gas to liquid, is
pressure in October 1951. This occurred called condensation; from liquid to solid is
39
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
known as solidification (freezing); and from The canal would provide an alternative to
solid to liquid, fusion (melting). Water can transit through the Straits of Malacca and
also be transformed directly from solid to shorten transit for shipments of oil to Japan
gas (sublimation), or the reverse, through and China by 1,200 km.
a process called deposition. We will see China refers to it as part of its 21st century
these various processes in the formation of maritime Silk Road. Proposals, of 2015,
clouds. measure 102 kilometres long, 400 meters
Clouds are formed when air contains as wide and 25 meters deep. Plans for a canal
much water vapour (gas) as it can hold. have been discussed and explored at various
This is called the saturation point, and it times.
can be reached in two ways. First, moisture Cost, environmental concerns, and
accumulates until it reaches the maximum geopolitical concerns have been weighed
amount the volume of air can hold. The against the potential economic and strategic
other method reduces the temperature of benefits.
the moisture filled air, which in turn lowers
the amount of moisture it can contain.
Saturation, therefore, is reached through
evaporation and condensation, respectively.
When saturation occurs, moisture becomes
visible water droplets in the form of fog and
RE
clouds.
It should be noted that condensation by
itself does not cause precipitation (rain,
snow, sleet, hail). The moisture in clouds
must become heavy enough to succumb to
gravity and return to earth’s surface. This
occurs through two processes. In cold clouds India-Japan relations have grown from
O
ice crystals and water droplets exist side by strength to strength in the last decade, with
side. Due to an imbalance of water vapour significant personal drive and commitment
pressure, the water droplets transfer to the from the top leadership in both Tokyo and
ice crystals. The crystals eventually grow New Delhi.
heavy enough to fall to earth. In the second
The two countries held their 2+2 Ministerial
SC

process, water droplets in warm clouds
Dialogue in Tokyo on September 8, for
collide and change their electric charge.
which both India’s External Affairs Minister
Droplets of unlike charge attract one
Dr. S Jaishankar and Defense Minister
another and merge, thereby growing until
Rajnath Singh traveled to Japan.
they have sufficient weight to fall.
The countries emerged concern over the
There is no difference between fog and clouds
Indo-pacific and related issues.
other than altitude. Fog is defined as visible
moisture that begins at a height lower than Topic: Oceanography
GS
50 feet. If the visible moisture begins at or

above 50 feet, it is called a cloud. Sub-topic: Ocean Concepts
Topic: Climatology
Sub-topic: Weather events
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: The largest
85. Correct Option: (d)
lithium reserves are found in Latin
Explanation: America and Australia. Of the top ten
countries with the largest concentration of
Option (d) is correct.
lithium reserves, Chile tops the list, with
Kra Isthmus 9.2 million metric tons.
The Thai Canal, also known as Kra Statement 2 is incorrect: Korea and
Canal or Kra Isthmus Canal, refers Japan are the leading importers of Chinese
to proposals for a canal that would lithium.
connect the Gulf of Thailand with the
Supplementary Notes:
Andaman Sea across the Kra Isthmus
in southern Thailand. Lithium Imports
Such a canal would significantly reduce China and Hong Kong nations together
travel times through heavily-navigated supply 96% of India’s lithium-ion cell and
trade routes. battery imports and almost 70% of non-
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 40
rechargeable lithium products. India to other storm systems like tornadoes or
meets most of its lithium cell requirements hurricanes.
through imports. For a storm to be classified as a derecho it
Lithium production in China grew from must have wind gusts of at least 93 km per
10.8K tonnes of lithium content in 2019 to hour; wind damage swath extending more
14K tonnes in 2020. than 400 km.
MSP is an ambitious new alliance formed Severe thunderstorms result in a ‘green
by the US to secure supply chains of critical sky’ due to light interacting with the huge
minerals. amount of water they hold. It is believed
The goal of the alliance is to ensure that that the big raindrops and hail scatter
critical minerals are produced, processed, away all but the blue wavelengths due to
and recycled in a manner that supports which primarily blue light penetrates below
the ability of countries to realize the full the storm cloud. This blue then combines
economic development benefit of their with the red-yellow of the afternoon or the
geological endowments. evening sun to produce green
The focus would be on the supply chains of Derechos fall into three categories –
minerals such as Cobalt, Nickel, Lithium, progressive, serial and hybrid.
and also the 17 “rare earth” minerals.
A progressive derecho is associated
However, India is not a part of this with a short line of thunderstorms
RE

partnership. that may travel for hundreds of miles
Topic: Geomorphology along a relatively narrow path. It is a
summer phenomenon.
Sub-topic: Elements and Minerals
A serial derecho, on the other hand,
has an extensive squall line – wide and
87. Correct Option: (d) long – sweeping across a large area. It
Explanation:
O usually occurs during spring or fall.
Statement 1 is incorrect: A derecho, is Hybrid ones have the features of both
“a widespread, long-lived, straight-line progressive and serial derechos.
windstorm” that is associated with a “band of Derechos mostly occur across central and
SC

rapidly moving showers or thunderstorms”. eastern parts of the United States but have
Straight-line storms are those in which also been documented elsewhere across the
thunderstorm winds have no rotation unlike world. In 2010, Russia witnessed its first
a tornado. documented derecho. They have also swept
Statement 3 is incorrect: Derechos through Germany and Finland, and more
mostly occur across central and eastern recently in Bulgaria and Poland.
parts of the United States but have also
been documented elsewhere across the Topic: Climatology
GS
world. In 2010, Russia witnessed its first Sub-topic: Cyclonic phenomenon

documented derecho. They have also swept
through Germany and Finland, and more
recently in Bulgaria and Poland. 88. Correct Option: (a)
Derecho Explanation:
A derecho, is “a widespread, long-lived, Statement 1 is correct: Shield volcanoes
straight-line windstorm” that is associated are mostly made up of basalt, a type of lava
with a “band of rapidly moving showers or that is very fluid when erupted. For this
thunderstorms”. reason, these volcanoes are not steep. They
The name comes from the Spanish word ‘la become explosive if somehow water gets into
derecha’ which means ‘straight’. the vent; otherwise, they are characterized
Straight-line storms are those in which by low-explosivity. The upcoming lava moves
thunderstorm winds have no rotation unlike in the form of a fountain and throws out the
a tornado. These storms travel hundreds of cone at the top of the vent and develops into
miles and cover a vast area. cinder cone.
Being a warm-weather phenomenon, a Statement 2 is incorrect: Calderas are
derecho generally – not always – occurs the most explosive of the earth’s volcanoes.
during summertime beginning May, with They are usually so explosive that when they
most hitting in June and July. However, erupt they tend to collapse on themselves
they are a rare occurrence as compared rather than building any tall structure.
41
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Statement 3 is incorrect: Composite 89. Correct Option: (c)
volcanoes are characterized by eruptions of
cooler and more viscous lavas than basalt. Explanation:
These volcanoes often result in explosive Both the statements are correct.
eruptions.
The Lunar Eclipse
Supplementary notes:
A total lunar eclipse will occur on 8
Volcanoes November, 2022. The eclipse is visible from
Volcanoes are classified on the basis of all places of India at the time of Moonrise.
nature of eruption and the form developed An eclipse of the Moon (or lunar eclipse)
at the surface.
can only occur at Full Moon when Earth is
Major types of volcanoes are as located directly between the Sun and the
follows: Moon and only if the Moon passes through
Shield Volcanoes: Barring the some portion of Earth’s shadow.
basalt flows, the shield volcanoes are That shadow is composed of two cone-
the largest of all the volcanoes on the shaped components –
earth. The Hawaiian volcanoes are the
most famous examples. The outer or penumbral shadow is a
zone where the Earth blocks part but
Composite Volcanoes: Along with not all of the Sun’s rays from reaching
RE
lava, large quantities of pyroclastic the Moon.
material and ashes find their way to
the ground. This material accumulates The inner or umbral shadow is a region
in the vicinity of the vent openings where the Earth blocks all direct
leading to formation of layers, and this sunlight from reaching the Moon.
makes the mounts appear as composite Astronomers recognize three basic types of
volcanoes. lunar eclipses –
O
Caldera: These are the most Penumbral Lunar Eclipse:
explosive of the earth’s volcanoes. The Moon passes through Earth’s
They are usually so explosive that penumbral shadow. These events are
when they erupt they tend to collapse
of only academic interest because they
on themselves rather than building
SC
are subtle and hard to observe.
any tall structure. The collapsed
depressions are called calderas. Their Partial Lunar Eclipse: A portion
explosiveness indicates that the of the Moon passes through Earth’s
magma chamber supplying the lava umbral shadow. These events are easy
is not only huge but is also in close to see, even with the unaided eye.
vicinity.
Total Lunar Eclipse: The entire
Flood Basalt Provinces: These Moon passes through Earth’s umbral
volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that
GS
shadow. These events are quite striking

flows for long distances. Some parts of due to the Moon’s vibrant red colour
the world are covered by thousands of during the total phase (totality).
sq. km of thick basalt lava flows. There
can be a series of flows with some Topic: The Universe
flows attaining thickness of more than
Sub-topic: The Sun, moon and Earth
50 m. Individual flows may extend for
hundreds of km. The Deccan Traps
from India, presently covering most of 90. Correct Option: (c)
the Maharashtra plateau, are a much
larger flood basalt province. Explanation:
Hawaii officials are recently warning Option (c) is correct.
residents of the Big Island that the world’s
largest active volcano, Mauna Loa, is Triple dip La Nina
sending signals that it may erupt. A “triple-dip” La Nina is a multiyear
Scientists say an eruption isn’t imminent, cooling of the surface temperature of the
but they are on alert because of a recent equatorial Pacific Ocean, which can cause
spike in earthquakes at the volcano’s droughts, fierce winds and heavy rainfall.
summit. According to WMO, the current La Nina is
Topic: Geomorphology projected to span three consecutive northern
hemisphere winters. It began in September
Sub-topic: Volcanism 2020.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 42
If it continues for the next six months, it Statement 2 is correct: As part of this,
will be the first “triple-dip” La Nina event of NRSC carried out inventory & mapping of
the 21st century said by WMO. Glacial Lakes of size t0.25ha Himalayan
Region of Indian River Basins. Using the
Evaluating the likely impact above, NRSC brought out Glacial Lakes
In the Indian context, La Nina is associated Atlas of Indus and Ganga river basins.
with good rainfall during the monsoon
These atlases are useful for identifying
season.
the potential critical glacial lakes and
This is the opposite of El Nino which is consequent GLOF risk assessment. It also
known to suppress monsoon rainfall. assists disaster mitigation planning and
Thus, a continued spell of La Nina could related programs for Central and State
lead to expectation of another year of good, Disaster Management Authorities.
or normal, rainfall during the monsoon. Statement 3 is incorrect: It is sponsored
Until now, the monsoon season this year by Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of
has produced 7% more rain compared to Water Resources, River Development and
normal. Last year, the seasonal rainfall was Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR, RD&GR),
almost 100%. Govt. of India.
But, even though powerful, ENSO condition Glacial Lake Atlas
is only one of the several factors affecting
monsoon rainfall in India. Glacial Lake Atlas of Indus: The Indus
RE
basin glacial atlas is first of its kind
Impact on rainfall depicting distribution of 5,335 glacial
There is no one-on-one correlation between lakes of size greater than 0.25 ha mapped
the ENSO condition and the amount of using high resolution Resourcesat-2 LISS4
rainfall. MX satellite data of 2016-17covering a
geographical area of 3,42,738 sq.km. The
Also, the influence of ENSO is at a macro
atlas presents the spatial distribution of
level.

O
There are wide variations in rainfall at the
glacial lakes in terms of area, type and
elevation and administrative unit wise.
local level, which are getting exacerbated by
climate change. Glacial Lake Atlas of Ganga River
Basin: The Ganga basin glacial atlas
Differential impacts of this triple-dip depicts distribution of 4,707 glacial lakes of
SC
event size greater than 0.25 ha mapped using high
The continuance of La Nina further into 2023 resolution Resourcesat-2 LISS4 MX satellite
is not bad news from the Indian standpoint. data of 2016-17 covering a geographical
But it is not the same for many other regions area of 2,47,110 sq.km. The atlas presents
where La Nina has very different impacts. the spatial distribution of glacial lakes
in terms of area, type and elevation and
In most parts of the United States, for
administrative unit wise.
example, La Nina is associated with very
GS
dry winters. Glacial Lake Atlas of Brahmaputra

In Australia and Indonesia, and generally River Basin: The Brahmaputra basin
in the tropical region, La Nina is expected to glacial lake atlas depicts distribution of
bring more rainfall. 18,001 glacial lakes of size greater than
0.25 ha mapped using high resolution
The excessive rainfall in Pakistan, which Resourcesat-2 LISS4 MX satellite data
is experiencing its worst flooding disaster, of 2016-17 covering a geographical area
can also be blamed in part on La Nina. of 3,99,883 sq.km. The atlas presents the
It said that the persistence of La Nina details of glacial lakes in terms of area,
was most likely to result in a worsening of type and elevation and administrative unit
the drought in Africa. wise.
Topic: Climatology Topic: Climatology
Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances Sub-topic: Natural Hazards
91. Correct Option: (b) 92. Correct Option: (a)

Statement 1 is incorrect: National
Remote Sensing Centre, as one of the Statement 1 is correct: The new model for
Central Implementing Agency of National tectonic plates better explains the spatial
Hydrology Project (NHP). distribution of 90 per cent of earthquakes
43
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
and 80 per cent of volcanoes from the past zones north of India as the plate bulldozes
two million years whereas existing models its way into Eurasia.
only capture 65 per cent of earthquakes.
The continents were assembled a few pieces
at a time, a bit like a jigsaw.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The new
study added several new microplates to
the existing tectonic plate model like the
Macquarie microplate which sits south of
Tasmania and the Capricorn microplate
that separates the Indian and Australian
plates.
Topic: Geomorphology
New Vs Old Model of Mapping:
The new model for tectonic plates better Sub-topic: Plates boundaries
explains the spatial distribution of 90 per
cent of earthquakes and 80 per cent of 93. Correct Option: (a)
volcanoes from the past two million years
whereas existing models only capture 65 Explanation:
per cent of earthquakes. Statement 1 is correct: A Special
RE

The continents were assembled a few pieces Agricultural Zone is one where agricultural
at a time, a bit like a jigsaw. land is preserved for posterity because of
its importance to increasing agriculture
But each time the puzzle was finished, it
production and promoting livelihood security
was cut up and reorganised to produce a
for a large number of farm families.
new picture. The study helps illuminate the
various components so geologists can piece Statement 2 is incorrect: Agricultural
together the previous images. scientists such as M.S. Swaminathan have
O
for long-mooted such zones similar to special
The researchers combined three models economic zones; like the Indira Gandhi
to map the new geological provinces and Canal Area (Rajasthan Canal) in Rajasthan,
tectonic plates: the Kuttanad wetlands of Kerala (GIAHS),
A plate model based on the existing Punjab-Haryana belt, etc.
SC
knowledge of tectonic plates In 2011, Uttarakhand became the first
A province model based on the state in the country to set up Special
Agricultural Production Zone
geological information of the earth’s
surface Special Agriculture Zone:
An orogeny model based on the Tamil Nadu announced that the Cauvery
process of mountain formation which delta region, which is Tamil Nadu’s rice bowl
is triggered when two tectonic plates comprising eight districts, will be declared
GS
collide. as ‘Protected Special Agricultural Zone’

(PSAZ).
There are 26 orogenies (the process of
mountain formation) that have left an Cauvery Delta Zone (CDZ) lies in the
imprint on the present-day architecture of eastern part of Tamil Nadu. It is bounded
the crust. by the Bay of Bengal on the east and the
Palk Strait on the south. In this zone, rice is
Many of these are related to the formation the principal crop.
of supercontinents.
Significance:
The new study added several new
microplates to the existing tectonic plate The delta districts contribute a substantial
model like the Macquarie microplate which portion of Tamil Nadu’s foodgrain
sits south of Tasmania and the Capricorn requirement and any threat to the cropping
microplate that separates the Indian and pattern would destabilize the food security.
Australian plates. Legal obligation: the government has to
maintain adequate reserves to provide five
The biggest update to the existing plate
kilograms of wheat, rice or millet per month
model has been in western North America.
to nearly three-fourths of our population,
The newly delineated boundary is much
a legal obligation under the National Food
wider, approximately 1,500 km, than the Security Act. In the coming years, food
previously drawn narrow zone. grains will not be easily available in the
The other large change is in central Asia. The international market and price volatility
new model now includes all the deformation will be high.
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 44
Saving farmlands: in the interest of food 95. Correct Option: (a)
security, there is a need to create SAZs where
land will be only utilized for farming. Explanation:
Fighting climate change: A lot remains to Statement 1 is correct: Under section 3 (e)
be done to face the challenges arising from of the MMDR Act, 1957, “minor minerals”
a sub-normal monsoon. One major drought means building stones, gravel, ordinary
can exhaust the food stocks. clay, ordinary sand other than sand used
for prescribed
Topic: Physiography
Statement 2 is incorrect: Under the Mines
Sub-topic: River basin/Conservation and Minerals (Development and Regulation)
Act, 1957, the Central Government notifies
certain minerals as ‘minor’ minerals from
94. Correct Option: (d) time to time but the State Government is
Explanation: empowered to make rules for, regulating
the grant of quarry leases, mining leases
Option (d) is correct.
or other mineral concessions in respect of
Bomb Cyclone minor minerals.
A bomb cyclone is a large, intense Statement 3 is correct: The State
RE
midlatitude storm that has low pressure at Government may, by notification in the
its center, weather fronts and an array of Official Gazette, make rules for preventing
associated weather, from blizzards to severe illegal mining, transportation and storage
thunderstorms to heavy precipitation. of minerals and for the purposes connected
It becomes a bomb when its central therewith.
pressure decreases very quickly—by at
Mines and Minerals (Development and
least 24 millibars in 24 hours. Two famed
Regulation) Act, 1957
O
meteorologists, Fred Sanders and John
Gyakum, gave this pattern its name in a It is an Act to provide for the development
1980 study. and regulation of mines and minerals under
When a cyclone “bombs,” or undergoes the control of the Union.
SC
bombogenesis, this tells us that it has access As per the act, minerals” includes all
to the optimal ingredients for strengthening, minerals except mineral oils i.e. natural gas
such as high amounts of heat, moisture and and petroleum.
rising air. Most cyclones don’t intensify Major minerals are those specified in the
rapidly in this way. Bomb cyclones put first schedule appended in the Mines and
forecasters on high alert, because they can Minerals (Development and Regulation)
produce significant harmful impacts. Act or MMDR Act, 1957.
The U.S. Eastern Seaboard is one of the
GS
There is no official definition for “major

regions where bombogenesis is most minerals” in the MMDR Act, 1957. Hence,
common. That’s because storms in the whatever is not declared as a “minor mineral”
midlatitudes—a temperate zone north
may be treated as the major mineral.
of the tropics that includes the entire
continental U.S.—draw their energy from Under section 3 (e) of the MMDR Act, 1957,
large temperature contrasts. Along the “minor minerals” means building stones,
U0.S. East Coast during winter, there’s a gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other
naturally potent thermal contrast between than sand used for prescribed purposes,
the cool land and the warm Gulf Stream and any other mineral which the Central
current. Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, declare to be a minor
Over the warmer ocean, heat and moisture
mineral.
are abundant. But as cool continental
air moves overhead and creates a large No person shall undertake any
difference in temperature, the lower reconnaissance, prospecting or mining
atmosphere becomes unstable and buoyant. operations in any area, except under and in
Air rises, cools and condenses, forming accordance with the terms and conditions of
clouds and precipitation. a reconnaissance permit or of a prospecting
licence or, as the case may be, of a mining
Topic: Climatology lease, granted under this Act and the rules
Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances made thereunder.
45
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
The period for which a reconnaissance
permit or prospecting licence may be granted
shall not exceed three years. A prospecting
licence shall, if the State Government is
satisfied that a longer period is required to
enable the licensee to complete prospecting
operations be renewed for such period or
periods as that Government may specify,
provided that the total period for which
a prospecting licence is granted does not
exceed five years.
The Central Government is empowered
to make rules for regulating the grant
of reconnaissance permits, prospecting Topic: Map based Questions
licences and mining leases in respect of Sub-topic: Location in News
minerals.
The Central Government is also empowered 97. Correct Option: (a)
to make rules for the grant of prospecting
RE
licences or mining leases in respect of any Explanation:
minerals underlying the ocean within the Option (d) is correct
territorial waters or the continental shelf of List I List II
India. A. Convectional 1. Depressions
Topic: Mineral and Ores Rainfall
B. Relief Rainfall 3. Rain-shadow effect
O
Sub-topic: Regulations in India C. Frontal Rainfall 2. Intense rains
Types of Precipitation
96. Correct Option: (b) On the basis of origin, rainfall may be classified
into three main types: -
SC
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect: Snake Island is Convectional Rainfall: This type of
located 35 km from the coast in the Black rainfall is most common in regions that
Sea, to the east of the mouth of the Danube are intensely heated, either during the
and roughly southwest of the port city of day, as in the tropics, or in the summer, as
in temperate interiors. When the earth’s
Odessa.
surface is heated by conduction, the air
Snake Island in contact expands, become lighter and
GS
rises in convection current. As the air

Features: rises it cools and when saturation point is
Zmiinyi Island, also known as Snake or reached torrential downpours occur, often
accompanied by thunder and lightning.
Serpent Island, is a small piece of rock less
The summer showers in temperate
than 700 metres from end to end, that has regions are equally heavy with occasional
been described as being X-shaped. thunderstorms. These downpours may not
be entirely useful for agriculture because
Location:
the rain is so intense that it does not sink
It is located 35 km from the coast in the into the soil but is drained off almost
Black Sea, to the east of the mouth of the immediately.
Danube and roughly southwest of the port Orographic/Relief Rainfall: When
city of Odessa. the saturated air mass comes across a
mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it
The Danube is the second longest river in
rises, it expands; the temperature falls, and
Europe after the Volga. It rises in the Black
the moisture is condensed. Since it is caused
Forest Mountains of western Germany and by the relief of the land, it is also known as
flows for some 2,850 km to its mouth on the relief rain. The chief characteristic of this
Black Sea.The island is marked on the map sort of rain is that the windward slopes
by the tiny village of Bile that is located on receive greater rainfall. After giving rain
it, belongs to Ukraine. on the windward side, when these winds
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 46
reach the other slope, they descend, and 99. Correct Option: (d)
their temperature rises. Then their capacity
to take in moisture increases and hence, Explanation:
these leeward slopes remain rainless and • Option (d) is correct.
dry. The area situated on the leeward side,
which gets less rainfall is known as the Land borders
rain-shadow area.
• Afghanistan shares land border with: India,
Cyclonic/Frontal Rainfall: It is purely
Pakistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
associated with cyclonic activity whether
Tajikistan.
in the temperate regions (depressions) or
tropical regions (cyclones). In temperate
regions it is due to the convergence
(meeting) of two different air masses with
different temperatures and other physical
properties. As cold air is denser, it tends to
remain close to the ground. The warm air is
lighter and tends to rise over the cold air. In
ascent, pressure decreases, the air expands
and cools, condensation takes place and light
RE
showers called cyclonic or frontal rain occur.
The heavier and colder air mass eventually
pushes up the warmer and lighter air and
the sky is clear again.
Topic: Physiography based on climate Topic: Map based Questions

Sub-topic: Rainfall patterns Sub-topic: Location in News
O
98. Correct Option: (b) 100. Correct Option: (a)
SC
Option 2 is incorrect: Nisarga made Statement 1 and 2 are correct: Many
landfall in Maharashtra depositional forms develop within the
limestone caves. Stalactites hang as icicles
Option 3 is incorrect: Tauktae is expected
and have a tapering end. Stalagmites rise
to make landfall in Gujarat
up from the floor of the caves. In fact,
Cyclones in India stalagmites form due to dripping water from
the surface or through the thin pipe, of the
Amid the second wave of the COVID-19
GS
stalactite, immediately below it. Stalagmites

pandemic, India witnessed three cyclones,
may take the shape of a column, a disc, with
Gulab, Tauktae and Yaas, leaving behind
either a smooth, rounded bulging end or a
a trail of destruction across several Indian
miniature crater like depression.
states.
Statements 3 and 4 are incorrect: On
The year 2020 marked the first pre-monsoon the surface of the limestone are numerous
cyclone in a century-- Cyclone Amphan. swallow holes, which are small depressions,
Another Cyclone, Nisarga, hit the financial carved out by solution where rain-water
capital of India and was the second pre- sinks into the limestone at a point of
monsoon cyclone after Amphan. weakness. They are also known as sink holes.
Once water has sunk into the limestone
As per IMD, India could witness many other
it etches out caverns and passages along
pre-monsoon cyclones in the coming years.
joints or bedding planes. Where a number
In 2019, the North Indian Ocean cyclone of swallow holes coalesce a larger hollow
season was the most active cyclone season is formed and is called a Doline. Several
ever recorded in Northern India. Below is Dolines may merge as a result of subsidence
the list of cyclones that hit the Indian states to form long, narrow to wide trenches called
in 2020-2021. valley sinks or Uvala. Some of them are a
mile across, containing much clayey soil
Topic: Climatology from the limestones, weathered after their
Sub-topic: Weather Disturbances subsidence.
47
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Depositional Landforms by Stalagmites rise up from the floor of the
Groundwater caves. In fact, stalagmites form due to
dripping water from the surface or through
The chief chemical in limestone is calcium
the thin pipe, of the stalactite, immediately
carbonate (calcite) which is easily soluble in below it.
carbonated water (carbon dioxide absorbed
Stalagmites may take t60
rainwater). This calcium carbonate is
deposited when the water carrying it in he shape of a column, a disc, with either a
smooth, rounded bulging end or a miniature
solution evaporates or loses its carbon
crater like depression.
dioxide as it trickles over rough rock
surfaces. The stalagmite and stalactites eventually
fuse to give rise to columns and pillars of
Stalactites hang as icicles of different different diameters.
diameters. Normally they are broad at
Topic: Landforms
their bases and taper towards the free ends
showing up in a variety of forms. Sub-topic: Types of landforms

RE
O
SC
GS
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 48
Test No.
IAS Prelims - 2023

17
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
lkekU; v/;;u
Hkwxksy fjfotu VsLV
Answer Key
Q. 1 (b) Q. 26 (a) Q. 51 (d) Q. 76 (a)

Q. 2 (a) Q. 27 (d) Q. 52 (d) Q. 77 (a)
Q. 3 (b) Q. 28 (c) Q. 53 (b) Q. 78 (c)
Q. 4 (c) Q. 29 (d) Q. 54 (c) Q. 79 (a)
Q. 5 (c) Q. 30 (b) Q. 55 (c) Q. 80 (c)
Q. 6 (d) Q. 31 (c) Q. 56 (c) Q. 81 (b)
Q. 7 (b) Q. 32 (b) Q. 57 (a) Q. 82 (c)
Q. 8 (d) Q. 33 (b) Q. 58 (a) Q. 83 (b)
Q. 9 (c) Q. 34 (a) Q. 59 (b) Q. 84 (c)
Q. 10 (d) Q. 35 (a) Q. 60 (d) Q. 85 (d)
Q. 11 (c) Q. 36 (c) Q. 61 (b) Q. 86 (c)
Q. 12 (d) Q. 37 (d) Q. 62 (c) Q. 87 (d)
Q. 13 (c) Q. 38 (b) Q. 63 (a) Q. 88 (a)
Q. 14 (c) Q. 39 (a) Q. 64 (c) Q. 89 (c)
Q. 15 (a) Q. 40 (b) Q. 65 (d) Q. 90 (c)
Q. 16 (d) Q. 41 (c) Q. 66 (b) Q. 91 (b)
Q. 17 (c) Q. 42 (a) Q. 67 (c) Q. 92 (a)
Q. 18 (d) Q. 43 (c) Q. 68 (d) Q. 93 (a)
Q. 19 (d) Q. 44 (d) Q. 69 (a) Q. 94 (d)
Q. 20 (b) Q. 45 (a) Q. 70 (c) Q. 95 (a)
Q. 21 (a) Q. 46 (b) Q. 71 (b) Q. 96 (b)
Q. 22 (a) Q. 47 (a) Q. 72 (d) Q. 97 (a)
Q. 23 (a) Q. 48 (c) Q. 73 (b) Q. 98 (b)
Q. 24 (d) Q. 49 (b) Q. 74 (a) Q. 99 (d)
Q. 25 (d) Q. 50 (d) Q. 75 (c) Q. 100 (a)
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
1. lgh fodYi% (b) ● vkil esa Vdjkus vkSj ladqfpr gksus okyh IysV dh
bu lhekvksa ij pêku vkSj eycs fo—r gksdj eqM+
O;k[;k% tkrs gSa vkSj pêku 'kSy] igkM+h] ioZr] ,oa iw.kZ ioZr
● dFku 3 xyr gS% egk}hih; HkwiiZVh dh rqyuk esa Jà[kykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
egklkxjh; HkwiiZVh l?ku gksrh gSA ● ofyr ioZrksa dk lacaèk çk;% egk}hih; iiZVh ls gSA
i`Foh dh lajpuk ● budk fuekZ.k vfHklj.k IysV lhekvksa ij gksrk gSA
bUgsa dHkh&dHkh egk}hih; Vdjko {ks= ;k laihM+u
● i`Foh dk fuekZ.k dÃ ladsafær ijrksa ls gqvk gSA {ks= dgk tkrk gSA
● HkwiiZVh dh ckgjh ijr ;kuh LFkyeaMy ds nks ● vfHklkjh IysV lhek,a laihM+u ds LFky gksrs gSa] tgka
fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkx gksrs gSaA IysV foorZfudh ,d&nwljs ls Vdjkrh gSaA laihM+u
● LFkyeaMy ds Åijh Hkkx esa xzsukbV pêkusa gksrh gSa dk vfHkçk; fdlh pêku ;k pêku ls cuus okyh
ftuls egk}hiksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA egk}hih; ØLV vk—fr fdlh Çcnq ij iM+us okyk ncko gSA
ds çkFkfed ?kVd flfydk vkSj ,Y;wfeuk gSaA blfy, ● laihM+u {ks= esa] foorZfud HkwiiZVh ds vxz.kh fdukjs
bls lkewfgd :i ls *fl;ky* dgk tkrk gSA dks laihfM+r djus ds fy, ncko iM+rk gSA bl dkj.k
ls vfèkdka'k ofyr ioZr] egk}hih; IysV lhekvksa ds
● fupyk Hkkx l?ku cslkfYVd pêkuksa dk ,d lrr
RE
fdukjs ;k iwoZ fdukjs ij ik, tkrs gSaA
{ks= gS ftlls leqæ ry dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA blesa
eq[; :i ls flfydk] yksgk vkSj eSXuhf'k;e gksrs gSaA Hkza'kksRFk ioZr
vr%] bls *flek* dgk tkrk gSA ● Hkw&iiZVh ds cgqr cM+s Hkkx ds VwVus vkSj iiZVh ds
● fl;ky (egk}hiksa) dk ?kuRo flek (egklkxjksa) ds cyksa ds dkj.k muds ÅèokZèkj :i ls foLFkkfir gksus
?kuRo ls de gksrk gSA ds dkj.k Hkza'kksRFk ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
O
● fl;ky vkSj flek ls HkwiiZVh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ● i`Foh ds dqN fgLls Åij dh vksj mB tkrs gSa vkSj
bldh eksVkÃ lkxjksa ds uhps 3 ls 4 ehy rd gksrh vU; uhps dh vksj fxj tkrs gSaA
gS] tcfd egk}hiksa ds uhps 30 ehyA ● blls i`Foh dh iiZVh esa Hkza'k ;k njkj iM+ tkrh gSA
i`Foh dk èkjkry] bu Hkza'k ds lkFk&lkFk ?kwerk gS
SC
● pw¡fd flek dh rqyuk esa fl;ky dk Hkkj de gSA
vkSj pêku dh ijrksa dks nksuksa vksj ÅèokZèkj :i ls
blfy, egk}hi] l?ku flek okys leqæ ds Åij rSjrs foLFkkfir foLFkkfir dj ldrk gSA
gSaA
● bu Hkza'kksa ds fdukjksa ij fLFkr pêku ds cgqr cM+s [kaM
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku Åij dh vksj mB tkrs gSa vkSj bl v–'; cyksa ds
mi&fo"k;% i`Foh dh lajpuk dkj.k fdukjs dh vksj >qd tkrs gSaA blds ckn] Hkza'k
ds foifjr fdukjs ij pêku >qddj xrZ cukrs gSaA ;s
GS
2. lgh fodYi% (a) xrZ Åij oÆ.kr ioZrksa ds vijn ls Hkjdj lery gks
tkrs gSaA
O;k[;k%
● ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% ofyr ioZr & bu ioZrksa Tokykeq[kh ioZr
dk fuekZ.k egk}hih; laihM+u {ks= (compression ● tc i`Foh ds vanj xgjkÃ esa pêkus fi?kyrh gSa vkSj
zone) esa gksrk gS] tgka i`Foh dh nks ;k vfèkd iiZVh ds ckgj fudydj <sj ds :i esa tek gks tkrh
foorZfudh IysVsa ,d&nwljs ls Vdjkrh gSaA gSa] rks Tokykeq[kh ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
● ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% Hkza'kksRFk ioZr & Hkw&iiZVh ● gokÃ ds }hiksa dk fuekZ.k ikuh ds uhps ds Tokykeqf[k;ksa
ds cgqr cM+s Hkkx ds VwVus vkSj iiZVh ds cyksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj vkt ikuh ds Åij fn[kkÃ
nsus okys }hi 'ks"k Tokykeq[kh ds 'kh"kZ gSaA
dkj.k muds ÅèokZèkj :i ls foLFkkfir gksus ds dkj.k
Hkza'kksRFk ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ● tc eSXek iiZVh dks Åij èkdsyrk gS] ysfdu èkjkry
ij QVus ls igys dBksj gks tkrk gS] rks ;g rFkkdfFkr
i`Foh dh xfr;ka vkSj ioZr ds çdkj xqacnnkj ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA gok vkSj ckfj'k
xqacnksa dks fo[kafMr dj nsrs gSa] ftlls pksfV;ksa vkSj
ofyr ioZr ?kkfV;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
● i`Foh dh nks ;k vfèkd foorZfudh IysVksa ds vkil esa fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku
Vdjkus ls ofyr ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA mi&fo"k;% ioZrksa vkSj pêkuksa ds çdkj
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 2
3. lgh fodYi% (b) varHksZnh vkXus; pêkuksa ds çdkj
O;k[;k% ● yksiksfyFk% tc eSXek tedj r'rjhuqek vkdj xzg.k
dj ysrk gS rks] mls ykiksfyFk dgrs gSA blesa eSXek
● fodYi (b) lgh gSA
dk ?kuRo vR;fèkd ik;k tkrk gSA yksiksfyFk esa
foPNsfnr iBkj (Dissected Plateau) dÃ egaxs [kfut tSls fd fudsy] d‚ij] IysfVue]
isykfM;e vkSj Øksfe;e ds fu{ksi ik, tkrs gSaA
● i`Foh dh iiZVh esa Åij dh vksj xfr ds ifj.kkeLo:i
foPNsfnr iBkj dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA IysV foorZfudh ● cSFkksfyFk% ;s ,d çdkj dh vkXus; pêkusa gksrh gSaA
esa èkhes Vdjko ds dkj.k iiZVh dk dqN Hkkx Åij tc eSXek Åij mBrk gS vkSj i`Foh ds iiZVh esa igqap
dh vksj mB tkrk gSA tkrk gS] ysfdu èkjkry ij foLQksfVr ugÈ gksrkA
cSFkksfyFk esa vyx&vyx IywVksu vkdkj esa fHkUu gksrs
● if'peh la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa dksyksjkMks iBkj] 10
gSa ysfdu lcls cM+s IywVksu yxHkx 30 fdeh O;kl
fefy;u (1 djksM+) ls vfèkd o"kks± ls çfr o"kZ yxHkx
okyk gksrk gSA vyx&vyx IywVksu ds :i vkSj
-03 lsaVhehVj (-01 bap) c<+ jgk gSA
foLFkkiu dh vk;q (dHkh&dHkh yk[kksa o"kks± ls vyx)
● budk fuekZ.k cgrs ty }kjk ryNV ds vijnu ls fHkUu gksrh gSA
curs gSaA
● QSdksfyFl% ;s ysal ds vkdkj dh vkXus; pêkuksa gksrh
●
RE
ekuk tkrk gS fd frCcr ds iBkj ds iwoÊ Hkkx esa dÃ gSaA ;g viufr (anticline) ds f'k[kj ij vkSj
,f'k;kÃ ufn;ksa ds mn~xe ds dkj.k foPNsfnr HkwHkkx vfHkufr (syncline) ds uhps fLFkr gksrh gSA buesa
gSA ufn;ksa ds dkj.k cgqr lh pêkuksa dk vijnu gks ,d ukyh ds ekè;e ls eSXek igqaprk gSA
x;k gS vkSj ihNs xgjh ?kkfV;ksa dk fuekZ.k gks x;k
● ySdksfyFl% os ysal ds vkdkj dh varHksZnh vkXus;
gSA
pêku gksrh gSaA blesa] igys eSXek volknh ijrksa ds
● bl rjg ds iBkjksa ds dVd tehu esa èkals gksrs gSaA chp lery ijr ds leku gksrk gS] ijarq ckn esa
O
buds fdukjs ladh.kZ vkSj <ykonkj gksrs gSaA ;|fi xqacn tSlk cu tkrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij Mk;ksjkbV
;gka ds {ks= lery ugÈ gksrs] ijarq ioZrksa vkSj dVdksa varHksZnh vkXus; pêkuksa esa gksrk gSA ySdksfyFk dk ,d
ls ;qä iBkj çk;% lery gksrs gSaA mR—"V mnkgj.k flMuh] U;w lkmFk osYl dh varHksZnh
●
SC
foPNsfnr iBkj] vU; ioZrksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA bldk vkXus; pêku gSA
fuekZ.k oyu] dk;karj.k] O;kid Hkza'ku ;k ioZru dh fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku
çfØ;k okyh eSXek xfrfofèk ds dkj.k ugÈ gksrk gSA mi&fo"k;% LFky:i
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku
mi&fo"k;% iBkj vkSj ioZr 5. lgh fodYi% (c)
4. lgh fodYi% (c) O;k[;k%

GS
● lHkh dFku lgh gSaA

O;k[;k%
● fodYi (c) lgh gS Hkwrkih; vkÑfr;ka (Geothermal Features)
varHksZnh vkXus; pêkusa Qwekjksy%

● varHksZnh vkXus; pêku ,d çdkj dh vkXus; pêku ● ;s Hkwrkih; vk—fr;ka gksrh gSaA ;g Tokykeq[kh ls
(rhoz Å"ek ls fuÆer) gksrk gSA ;g fi?kys gq, eSXek fudyus okyh xSlksa vkSj LFkkuh; Hkwty ç.kkyh ds
ds BaMs gksus ls curk gSA laidZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA
● xq#Rokd"kZ.k ls vkXus; pêkuksa dh fLFkfr çHkkfor ● ;s vk—fr;ka mu {ks=ksa esa ikÃ tkrh gSa tgka eSXek dh
gksrh gS] D;ksafd blds dkj.k eSXek vkSj vklikl dh ukyh ty Lrj (water table) ls xqtjrk gSA eSXek
fHkfÙk&'kSyksa ds chp ?kuRo ik;k tkrk gSA ;k rks rjy :i esa ik;k tk ldrk gS ;k fQj ,slk
gks ldrk gS fd og gky gh esa tedj Bksl cuk gks]
● lkekU; rkSj ij] flfydk çpqj eSXek dk ?kuRo
fHkfÙk&'kSy dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA ogÈ] de fQj Hkh og xeZ gksrk gSA
flfydk okys eSXek dk ?kuRo fHkfÙk 'kSyksa ds leku ● eSXek dh xeÊ ls ikuh Hkki cu tkrk gSA tSls gh Hkki
gh gksrk gSA bl dkj.k] mPp ?kuRo okyh varHksZnh Åij mBrh gS ;g gkbMªkstu lYQkbM (H2S) tSlh
pêkuksa dh rqyuk esa de ?kuRo okyh varHksZnh pêkuksa Tokykeq[kh; xSlksa dks i`Foh ds èkjkry ij ys tkrh
ds fHkUu&fHkUu vkdkj gksrs gSaA gSA
3 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● Hkki vkSj xSl dk ;g feJ.k tehu esa ekStwn eq[k vkSj vVkdkek Vªsap%
njkjksa ls ckgj dh vksj fudyrk gSA bl jklk;fud ● is:&fpyh Vªsap] ftls vVkdkek Vªsap ds uke ls Hkh
xfrfofèk ds dkj.k Qwekjksy cgqr [krjukd gks ldrs tkuk tkrk gS] is: vkSj fpyh ds rV ij iwoÊ ç'kkar
gSaA egklkxj esa ,d leqæh [kkÃ gSA
● lac) jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds dkj.k vklikl dh ● ;g fuEuL[kfyr gksus okyh uktdk IysV vkSj
pêkuksa dk jax cny ldrk gSA Qwekjksy vk—fr okys ÅijL[kfyr gksus okyh lkmFk vesfjdu IysV ds chp
{ks=ksa dks dHkh&dHkh Þe`r Tokykeq[khÞ dgk tkrk gS] dh lhek dks vyx djrh gSA
D;ksafd bldk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS tc os Tokykeq[kh;
● is:&fpyh Vªsap ÞfjpM~lZ MhiÞ esa leqæ ry ls 8]065
xfrfofèk vafre pj.kksa esa igqap tkrh gSA bl voLFkk ehVj (26]460 QhV) dh vfèkdre xgjkÃ rd igqaprh
esa eSXek Hkwfe ds cgqr gh vanj tedj BaMk gks tkrk gS vkSj yxHkx 5]900 fdeh (3]666 ehy) yach gSA
gSA
● is:&fpyh Vªsap] eè; ,afM;u iBkj (vfYVIykuks) dk
eMi‚V~l (Mudpots)% vxzHkkx vkSj if'peh fdukjk] ukVdh; Þcksyhfo;u
v‚jksDykbuÞ dks i`Fkd djrk gS tks nf{k.kh is:]
● ;s èkjkry ij ikÃ tkus okyh vk—fr;ka gSA budk
mÙkjh fpyh vkSj cksyhfo;k ds ,afM;u <yku dks
fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS] tc lhfer ek=k esa Hkwrkih; ty]
RE
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
dhpM+ vkSj feêh ds lkFk fey tkrk gSA
● ty esa fo|eku] vEy vkSj thok.kq ds dkj.k vklikl feM~y vesfjdk Vªsap
dh pêkus ?kqy tkrh gSa ftlls cM+h ek=k esa fpifpis ● feMy vesfjdk Vªsap dks dHkh&dHkh lsaVªy vesfjdk
cqycqys okys dhpM+ cu tkrs gSaA Vªsap ;k feM&vesfjdu Vªsap Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku çeq[k fuEuL[kyu {ks= gSA
O
mi&fo"k;% LFky :i ● ;g eè; vesfjdk ds rV ij iwoÊ ç'kkar egklkxj esa
,d leqæh [kkÃ gSA
6. lgh fodYi% (d) ● bls nks [kaMksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA mÙkjh [kaM dks
SC
O;k[;k% vdkiqYdks Vªsap vkSj nf{k.kh [kaM dks XokVsekyk Vªsap
dgk tkrk gSA
● ;qXe 1 lqesfyr ugÈ gS% tqvku Ms Qwdk IysV &
dSLdsfM;k Vªsap ● ;g Vªsap ,d rjQ fjosjk IysV (,d ekbØksIysV)]
dksdksl IysV vkSj uktdk IysV( vkSj nwljh vksj mÙkjh
● ;qXe 2 lqesfyr ugÈ gS% uktdk IysV & vVkdkek Vªsap
vesfjdh IysV vkSj dSjsfc;u IysV ds chp lhek dk
NksVh IysVksa ds lkFk cus Vªsap
dk;Z djrh gSA
GS
dSLdsfM;k Vªsap% fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku

mi&fo"k;% i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx
● mÙkjh vesfjdh IysV ds uhps tqvku Ms Qwdk IysV ds
fuEuL[kyu ls dSLdsfM;k Vªsap dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA
7. lgh fodYi% (b)
;g dSLdsfM;k fuEuL[kyu {ks= dk if'peh fdukjk
gSA O;k[;k%
● tqvku Ms Qwdk dVd ij gksus okys mn~xkjksa ls ● dFku 1 xyr gS% ;g pêkuksa dk;kaf=d vi{k; dh
egklkxjh; iiZVh dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA çfØ;k gSA bl çfØ;k esa ryf'kyk ds i`"B ds lehi
pêku dh 'khVksa ds tksM+ ij pêku ds vanj dk nkc
● tc tqvku Ms Qwdk IysV iwoZ dh vksj cgrh gS] rks
iM+rk gSA
BaMk vkSj l?ku gks tkrh gSA varr% dSLdsfM;k Vªsap esa
de l?ku mÙkjh vesfjdh IysV ds uhps xksrk yxkrk vi'kYdu (Exfoliation)
gSA
● vi'kYdu ;kaf=d vi{k; dh çfØ;k gSA bl çfØ;k
● fuEuL[kyu LySc ls fudyus okys ty ds dkj.k esa ryf'kyk ds i`"B ds lehi pêku dh 'khVksa ds
çkokj vkaf'kd :i ls fi?kyrk gSA blls] eSXek dk tksM+ ij pêku ds vanj dk nkc iM+rk gSA blls]
fuekZ.k gksrk gS] ftlls dSLdsM Tokykeq[kh Ükà[kyk pêku dh ijrsa bu tksM+ ds ikl ls VwV tkrh gS vkSj
(dkys f=Hkqt) dk lapkyu gksrk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k oy ds dkj.k uhps dh vksj fxjrh gSaA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 4
● vi'kYdu] eq[; :i ls i`Foh ds laidZ esa jgus okyh tSfod vi{k;
varHksZnh vkXus; ;k dk;karfjr pêkuksa esa gksrh gSA ● tSfod vi{k; ikSèkksa] tkuojksa vkSj lw{ethoksa }kjk
● vi'kYdu èkheh xfr ls gks ldrk gS ;k rsth lsA pêku dk detksj gksuk vkSj mlds ckn dk fo?kVu gSA
rsth ls vi'kYdu gksus ij cM+h ek=k esa pêku ● lw{ethoksa dh xfrfofèk pêku dh jklk;fud lajpuk
vif'k"V ds :i esa VwV tkrh gSA dks cnydj pêkuksa esa mifLFkr [kfutksa dk fo?kVu
● bl çfØ;k ls cuus okys fo'kky pêkuksa ds xqacn dks dj nsrh gSA blls] pêku vi{k; ds çfr vfèkd
vi'kYdu xqacn dgk tkrk gSA laosnu'khy gks tkrh gSA
● nf{k.k dSjksfyuk esa fLFkr Vscy j‚d ekmaVsu vkSj ● dod ,sls jlk;u NksM+rs gSa tks pêkuksa esa fo|eku
VsDll esa fLFkr ,upSaVsM j‚d] nksuksa gh vi'kYdu [kfutksa dks fo[kafMr djrs gSa( bl çdkj pêku ls
xqacnksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA ;s ryf'kyk ls fo[kafMr gksus fudyus okys [kfutksa dk 'kSoky }kjk lsou fd;k
okyh pêku ds fo'kky VqdM+s gSaA tkrk gSA tSls&tSls ;g çfØ;k tkjh jgrh gS] pêku
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku esa Nsn vkSj njkj iM+rs jgrs gSaA blls] pêkuksa dk
mi&fo"k;% i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx vkSj vfèkd HkkSfrd vkSj jklk;fud vi{k; gksrk gSA
● fcy [kksnus okys tkuoj pêku ds VqdM+ksa dks èkjkry
8. lgh fodYi% (d)
RE
ij ys tk ldrs gSaA blls] pêku vfèkd rhoz
O;k[;k% jklk;fud] HkkSfrd vkSj tSfod çfØ;kvksa ds laidZ esa
vk ldrh gS vkSj bl rjg vçR;{k :i ls pêku ds
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSaA
vi{k; dh çfØ;k dks c<+k ldrs gSaA
Ý‚LV osÇtx (frost wedging) ● ykbdsu (Lichens) mu vkjafHkd thoksa esa ls dqN gSa
ftUgksaus Lo;a dks catj pêkuksa ij LFkkfir fd;kA
●
O
Ý‚LV osÇtx (;k vkbl osÇtx) rc gksrk gS tc ikuh
njkjksa esa fjlrk gS] vkSj fQj teus ij QSyrk gSA ● ykbdsu 'kSoky vkSj dod ls cus gksrs gSa] tks ,d
blds QSyus ls njkjsa c<+ tkrh gSaA lgthoh] ikjLifjd lacaèk (,d var%fØ;k ftlesa nks
● Ý‚LV osÇtx dh çHkko'khyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj tho ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs gS)a esa ,d lkFk jgrs gSAa
SC
djrh gS fd fdruh ckj fgehdj.k (freezing) vkSj ● 'kSoky] dod ds fy, Hkkstu dk mRiknu djrs gSa
foxyu (thawing) gksrk gSA vkSj dod 'kSoky ds fy, ikuh vkSj lqj{kk çnku
● Ý‚LV osÇtx mu xeZ {ks=ksa esa mruk çHkkoh ugÈ gksrk djrs gSaA
tgka fgehdj.k cgqr de gksrk gSA ;g cgqr BaMs {ks=ksa ● ykbdsu ,d ruq] vEyh; ?kksy dk mRiknu djrs gSa
esa Hkh çHkkoh ugÈ gksrk tgka foxyu de gksrk gS] ;k tks èkhjs&èkhjs pêku esa dqN [kfutksa dks fo?kfVr djus
cgqr 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa Hkh tgka njkjksa esa fjlus ds fy,
GS
dk dkj.k curk gSA

cgqr de ikuh gksrk gSA fo"k;% i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx
● dukMk dh tyok;q esa Ý‚LV osÇtx lcls çHkkoh mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij vi{k; vkSj vU; xfrfofèk;ka
gS] tgka lky ds de ls de dqN fgLls esa rkieku]
foxyu vkSj fgehdj.k ds fy, vko';d rkieku ds 10. lgh fodYi% (d)
chp gksrk gSA
● O;k[;k%
● çHkkoh Ý‚LV osÇtx ds {ks=ksa esa ikÃ tkus okyh ,d
● lHkh dFku lgh gSaA
lkekU; vk—fr rkyql Lyksi (talus slope) gSA ;g
ia[ks dh vk—fr dk fu{ksi gksrk gS] tks Ý‚LV osÇtx ● e`nk ds la?kVu@lajpuk dks çHkkfor djus okys
}kjk <ykonkj pêkuksa ds fo?kVu ls curh gSA dkjd
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku ewy inkFkZ ;k ewy 'kSy (Parent Material)
mi&fo"k;% pêkusa vkSj [kfut
● e`nk fuekZ.k esa ewy 'kSy ,d fuf"Ø; fu;a=d dkjd
gSA
9. lgh fodYi% (c)
● ewy 'kSy dksÃ Hkh LoLFkkus (in situ) ;k mlh LFkku
O;k[;k% ij vi{kf;r 'kSy eyck (vof'k"V e`nk) ;k yk;s x;s
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSaA fu{ksi (ifjogu—r e`nk) gks ldrh gSA
5 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● e`nk fuekZ.k xBu (eyok ds vkdkj) lajpuk (,dy@ dkykofèk (time)
i`Fkd d.kksa@eyck ds d.kksa dk foU;kl) rFkk 'kSy ● e`nk fuekZ.k esa dkykofèk rhljk egRoiw.kZ fu;a=.k
fu{ksi ds [kfut ,oa jklk;fud la;kstu ij fuHkZj dkjd gSA
djrk gSA
● e`nk fuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa ds çpyu esa yxus okys dky
● ewy inkFkZ ds varxZr vi{k; dh ç—fr ,oa mldh (le;) dh vofèk e`nk dh ifjiDork ,oa mlds
nj rFkk vkoj.k dh xgjkÃ@eksVkÃ çeq[k fopkj.kh; ikfÜzodk (profile) ds fodkl dks fuèkkZfjr djrh
rÙo gksrs gSaA gSA
LFkykÑfr ● e`nk rHkh ifjiDo gksrh gS tc e`nk fuekZ.k dh lHkh

çfØ;k,a yacs dky rd ikfJodk fodkl djrs gq,
● LFkyk—fr ewy inkFkZ ds vkPNknku vFkok vuko`r dk;Zjr jgrh gSaA
gksus dks lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds lacaèk esa çHkkfor djrh gSa
● FkksM+s le; igys fu{ksfir tyks<+ feêh ;k fgekuh fVy
rFkk LFkyk—fr èkjkryh; ,oa mi&lrgh vçokg dh
ls fodflr e`nk,a r#.k@;qok ekuh tkrh gSa rFkk
çfØ;k dks ewy inkFkZ ds lacaèk esa Hkh çHkkfor djrh
muesa laLrj (horizon) dk vHkko gksrk gS vFkok
gSA
de fodflr laLrj feyrk gSA
● likV@lery {ks=ksa esa phdk feêh ds eksVs Lrj
RE
dk fodkl gks ldrk gS rFkk tSo inkFkZ ds vPNs tSfod çfØ;k,a
,d=hdj.k ds lkFk feêh@e`nk dk jax Hkh xgjk ● ouLifr vkoj.k ,oa tho tks ewy inkFkks± ij çkjaHk
(dkyk) gks ldrk gSA rFkk ckn esa Hkh fo|eku jgrs gSa] e`nk esa tSo inkFkZ]
● eè; v{kka'kksa esa] lw;Z ds çdk'k ds laidZ esa vkus ueh èkkj.k dh {kerk rFkk ukbVªkstu bR;kfn tksM+us
okys nf{k.keq[kh <ykuksa esa ouLifr vkSj feêh dh esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA
●
O
vyx&vyx fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gSa vkSj BaMh] ue fLFkfr;ksa e`r ikSèks] e`nk dks lw{e foHkkftr tSo inkFkZ vFkkZr
okys mÙkjeq[kh <ykuksa esa dqN vU; feêh vkSj áwel çnku djrs gSaA dqN tSfod vEy tks áwel
ouLifr;k¡ gksrh gSaA cuus dh vofèk esa fuÆer gksrs gSa] e`nk ds ewy inkFkks±
ds [kfutksa ds fofu;kstu esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
● fuEu <kyksa tgka vijnu ean rFkk ty dk ifjJo.k
SC
(percolation) vPNk jgrk gS] e`nk fuekZ.k cgqr ● cSDVhfj;y dk;Z dh xgurk BaMh ,oa xeZ tyok;q
vuqdwy gksrk gSA dh fefê;ksa esa varj dks n'kkZrh gSA cSDVhfj;y o`f)
èkheh gksus ds dkj.k BaMh tyok;q esa áwel ,df=r
● ewy 'kSy dh Hkkafr LFkyk—fr Hkh ,d nwljk fuf"Ø; gks tkrk gSA
fu;a=d dkjd gSA
● vkæZ] m".k ,oa Hkweè; js[kh; tyok;q esa cSDVsfj;y
tyok;q o`f) ,oa fØ;k,a l?ku gksrh gSa rFkk e`r ouLifr
GS
'kh?kzrk ls v‚Dlh—r gks tkrh gS ftlls e`nk esa áwel

● feêh ds fodkl esa 'kkfey tyok;q rRo bl çdkj
dh ek=k cgqr de jg tkrh gSA
gSa%
fo"k;% i`Foh dk cká Hkkx
● ueh viuh rhozrk] vko`fÙk vkSj o"kkZ dh vofèk&ok"ihdj.k mi&fo"k;% e`nk
vkSj vkæZrk ds lanHkZ esa ( rFkk
11. lgh fodYi% (c)
ekSleh vkSj nSfud fofoèkrkvksa ds lanHkZ esa rkieku
● mPp o"kkZ okys vkæZ Hkweè;js[kh; o"kkZ {ks=ksa esa u dsoy O;k[;k%
dSfY'k;e] lksfM;e] eSXuhf'k;e] iksVsf'k;e vkfn ● fodYi (c) lgh gSA
cfYd flfydk ds cM+s fgLls dk feêh ls vi{k;
gksrk gSA feêh ls flfydk dks gVkus dh çfØ;k dks çkÑfrd rVcaèk
foflfydk;u (desilication) dgrs gSaA ● unh esa ck<+ vkus vkSj mrjus ij çk—frd :i ls
cuus okys rVcaèk dks çk—frd rVcaèk dgk tkrk
● 'kq"d tyok;q esa] mPp rkieku ds dkj.k] o"kkZ dh
gSA
rqyuk esa ok"ihdj.k vfèkd gks tkrk gS vkSj blfy,
dsf'kdk (capillary) fØ;k }kjk Hkwty dks lrg ij ● ck<+ ds nkSjku ck<+ ds eSnku ls ?k"kZ.k ds dkj.k unh
yk;k tkrk gS vkSj bl çfØ;k esa feêh esa yo.k dks dk osx de gks tkrk gS ftlls ck<+ ds ty }kjk
ihNs NksM+rs gq, ikuh okf"ir gks tkrk gSA okfgr lkexzh dk fu{ksi.k gksrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 6
● çk—frd rVcaèk esa fu{ksi esa e`nk] jsr vkSj dadM+&iRFkj ● vU; fpàksa esa fp=keh Hkwfe 'kkfey gS] tks vYikbu
gksrs gSa vkSj ;g bl rjg curk gS fd unh ;k ck<+ Hkw–'; ds iRFkjksa vkSj e`nk esa O;oLFkk ds fofHkUu fpàksa
ds eSnku ds nksuksa vksj ls <kyw gksrk gSA dk uke gSA
● unh fdukjs fudV gh mfRFkr Vhyk cu tkrk gS tgk¡
voliZ.k
c`gRrj lkexzh dk fu{ksi.k gksrk gS] vkSj ean <ky
okyk ik'Zo unh fdukjs ls nwj fu{ksfir gksus okys NksVs ● ;g e`nk lkexzh ds fdlh [kaM dh uhps dh vksj xfr
d.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i curk gSA gS tgk¡ fpduh e`nk ls Hkjiwj lkexzh fdlh [kM+h <ky
ds lkFk vuko`Ùk gks tkrh gSA
● {kSfrt fn'kh; fMªÇyx (HDD) tSlh xïkjfgr fuekZ.k
fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx dj ,sls lajpukvksa ds ekè;e ls ● voliZ ogk¡ vke gksrk gS tgk¡ fpduh e`nk ls Hkjiwj
mUgsa NsM+s fcuk ikbiykbusa fcNkÃ tk ldrh gSaA lkexzh fdlh [kM+h <ky ds lkFk vuko`Ùk gks tkrh
gSA bl rjg dh vfèkd [kM+h <ky yky unh ds lkFk
● gkykafd vfèkdka'k rVcaèk ufn;k¡ fu;af=r djrs gSa]
foliks± ds ckgj çk—frd :i ls ikÃ tkrh gSA
ysfdu lkFk gh leqærV ij Hkh gks ldrs gSaA uhnjySaM
ns'k esa mÙkjh lkxj dks jksds j[kus ds fy, fHkfÙk] ● voliZ dks lkekU;r% voikr dh dqN oØkdkj lrg
rVcaèkksa vkSj ckaèkksa dh foLr`r O;oLFkk gSA ds lkFk e`nk lkexzh ds fdlh [kaM dh uhps dh vksj
xfr ds :i esa igpkuk tkrk gSA
RE
● çk—frd rVcaèk lkekU;r% ck<+ ds eSnku esa çokfgr
gksus okyh tyks<+ èkkjkvksa ls fodflr gksrs gSaA e`nk foliZ.k
● rVcaèk tyekxZ ds Bhd cxy fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj ean ● e`nk foliZ.k ue e`nk esa vke e`nk dk uhps dh vksj
pkSM+k dVd cukrk gS] tks dqN ekeyksa esa bruk NksVk èkhek çokg gS ftlesa ty Lusgd ds :i esa dk;Z
gksrk gS fd mls ns[kk rd ugÈ tk ldrk gSA djrk gS ftlls vyx&vyx e`nk d.k ,d&nwljs ds
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr;k¡ Åij xfr djrs gSaA
mi&fo"k;% rVh; Hkw&vkÑfr;k¡
O ● ;g ogk¡ Hkh ik;k tkrk gS fd tgk¡ <ky ij pjus
okys tarqvksa }kjk fujarj voenZu ls daiu iSnk gksrk
12. lgh fodYi% (d) gS ftlls e`nk <hyh gksdj xfr djrh gSA
SC
O;k[;k% fo"k;% e`nk
● lHkh dFku lgh gSa mi&fo"k;% fo'ks"krk,a vkSj çÑfr
e`nk liZ.k 13. lgh fodYi% (c)

● e`nk liZ.k ryNV esa tyHkjko ds ifj.kkeLo:i e`nk O;k[;k%
dh èkheh vèkksxkeh xfr gSA
GS
● fodYi (c) lgh gS

● e`nk liZ.k èkhjs&èkhjs gksrk gS vkSj çfr o"kZ feyhehVj
;k lsaVhehVj esa ukik tkrk gSA fczfV'k çdkj dh tyok;q
● e`nk liZ.k dqN {ks=ksa esa ,df=r gksus ds ctk; ● fczfV'k çdkj dh tyok;q BaMh le'khrks".k if'peh
U;wukfèkd ,dleku :i ls e`nk dh iwjh eksVkÃ dks lhekar tyok;q gksrh gSA
çHkkfor djrk gSA ● ;g tyok;q o"kZi;±r iNqok iouksa ds LFkk;h çHkko
● e`nk liZ.k xzh"edkyhu fgeæo.k ds nkSjku rc gksrk esa jgrh gSA
gS tc e`nk dk ty uhps teh gqÃ rq"kkjHkwfe ls ogk¡ ● bl tyok;q esa rkieku vkSj o"kkZ nksuksa ij leqæh
Qal tkrk gSA çHkko vuqHko gksrk gSA
● ;g tyHkjk dhpM+ xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds pyrs uhps dh ● bl tyok;q esa o"kZ Hkj i;kZIr o"kkZ gksrh gS] pØokrh
vksj xfr djrk gS] ftlesa teus&,oa&fi?kyus ds pØ lzksrksa ls FkksM+h 'khr_rq vkSj vfèkdre 'kjn _rq
ls lgk;rk feyrh gS tks e`nk dk 'kh"kZ <ky ls ckgj esaA
dh vksj èkdsyrk gS (rq"kkj mR{ksi.k dk fØ;kra=)A
● ;g tyok;q cgqr vfèkd pØokrh xfrfofèk dk Hkh
● Hkw–'; esa e`nk liZ.k dk çeq[k fpà igkM+h <ky gS] {ks= gksrh gS] tks fczVsu ds fy, fof'k"V gS] vkSj bl
ftuesa ÇiMd vkdkj dh <ky gksrh gS] tks NksVs] irys çdkj dgk tkrk gS fd fczfV'k çdkj dh tyok;q dk
e`nkçokg l–'k gksrh gSA vuqHko gksrk gSA
7 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● fczVsu ls] ;g tyok;q isVh mÙkj&if'pe ;wjksi dh dh vksj cgrh gSa rks iwoÊ Hkkx ij viuh ueh ls o"kkZ
fuEuHkwfe esa nwj varnsZ'k rd foLr`r gS] ftlesa mÙkjh djrh gSa rFkk if'peh lhekar rd igq¡prs&igq¡prs
vkSj if'peh ¶+jkal] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM] MsuekdZ] 'kq"d gks tkrh gSaA bu 'kq"d iouksa }kjk e`nk dks vkSj
if'peh u‚osZ vkSj mÙkj&if'peh vkbcsfj;k tSls {ks= vfèkd 'kq"d cuk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj blls e#LFky
Hkh 'kkfey gSaA dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
● nf{k.kh xksyk)Z esa] ;g tyok;q nf{k.kh fpyh] ● çfrpØokrh n'kk,¡% egk}hiksa ds if'peh lhekar ij
rLekfu;k vkSj U;wt+hySaM ds vfèkdka'k Hkkxksa esa] fo'ks"k 20°&30° v{kka'k ds chp ds {ks= esa ok;q uhps mrjrh
:i ls nf{k.k }hi esa vuqHko gksrh gSA gSA bl dkj.k ls ok;q uhps mrjus ij laihfMr vkSj
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku xeZ gks tkrh gS vkSj bl çdkj ueh de gksrh tkrh gSA
mi&fo"k;% foÜo Hkj esa tyok;q ds çdkj ● o"kkZ&Nk;k {ks= dk fuekZ.k% igkM+ksa dh ioukfHkeq[kh <ky
dh rqyuk esa de o"kkZ çkIr djus okyk ioukfoeq[kh
14. lgh fodYi% (c) {ks= o"kkZ&Nk;k {ks= dgykrk gSA
O;k[;k% fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSaA mi&fo"k;% e:LFky
RE
xeZ e:LFky vkSj eè; v{kka'kh; e:LFkyh tyok;q 15. lgh fodYi% (a)
● xeZ e#LFkyksa dh 'kq"drk eq[; :i ls lUekxÊ ;k O;k[;k%
O;kikfjd iouksa ds çHkko ds dkj.k gksrh gS] blfy,
bUgsa lUekxÊ ;k O;kikfjd iou e#LFky dgk tkrk ● lHkh dFku lgh gSa
gSA
tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ
O
● le'khrks".k e:LFky le'khrks".k v{kka'kksa esa viuh
vkarfjd vofLFkfr ds dkj.k o"kkZjfgr gksrs gSaA dkcZu pØ
● xeZ e:LFky v'o v{kka'kksa ;k miks".kdfVcaèkh; mPp ● dkcZu pØ og çfØ;k oÆ.kr djrk gS ftl çfØ;k esa
nkc isVh ds nksuksa rjQ fLFkr gSa tgk¡ ok;q uhps dkcZu ijek.kq fujarj ok;qeaMy ls i`Foh dh vksj vkSj
SC
mrjrh gS] tks fdlh Hkh çdkj dh o"kkZ gksus ds fy, fQj okil ok;qeaMy dh vksj vkrs&tkrs gSaA
lcls de vuqdwy fLFkfr gSA ● pw¡fd gekjk xzg vkSj bldk ok;qeaMy lao`r ok;qeaMy
● ;s e#LFky i`Foh ij dqN lokZfèkd xeZ LFkku gSa vkSj cukrk gS] vr% bl ç.kkyh esa dkcZu dh ek=k esa
;gk¡ o"kZ Hkj mPp rkieku jgrk gSA xeZ e#LFkyksa esa ifjorZu ugÈ gksrk gSA tgk¡ dkcZu vofLFkr gksrh
dksÃ 'khr _rq ugÈ gksrh gSA gS & ok;qeaMy esa ;k i`Foh ij & fujarj çokg esa
● eè; v{kka'kh; e#LFkyksa dh tyok;fod fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gSA
GS
dÃ çdkj ls xeZ e#LFkyksa l–'k gksrh gSaA 'kq"drk ● i`Foh ij] vfèkdka'k dkcZu 'kSyksa vkSj volknksa esa
çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA ;s varnsZ'kh; csflu leqæ ls lSdM+ksa lafpr gS] tcfd 'ks"k egklkxj] ok;qeaMy vkSj lthoksa
ehy dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSa] vkSj vius pkjksa vksj Åaps esa fLFkr gSA ;s os vkxkj ;k Çld gSa] ftuds ekè;e
igkM+ksa ls f?kjs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ;s o"kkZ djus okyh ls dkcZu pØ.k gksrk gSA
iouksa ls dV tkrs gSaA
● tc lthoksa dh e`R;q gksrh gS] Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj
● foÜo ds m".kdfVcaèkh; e#LFky egk}hiksa ds if'peh gksrk gS] vkx yxrh gS] thok'e b±èku tyrk gS] vkSj
lhekUr ij fLFkr gSa fofHkUu çdkj ds vU; fØ;kra=ksa ds ekè;e ls dkcZu
● egk}hiksa ds if'peh rV ds vuqfn'k BaMh egklkxjh; okil ok;qeaMy esa voeqDr gksrk gSA
èkkjkvksa dh mifLFkfr rV ij ok;q dks fLFkj djus ● egklkxj dh fLFkfr esa] egklkxj ds i`"Bh; ty vkSj
dh ço`fÙk j[krh gSA blls es?k fuekZ.k vkSj o"kkZ ugÈ ok;qeaMy ds chp dkcZu dk fujarj vknku&çnku
gksrh gSA blfy,] lfUudV rVh; Hkwfe ij 'kq"d gksrk gS] ;k egklkxj dh xgjkb;ksa esa yacs le; rd
fLFkfr;k¡ ikÃ tkrh gSa ;k leqæh e:LFkyksa dk fuekZ.k lafpr jgrk gSA
gksrk gSA
● lUekxÊ ;k O;kikfjd iouksa dk virVh; {ks= ,oa volknh pØ
o`f"V Nk;k {ks= ds varxZr vkus okyk {ks=% ueh ls ● volknh çdkj ds pØ esa çeq[k vkxkj LFkyeaMy
ynh lUekxÊ ;k O;kikfjd iousa tc iwoZ ls if'pe gksrk gS] ftlls vi{k; }kjk rRo voeqä gksrs gSaA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 8
● volknh çdkj ds pØ dk loksZÙke mnkgj.k [kM+h <ky okys ladh.kZ csflu gSaA xrZ vklikl
QkLQksjl] lYQj] vkSj vk;ksMhu pØ gSA ds leqæ vèkLry ls 3&5 fd-eh- xgjs gksrs gSaA
● bu pØksa esa vkiwÆr dk ,d NksVk lk Hkkx yqIr gks egklkxjh; xHkhj ;k xrZ egk}hih; <ky ds vkèkkj
ldrk gS] tSlk fd xHkhj egklkxjh; volkn esa gksrk ij vkSj }hi pki ds vuqfn'k ik, tkrs gSa vkSj lfØ;
gS] vkSj bl rjg lthoksa vkSj fujarj pØ pykus ds Tokykeqf[k;ksa vkSj çpaM Hkwdaiksa ls lac) gSaA
fy, vxE; gks tkrk gSA ● var%leqæh iBkj% var%leqæh iBkj pj.kksa esa èkhjs&èkhjs
voryu dk çek.k nsrs gSa ftlls likV 'kh"kZ okys
iks"kd rRo pØ.k tyeXu ioZr cu tkrs gSaA vuqeku gS fd vdsys
● thou ds fy, vko';d rRoksa vkSj vdkcZfud ;kSfxdksa ç'kkar egklkxj esa 10]000 ls vfèkd var%leqæh ioZr
dh xfr dks lqfoèkktud :i ls iks"kd rRo pØ.k vkSj var%leqæh iBkj gSaA
fuÆn"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ● çoky}hi oy;% m".kdfVcaèkh; egklkxjksa esa ik, tkus
fo"k;% iks"kd rRo pØ okys çoky}hi oy; dsaæh; voueu dks ?ksjusokyh
mi&fo"k;% tSo Hkw&jklk;fud pØ çoky fHkfÙk;ksa ls feydj cus fuEu }hi gSaA ;s leqæ
(ySxwu) dk Hkkx gks ldrs gSa] ;k dHkh&dHkh rkts]
16. lgh fodYi% (d) [kkjs] ;k vR;fèkd yo.kh; tyfudk; dks ifjc)
djrs gSaA
RE
O;k[;k%
● eè;&egklkxjh; dVd% eè;&egklkxjh; dVd ioZrksa
● ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% egk}hih; <ky & ;g ogk¡ dh nks Jà[kykvksa ls feydj cus gksrs gSa ftUgsa dksÃ
vkjaHk gksrh gS tgk¡ egk}hih; 'ksYQ dk ry rsth ls fo'kky voueu vyx djrk gSA
[kM+h <ky ls uhps fxjrk gSA
● xHkhj [kì% xHkhj [kì xgjh ?kkfV;k¡ gSa] dqN rks
● ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% var%leqæh ioZr & ;g dksyksjkMks unh ds xzSUM dSfu;u ls rqyuh; gSaA
O
uqdhys f'k[kj okyk ioZr gksrk gS] ftldk leqæ
vèkLry ls mRFkku gksrk gS ysfdu tks egklkxj dh
xHkhj [kì dHkh&dHkh egk}hih; 'ksYQ vkSj <ky dks
vkj&ikj dkVrs gq, ik, tkrs gSa] tks çk;% cM+h ufn;ksa
lrg rd ugÈ igqap ikrk gSA ds eqgkus ls foLrkfjr gksrs gSaA gMlu dSfu;u fo'o
● ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% var%leqæh iBkj & ;g esa lqçfl) xHkhj [kì gSA
SC
lery 'kh"kZ okyk var%leqæh ioZr gSA fo"k;% egklkxj foKku
mi&fo"k;% leqæ vèkLry vkSj vkÑfr;k¡
egklkxj vèkLry dk foHkktu
● egk}hih; 'ksYQ% egk}hih; 'ksYQ çR;sd egk}hi 17. lgh fodYi% (c)
dk foLrkfjr lhekar gksrk gS ftl ij vis{kk—r
mFkys leqæ vkSj [kkfM+;k¡ gksrh gSaA ;g egklkxj dk O;k[;k%
GS
lokZfèkd mFkyk Hkkx gksrk gS tks 1° ;k mlls Hkh ● nksuksa dFku lgh gSa
de dh vkSlr ço.krk n'kkZrk gSA egk}hih; 'ksYQ
lkekU;r% cgqr [kM+h <yku ij lekIr gksrk gS] ftls egklkxjh; yo.krk dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
HkXurV <ky dgk tkrk gSA ● ok"ihdj.k dh nj% 20 fMxzh vkSj 30 fMxzh mRrj vkSj
● egk}hih; <ky% egk}hih; <ky egk}hih; 'ksYQ vkSj nf{k.k ds chp lUekxÊ ;k O;kikfjd iou e:LFky
egklkxj csflu dks tksM+rk gSA ;g ogk¡ vkjaHk gksrk dh mPp nkc isfV;ksa dk ckgjh fdukjk cukus okys
gS tgka egk}hih; 'ksYQ dk ry rsth ls [kM+h <ky leqæksa esa mPp rkieku vkSj de vkæZrk ds dkj.k
ls uhps fxjrk gSA bl <kyw {ks= dh ço.krk 2&5° ds ok"ihdj.k dh mPp nj ds dkj.k mPp yo.krk gksrh gSA
chp fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA ● o"kkZ }kjk Mkys x, ehBs ty dh ek=k% Hkkjh nSfud o"kkZ
● xHkhj lkxj eSnku% xHkhj lkxj eSnku egklkxj csflu vkSj mPp lkis{k vkæZrk ds dkj.k Hkweè;js[kh; leqæksa
dk ean <ky okyk {ks= gSA ;g fo'o dk lokZfèkd esa yo.krk vkSlr 35 Hkkx çfr gtkj ls de gSA
lery vkSj likV {ks= gSA bldh xgjkÃ 3]000 ● èkkjkvksa }kjk fefJr fd, tkus okys ty dh ek=k% iwjh
vkSj 6]000 ehVj ds chp fHkUu&fHkUu gSA ;g eSnku rjg ;k vkaf'kd :i ls ifjc) leqæksa esa] ty leqæh
fpduh e`nk vkSj xkn tSls eghu d.kksa okys volknksa ty ls eqDr :i ls ugÈ feyrk gS vkSj muesa
ls <adk gSA egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dk ços'k ugÈ gksrk gSA
● egklkxjh; xHkhj ;k xrZ% egklkxjh; xHkhj ;k xrZ fo"k;% leqæ foKku
{ks= egklkxjksa ds lcls xgjs Hkkx gSaA xrZ vis{kk—r mi&fo"k;% yo.krk esa fHkUurk
9 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
18. lgh fodYi% (d) 19. lgh fodYi% (d)
O;k[;k% O;k[;k%
● fodYi (d) lgh gS ● lHkh dFku lgh gSa
vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr ltho (GMO) igkM+h {ks=ksa esa ekuo cLrh fu;kstu
● GMO ,sls ltho gksrs gSa ftudh vkuqoaf'kd lkexzh ● igkM+h {ks=ksa esa] {ks= dh çk—frd xfr'khyrk ds lkFk
esa ç;ksx'kkyk esa vkuqoaf'kd bathfu;Çjx ds ekè;e ls Vdjko ds fcuk vkjkenk;d thou thus ds fy,
—f=e :i ls gsjQsj fd;k x;k gksrk gSA vkcknh ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dkjdksa dks è;ku esa j[krs
● ;g ikSèkksa] tarqvksa] thok.kqvksa vkSj fo"kk.kqvksa dk ,slk gq, cLrh dh ;kstuk cukuk t:jh gSA
la;kstu cukrk gS tks ç—fr esa ;k ikjaifjd ladj ● igkM+h {ks= lkekU;r% mPp tSo fofoèkrk okys {ks=
çtuu fofèk;ksa ls ugÈ gksrk gSA gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn 'kSy vkSj Hkwfe dh fLFkjrk vkSj
vfLFkjrk dkjdksa dks Bhd ls le>s fcuk Hkwfe mi;ksx
vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr Qlysa esa cM+k cnyko fd;k tkrk gS rks vklkuh ls vfLFkj
● ikjaifjd ikni çtuu esa ,d gh tkfr dh çtkfr;ksa gks tkrs gSaA
dk nksuksa tudksa dh okafNr xq.k okyh larfr çnku ● lkekU;r%] 'kSyksa dk 'kh"kZ cfLr;ksa ds fy, lcls vPNk
RE
djus ds fy, ladj.k djkuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA eap gksrk gS] tcfd <ky vkSj lksiku dks isM+ksa vkSj
● tkfr ,d tSls y{k.kksa] xq.kksa ;k fo'ks"krkvksa okys ouLifr;ksa ls <adk jguk pkfg,A <yku ij ouLifr
tarqvksa ;k ikSèkksa ds lewg tSls ,dka'kksa dk oxZ gSA HkwL[kyu dh ?kVuk de djus esa lgk;rk djrh gS
vkSj lkFk gh çk—frd Hkw–'; çnku djrh gS ftlls
● Bt dikl Hkkjr esa vuqefr çkIr ,dek= vkuqoaf'kd
i;ZVu vkdÆ"kr gksrk gS ftlls fo'kky iSekus ij —f"k
:i ls la'kksfèkr (GM) Qly gSA blesa e`nk xfrfofèk dh vko';drk ds fcuk LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkk
O
thok.kq cSflyl FkqÇjftufUll (Bt) dk fotkfr; dks c<+kok feyrk gSA
thu gS ftlls Qly esa lkekU; dhV Çid c‚yoeZ
● igkM+h cfLr;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls dLcksa vkSj vklikl
ds çfr ,d çksVhu fo"k fodflr gksrk gSA
ds {ks=ksa dk fodkl ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gS] D;ksafd
● ogÈ nwljh vksj 'kkduk'kh lfg".kq Bt (Ht Bt)
SC
igkM+h@ioZrh; {ks= eq[; :i ls vR;fèkd laosnu'khy
dikl ,d vU; e`nk thok.kq ls ,d vfrfjä thu vkSj dHkh&dHkh uktqd ikfjra= ds Hkhrj ;k fudV
varÆo"V djus ls çkIr gksrk gS] ftlls ikSèkk lkekU; fLFkr gksrs gSaA pwafd vfèkdka'k igkM+h {ks=ksa esa çpqj
'kkduk'kh XykbQkslsV ds çfr çfrjksèkh gks tkrk gSA çk—frd n'kZuh; {kerk gS] tks ,d –'; lalkèku
● Bt cSaxu esa] ,d thu ikSèks dks Qy vkSj ruk Nsnd gS] blfy, igkM+h {ks=ksa esa fodkl esa i;kZoj.k dks
ds geyksa dk çfrjksèk djus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA çHkkfor djus vkSj i;kZoj.k ls çHkkfor gksus dh
{kerk gksrh gSA
● DMH&11 ljlksa esa] vkuqoaf'kd la'kksèku ç—fr esa
GS
Lo&ijkx.k djus okyh Qly esa ij&ijkx.k laHko ● blds vykok] fodkl dk eqík rc vkSj tfVy gks
cukrk gSA tkrk gS tc ;kstukdkj igkM+ksa esa cM+k 'kgjh ladqy
viuk ysrs gSa] tks muds vius jkT; dh jktèkkuh gksrk
● oSKkfudksa vkSj ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa ls feydj cuh
gSA vius cgqr vfèkd tula[;k ?kuRo ds dkj.k]
23 lnL;h; vkuqoaf'kd bathfu;Çjx ewY;kadu lfefr
;s igkM+h cfLr;k¡ vfr mi;ksx] ouksa dh dVkÃ ;k
us igyh ckj 2009 esa GM [kk| Qly Bt cSaxu Hkwfe vkSj ouLifr lalkèkuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa rsth
dks e¡twjh nh FkhA ls ifjorZu ds dkj.k gksus okyh vifjorZuh; {kfr ds
Hkkjr esa GM Qlyksa dh dkuwuh fLFkfr çfr vR;fèkd lqHks| gksrh gSaA
● HkwL[kyu] vijnu] ck<+] n'kZuh; {kerk dk fouk'k
● Hkkjr esa] vkuqoaf'kd bathfu;Çjx ewY;kadu lfefr
vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fuEuhdj.k dh vU; leL;k,a i;ZVu
(GEAC) GM Qlyksa dks okf.kfT;d :i ls tkjh
esa o`f)] 'kgjh QSyko vkSj okf.kfT;d —f"k dh xgurk
djus dh vuqefr nsus okyh loksZPp fudk; gSA
ds dkj.k gks jgh gSaA
● xSj&vuqeksfnr GM laLdj.k dk mi;ksx djus ij 5
● igkfM+;ksa esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds fodkl dks igkM+h yksxksa
o"kZ dkjkokl vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1986
dh ijaijkvksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks u"V fd, fcuk] muds
ds varxZr 1 yk[k #i;s dk tqekZuk gks ldrk gSA
thou dh xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ykus dk volj nsrs gq,
fo"k;% i`Foh dk ckgjh Hkkx çk—frd lalkèku vkèkkj dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A nwljs
mi&fo"k;% ouLifrtkr vkSj çkf.ktkr 'kCnksa esa ;g laèkkj.kh; gksuk pkfg,A
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 10
● laèkkj.kh; fodkl dh voèkkj.kk ls rkRi;Z i;kZoj.kh; ● ueZnk] rkih] lkcjerh vkSj ekgh dks NksM+dj vfèkdka'k
laèkkj.kh;rk] vkÆFkd laèkkj.kh;rk vkSj lkekftd çeq[k çk;}hih; ufn;k¡ iwoZ dh vksj cgrh gSaA
laèkkj.kh;rk ls gSA ikfjfLFkfrd :i ls laosnu'khy ● egkunh] dkosjh] xksnkojh] —".kk ufn;ksa dk fuf'pr
igkM+h {ks=ksa esa laèkkj.kh; fodkl gkfly djus dh ekxZ gS vkSj foliks± dk vHkko gS] vkSj ty çokg
;kstuk cukrs le;] fuEufyf[kr mís'; gksus pkfg,% xSj&ckjgeklh gS rFkk ueZnk rFkk rkih Hkza'k ?kkVh ls
♦ orZeku vkSj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds ykHk ds fy, gksdj cgrh gSaA
çk—frd lalkèkuksa vkSj n'kZuh; {kerkvksa dk fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfr
laj{k.k djuk mi&fo"k;% unh ç.kkyh
♦ LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fy, laèkkj.kh; & lkekftd]
laLFkkxr vkSj vkÆFkd fodkl ykukA 21. lgh fodYi% (a)
♦ bl çdkj i;ZVu dks fodflr djuk fd bldk O;k[;k%
i;kZoj.k ij U;wure udkjkRed çHkko iM+sA ● dFku 1 xyr gS% czãiq= fo'o dh lcls cM+h ufn;ksa esa
fo"k;% ekuo Hkwxksy ls ,d gS vkSj vius vkSlr cgko dh –f"V ls fo'o
mi&fo"k;% cfLr;k¡ vkSj vkokl esa ikaposa LFkku ij gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% czãiq= unh dh mÙkjh fdukjs dh
RE
20. lgh fodYi% (b) lgk;d ufn;k¡ Hkkjh xkn Hkkj ykrh gSaA
O;k[;k
czãiq= unh ç.kkyh
● dFku 1 xyr gS% fgeky;h ufn;k¡ iwoZorÊ viokg dk
● czãiq= ?kkVh dh vkSlr pkSM+kÃ yxHkx 80 fd-eh- gSA
mnkgj.k gSa tcfd çk;}hih; ufn;k¡ vuqorÊ viokg
czãiq= ?kkVh dh eq[; unh czãiq= fo'o dh lcls
dk mnkgj.k gSaA
cM+h ufn;ksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj vius vkSlr cgko dh
Hkkjr esa ty fudkl ç.kkyh
O –f"V ls foÜo esa ikaposa LFkku ij gSA
● 19 çeq[k ufn;k¡ fgeky; ls fudyrh gSa] ftuesa ● ;g unh 5300 ehVj dh Å¡pkÃ ij fgeky; dh
Çlèkq vkSj czãiq= lcls cM+h gSa] ftuesa ls çR;sd dk dSyk'k ioZrekyk ls fudyrh gSA frCcr ls gksdj
SC
igkM+ksa esa tyxzg.k csflu yxHkx 100]000 oxZ ehy cgus ds ckn ;g v#.kkpy çns'k ls Hkkjr esa ços'k
(260]000 km2) gSA
djrh gS vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h esa fxjus ls igys vle
vkSj ckaXykns'k ls gksdj cgrh gSA
● 19 ufn;ksa esa ls yxHkx 51]000 oxZ ehy (132]000
● czãiq= dk tyxzg.k {ks= frCcr esa 2]93]000 km2(
km2) ds dqy tyxzg.k {ks= okyh ikap ufn;k¡ &
Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku esa 2]40]000 km2 vkSj ckaXykns'k esa
>sye] fpukc] jkoh] C;kl vkSj lryt & Çlèkq ç.kkyh
47]000 km2 gSA czãiq= unh dk csflu ckaXykns'k ds
ds varxZr vkrh gSa vkSj Hkkjr esa iatkc jkT; vkSj
Hkhrj blds laxe rd 5]80]000 km2 {ks= esa QSyk
GS
ikfdLrku esa iatkc çkar ds chp foHkkftr fo'kky {ks=

gqvk gSA
dks lkewfgd :i ls ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSaA
● lqcufljh] jksaxukMh] fMØksax] cqjksÃ] cksxks±x] ft;kHkjkyh]
● 'ks"k ufn;ksa esa ls ukS ufn;k¡ & xaxk] ;equk] jkexaxk]
èkufljh (mÙkjh) iqFkhekjh] ekul] csdh] ,Ã] lksudks'k
dkyh (dkyh xaMd)] djukyh] jkIrh] xaMd] ck?kerh
uked ufn;k¡ mÙkjh fdukjs dh eq[; lgk;d ufn;k¡
vkSj dkslh & xaxk ç.kkyh ds varxZr vkrh gSa tks
gSa] tcfd uksvknsÇgx] cwjhnsÇgx] nslkax] fn[kks]
igkM+ esa yxHkx 84]000 oxZ ehy (218]000 km2) esa
HkksxnksÃ] èkufljh (nf{k.kh)] dksfiyh] dqylh] —".kkÃ]
viokfgr gksrh gSa] vkSj rhu ufn;k¡ & frLrk] jSnkd
èkèkuksÃ] Çtthju czãiq= unh ds nf{k.kh fdukjs dh
vkSj ekul & czãiq= ç.kkyh ds varxZr vkrh gSa
eq[; lgk;d ufn;k¡ gSaA
tks fgeky; esa 71]000 oxZ ehy (184]000 km2) esa
viokfgr gksrh gSaA ● mÙkjh fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ nf{k.kh
fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;ksa ls fHkUu gSa] ftUgsa la{ksi esa
● çk;}hih; unh ç.kkyh fgeky;h unh ç.kkyh ls iqjkuh uhps fn;k x;k gS%
gSA ;g pkSM+h] O;kid :i ls çof.kr mFkyh ?kkfV;ksa
vkSj ufn;ksa dh ifjiDork ls Li"V gSA ♦ mÙkjh rV dh lgk;d ufn;ksa dh cgqr [kM+h <ky
vkSj rygVh ls dkQh nwjh rd vkSj dqN ekeyksa
● if'peh rV ds fudV if'peh ?kkV çeq[k çk;}hih; esa ,dne eqgkus rd mFkyk xqafQr tyekxZ gS(
ufn;ksa ds chp eq[; ty foHkktd gS] tks viuk f'kyk[kaM] dadM+&iRFkj vkSj eksVk jsrhyk ry
ty caxky dh [kkM+h esa fxjkrh gSa vkSj NksVh&NksVh gS vkSj Hkkjh xkn Hkkj <ksrh gSa( vkSj lkekU;r%
ufndk,a vjc lkxj esa fey tkrh gSaA vpkud ck<+ vkrh gSA
11 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
♦ nf{k.kh fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;ksa dh rqyukRed 23. lgh fodYi% (a)
:i ls lery ço.krk gS vkSj yxHkx rygVh
O;k[;k%
ls xgjk foliÊ tyekxZ gS( rqyukRed :i ls
de xkn Hkkj <ksrh gSa( vkSj buds vykok] dÃ ● dFku 3 xyr gS% eqlh —".kk unh dh ck,a fdukjs dh
vU; NksVh tyèkkjk,¡ Hkh gSa tks lhèks unh esa lgk;d unh gSA
fxjrh gSaA
Hkkjr dh çk;}hih; ufn;k¡
fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfrdh
mi&fo"k;% çeq[k ufn;k¡ vkSj lgk;d ufn;k¡ ● egkunh dh ck,a fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;k¡% f'koukFk]
glnso] eaM vkSj bcA
22. lgh fodYi% (a) ● egkunh dh nk,a fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;k¡% vksax]
rsy vkSj tksadA
O;k[;k%
● xksnkojh dh ck,a fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;k¡% èkjuk]
● dFku 3 xyr gS% ftjh cjkd dh mÙkjh fdukjs dh isuxaxk] oSuxaxk] oèkkZ] çk.kfgrk (isuxaxk] oèkkZ vkSj
lgk;d unh gS tcfd lksuÃ nf{k.kh fdukjs dh oSuxaxk dk la;qä ty igq¡pkrh gSa)] isap] dkUgu]
lgk;d unh gSA lcjh] baækorh vkfnA
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr dh ufn;k¡ ● xksnkojh dh nk,a fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;k¡% çojk]
RE
eqyk] eatjk] isíkoxq] eusj vkfnA
● cjkd unh ef.kiqj esa lsukifr ftys ds fy;kÃ xk¡o
ls 2]331 ehVj dh Å¡pkÃ ij ef.kiqj dh igkfM+;ksa ls ● —".kk dh nk,a fdukjs dh lgk;d unh% ?kkVçHkk]
fudyrh gS vkSj vle ls gksdj uhps ckaXykns'k rd ekyçHkk vkSj rqaxHkækA
cgrh gS] tgk¡ bls lqjek vkSj dqf'k;kjk ds uke ls ● —".kk dh ck,a fdukjs dh lgk;d ufn;k¡% Hkhek] eqlh
tkuk tkrk gS vkSj ckn esa xaxk vkSj czãiq= dk la;qä vkSj equs#A
çokg çkIr djus ls igys es?kuk dgk tkrk gSA fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfrdh
O
● cjkd dh mÙkjh fdukjs dh çeq[k lgk;d ufn;k¡ mi&fo"k;% çeq[k unh vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;k¡
ftjh] fpjh] eksèkqjk] tÇVxk] gjax] dykÃu vkSj xqejk
gSa] tcfd èkysÜojh] Çlxyk] yksaxÃ] lksukÃ vkSj 24. lgh fodYi% (d)
SC
dV[ky nf{k.kh fdukjs ls feyrh gSaA
O;k[;k%
● cjkd dk mi&csflu es?kky;] ef.kiqj] fetksje] ● fodYi (d) lgh gS
vle] f=iqjk vkSj ukxkySaM jkT;ksa esa fLFkr gSA
● E;kaekj vkSj ckaXykns'k esa cgus okyh NksVh ufn;ksa nkeksnj unh
dk csflu fetksje] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj vkSj f=iqjk ● ;g NksVkukxiqj iBkj dh igkfM+;ksa ls fudyrh gS
jkT;ksa rd QSyk gqvk gS ftudk yxHkx dqy {ks=Qy vkSj njkj ?kkVh ls gksdj cgrh gSA
GS
36]202 km2 gSA ● [kfut lalkèkuksa esa le`)] ;g ?kkVh fo'kky iSekus ij
● baQky unh ;k ef.kiqj unh bl csflu dh eq[; unh [kuu vkSj vkS|ksfxd xfrfofèk;ksa dk ?kj gSA
gS vkSj ;g ef.kiqj ds lsukifr ftys esa dkaxiksdih ds ● bldh dÃ lgk;d vkSj milgk;d ufn;k¡ gSa] tSls
fudV ls fudyrh gS vkSj nf{k.k ls bfjy unh vkSj cjkdj] dksukj] cksdkjks] gkgkjks] vkfnA cjkdj nkeksnj
iwoZ ls FkkScy unh dk ty çkIr djrh gSA dh lcls egRoiw.kZ lgk;d unh gSA
● ;g nf{k.k&if'pe ls [kqxk unh ls Hkh ty çkIr ● tyfo|qr mRiknu ds fy, bldh ?kkVh esa dÃ ckaèk
djrh gS vkSj vius laxe ds uhps bls ef.kiqj unh ds cuk, x, gSaA bl ?kkVh dks ÞHkkjr dk #jß dgk
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tkrk gSA
● mÙkj iwoZ dh ufn;k¡ le`) tSo fofoèkrk dks vkJ; ● igyk ckaèk nkeksnj unh dh lgk;d unh cjkdj unh
nsrh gSa D;ksafd ;g {ks= nks tSo fofoèkrk vkd"kZ.k ij cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g unh fouk'kdkjh ck<+ dk
dsaæksa] ;Fkk Hkkjr&cekZ tSo fofoèkrk vkd"kZ.k dsaæ vkSj dkj.k curh Fkh ftlds pyrs bls *caxky dk 'kksd*
iwoÊ fgeky; vkd"kZ.k dsaæ esa fLFkr gSA uke fn;k x;k FkkA
● thfor jgus ds fy, fuHkZjrk ds vykok] ns'kt ● vc dÃ ckaèk cukdj unh dks o'k esa dj fy;k x;k
leqnk;ksa us bu ufn;ksa ds lkFk vf}rh; lkaL—frd gSA ;g dksydkrk ls 48 fd-eh- uhps gqxyh unh esa
vkSj vkè;kfRed lacaèk Hkh cuk, j[kk gSA feyrh gSA bl unh dh dqy yackÃ 541 fdeh gSA
fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfrdh fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfrdh
mi&fo"k;% unh ç.kkyh mi&fo"k;% çeq[k unh vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;k¡
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 12
25. lgh fodYi% (d) ♦ [ksrh ;ksX; catj Hkwfe% blesa [ksrh ds fy, miyCèk
Hkwfe 'kkfey gS] pkgs [ksrh dh xÃ gks ;k ugÈ ;k
O;k[;k% ,d ckj [ksrh dh xÃ gks] ysfdu pkyw o"kZ ds
● lHkh dFku lgh gSaA nkSjku vkSj fiNys ikap o"kks± esa ;k vfèkd le;
ls fdlh vU; dkj.k ls Øekuqlkj [ksrh u dh
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe mi;ksx dk oxÊdj.k xÃ gksA ,slh Hkwfe ;k rks ijrh gks ldrh gS
● orZeku esa okÆ"kd vkèkkj ij ukS xquk oxÊdj.k ds :i ;k >kfM+;ksa vkSj taxyksa ls <dh gks ldrh gS]
esa Hkwfe mi;ksx ds vkadM+ksa dks ,d= fd;k tkrk gSA ftudk dksÃ mi;ksx ugÈ fd;k tkrk gSA mudk
● 32-9 djksM+ gsDVs;j (fjiksÉVx {ks=) HkkSxksfyd {ks= djfuèkkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k ugÈ fd;k tk
esa ls dsoy 30-5 djksM+ gsDVs;j (xSj&fjiksÉVx {ks=) ldrk gS vkSj vyx&vyx [kaMksa esa ;k tksrksa ds
ds vkadM+s miyCèk gSa] ftlls dqN 7% {ks= ukS xquk Hkhrj gks gks ldrh gSaA ,d ckj [ksrh dh xÃ
oxÊdj.k dsa vrxZr vHkh Hkh 'kkfey ;k oxÊdj.k ysfdu fujarj ikap o"kks± rd [ksrh ugÈ dh xÃ
;ksX; ugÈ gSA Hkwfe dks Hkh ik¡p o"kZ ds var esa bl Js.kh esa 'kkfey
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
● fjiksÉVx {ks= dks fuEufyf[kr ukS Jsf.k;ksa esa oxÊ—r
♦ orZeku ijrh ds vykok vU; ijrh Hkwfe% blesa ,slh
fd;k x;k gS%
lHkh Hkwfe 'kkfey gSa] ftu ij [ksrh dh xÃ Fkh]
♦ ou% blesa ouksa ls lacaèk j[kus okys fdlh Hkh
RE
ysfdu ,d o"kZ ls de vkSj ikap o"kZ ls vfèkd dh
dkuwuh vfèkfu;e ds varxZr ou ds :i esa vofèk rd vLFkk;h :i ls [ksrh ls ckgj gSaA
oxÊ—r ;k ouksa ds :i esa ç'kkflr lHkh Hkwfe
♦ orZeku ijrh% ;g Qlyh {ks= dk çfrfufèkRo
'kkfey gS] pkgs og jkT; LokfeRokèkhu gS ;k
djrk gS] ftls pkyw o"kZ ds nkSjku ijrh j[kk
futh LokfeRokèkhu] vkSj pkgs og oU; gks ;k
x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn fdlh chtkjksi.k
laHkkfor ou Hkwfe ds :i esa vuqjf{kr gksA ouksa
{ks= esa mlh o"kZ Qly ugÈ yh xÃ gS rks mls
O
vkSj pjkxkg Hkwfe ;k ouksa ds Hkhrj pjkÃ ds fy,
[kqys {ks= esa mxkÃ tkus okyh Qlyksa dk {ks= ou
orZeku ijrh ekuk tk ldrk gSA
{ks= ds varxZr 'kkfey jguk pkfg,A ♦ 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=% ;g dqy {ks= dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gS ftlesa Qlysa cksÃ xÃ gSa vkSj ckx gSaA
♦ xSj&Ñf"k mi;ksx ds vèkhu {ks=% blesa Hkouksa] lM+dksa
SC
,d o"kZ esa ,d ls vfèkd ckj cks, x, {ks= dh
vkSj jsyekxks± dh Hkwfe ;k vartZyh; lHkh Hkwfe x.kuk dsoy ,d ckj dh tkrh gSA
'kkfey gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ufn;ksa vkSj ugjksa
fo"k;% ekuo Hkwxksy
vkSj vU; Hkwfe dks —f"k ds vykok vU; mi;ksx
ds fy, j[kk x;k gSA
mi&fo"k;% ekuo cfLr;ksa dk iSVuZ vkSj çÑfr
♦ catj vkSj xSj&Ñf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe% blesa lHkh catj vkSj 26. lgh fodYi% (a)
igkM+] e:LFky vkfn tSlh xSj&—f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
GS
'kkfey gSA ,slh Hkwfe ftls vR;fèkd ykxr ds O;k[;k%

fcuk [ksrh ds vèkhu ugÈ yk;k tk ldrk gS] ● dFku 3 xyr gS% vjc lkxj ls nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwuh
mldks v—"; ds :i esa oxÊ—r fd;k tkuk ious if'peh ?kkV ls yxHkx yacor Vdjkrh gSa vkSj
pkfg, pkgs ,slh Hkwfe vyx&Fkyx [kaMksa esa gks ;k if'peh ?kkV dh if'peh <yku ij vkSj if'peh
tksrksa ds Hkhrj gksA rVh; eSnku esa çpqj o"kkZ djrh gSaA
♦ LFkk;h pjkxkg vkSj vU; pjkxkg Hkwfe% blesa lHkh ● Hkkjr dh tyok;q dk fuèkkZj.k djus okys dkjd%
pjkxkg Hkwfe 'kkfey gS pkgs os LFkk;h pjkxkg vofLFkfr vkSj mPpkop
vkSj ?kkl dk eSnku gksa ;k ugÈA bl en esa xkao
dh vke pjkxkg Hkwfe Hkh 'kkfey gSA vofLFkfr vkSj v{kka'kh; foLrkj
♦ fofoèk o`{k Qlyksa ds vèkhu Hkwfe% blesa ^'kq) ● Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe LFkwyr% 8°N ls 37°N rd
cks;k x;k {ks=* esa 'kkfey ugÈ ysfdu dqN —f"k foLr`r gS vkSj ddZ js[kk ns'k ds eè; ls xqtjrh gSA
mi;ksxksa ds fy, j[kh xÃ lHkh —f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe ● ddZ js[kk ds nf{k.k ds {ks=ksa esa Hkweè; js[kk ls fudVrk
'kkfey gSA dStqvkjhuk o`{kksa] NIij okyh ?kklksa] ds ukrs o"kZi;±r mPp rkieku dk vuqHko gksrk gSA
ckal dh >kfM;+ksa rFkk b±èku ds fy, vU; miouksa ● vjc lkxj vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h dks lekfo"V djus
vkfn ds vèkhu Hkwfe] tks *Qyks|ku* ds vèkhu okyk ty fudk; çk;}hih; Hkkjr dks ifjosf"Vr
ugÈ gSa] dks bl Js.kh ds varxZr oxÊ—r fd;k djrk gS vkSj rVh; {ks= ds lkFk tyok;fod fLFkfr;k¡
tkuk pkfg,A e`nq cukrk gSA
13 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● ogÈ nwljh vksj mÙkjh Hkkx m".k rkieku okys {ks= ● ;gk¡ dhikdkj psjkiwath ?kkVh ueh ls ynh ekulwuh
esa fLFkr gSaA blfy, ;gk¡ vis{kk—r de rkieku iouksa dks [kM+h <ky ij p<+us ds fy, foo'k djrh
dk vuqHko gksrk gSA dqN LFkkuksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls gS vkSj bl {ks= dks fo'o dk lcls ue LFkku cukrh
'khr_rq esa dkQh de rkieku ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA gSA
leqæ ls nwjh ● caxky dh [kkM+h ls ekulwu dh nwljh 'kk[kk xaxk

?kkVh esa ços'k djrh gSA bldh mÙkj dh vksj xfr
● rV ds fudV ds {ks=ksa dh le ;k leqæh tyok;q
fgeky; ioZrekyk }kjk ckfèkr gksrh gS vkSj ;g
gksrh gSA
if'pe dh vksj xaxk ds eSnku dh vksj c<+rh gSA
● blds foijhr] vkarfjd LFkku leqæ ds e`nqdkjh
● çkjaHk esa ;g 'kk[kk Hkkjh o"kkZ djrh gS ysfdu if'pe
çHkko ls oafpr gksrs gSa vkSj ;gk¡ fo"ke ;k egk}hih;
dh vksj c<+us ij ekulwu }kjk ueh dh ek=k [kksus
tyok;q dk vuqHko gksrk gSA
ij o"kkZ dh ek=k de gks tkrh gSA
mÙkjh ioZr Jà[kyk fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
● Hkkjr 'ks"k ,f'k;k ls fgeky; ioZr Jà[kyk dh vya?; mi&fo"k;% Hkkjr esa ekulwu
nhokj ls vyx gksrk gSA
27. lgh fodYi% (d)
● ;g ioZr Jà[kyk 'khr_rq ds nkSjku Hkkjr dks eè;
RE
,f'k;k dh Hkh"k.k BaM vkSj 'kq"d iouksa ls cpkrh gSA O;k[;k%
● blds vykok] ;g ioZr Jà[kyk Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhekvksa ● dFku 1 xyr gS% 'khr_rq esa mÙkjh Hkkjr esa Åij cgus
dks ikj djus okyh o"kkZ djus okyh nf{k.k&if'pe okyh if'peh tsV èkkjk frCcrh mPpHkwfe ls nks Hkkxksa
ekulwuh iouksa ds fy, çHkkoh HkkSfrd ckèkk ds :i esa esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gSA
dk;Z djrh gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% xzh"e _rq esa çk;}hih; Hkkjr esa Åij
O
● bl çdkj] fgeky; ioZr Jà[kyk Hkkjrh; iwoÊ tsV èkkjk,a cgrh gSaA
miegk}hi vkSj eè; ,f'k;k ds chp ,d tyok;q
foHkktu ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA Hkkjr dh tyok;q dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys dkjd% ok;qnkc
SC
● ;fn fgeky; ugÈ gksrk] rks ekulwuh iousa lhèks phu vkSj iou
esa pyh tkrÈ vkSj mÙkj Hkkjr dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx ● Hkkjr esa tyok;q vkSj lacafèkr ekSle dh fLFkfr;k¡
e:LFky jgk gksrkA fuEufyf[kr ok;qeaMyh; fLFkfr;ksa ls fu;af=r gksrh
Hkw&vkÑfr gS%
● Hkkjr dh Hkw&vk—fr dk tyok;q ds çeq[k rRoksa tSls ♦ i`Foh dh lrg ij ok;qnkc vkSj iouksa dk
fd rkieku] ok;qeaMyh; nkc] iouksa dh fn'kk vkSj forj.kA
GS
o"kkZ dh ek=k ij cgqr vfèkd çHkko iM+rk gSA ♦ oSfÜod ekSle dks fu;af=r djus okys dkjdksa vkSj
● mÙkj Hkkjr ds fo'kky eSnku esa fLFkr LFkkuksa dh fofHkUu ok;q jkf'k;ksa vkSj tsV èkkjkvksa ds varokZg
rqyuk esa dÃ fgy LVs'ku vkSj fgeky; dh ioZr ds dkj.k Åijh ok;q ifjlapj.kA
Jsf.k;k¡ vfèkd BaMh gSaA ♦ Hkkjr esa 'khr_rq ds nkSjku if'peh pØokr
● vjc lkxj ls nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwuh ious if'peh dk varokZg ftls lkekU;r% fo{kksHk ds :i esa
?kkV ls yxHkx yacor Vdjkrh gSa vkSj if'peh ?kkV tkuk tkrk gS vkSj nf{k.k&if'pe e‚ulwu vofèk
dh if'peh <yku ij vkSj if'peh rVh; eSnku esa ds nkSjku m".kdfVcaèkh; vonkc o"kkZ ds fy,
çpqj o"kkZ djrh gSaA vuqdwy ekSle dh fLFkfr cukrk gSA
● blds foijhr] egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj ♦ i`Foh dh lrg ds fudV ok;qeaMyh; ncko esa
rfeyukMq dk fo'kky {ks= o`f"V&Nk;k {ks= ;k if'peh fHkUurk dh Åijh ok;q ifjlapj.k ds fuekZ.k esa
?kkV ds vuqokr Hkkx esa fLFkr gSa vkSj vYi o"kkZ çkIr dksÃ Hkwfedk ugÈ gksrh gSA leLr if'pe vkSj
djrs gSaA eè; ,f'k;k if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj 9&13 fd-eh-
● caxky dh [kkM+h ls vkus okyh ekulwuh iousa dh Å¡pkÃ ds lkFk if'peh iouksa ds çHkkokèkhu
Hkw&vk—frd vk—fr;ksa ls nks 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr gks jgrk gSA ;s iousa fgeky; ds mÙkj LFkwyr% frC-
tkrh gSaA ,d 'kk[kk es?kky; iBkj ls gksrs gq, czãiq= crh mPpHkwfe ds lekukarj v{kka'kksa ij ,f'k;kÃ
?kkVh esa tkrh gSA egk}hi esa vkj&ikj cgrh gSaA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 14
♦ frCcrh mPpHkwfe bu tsV èkkjkvksa ds ekxZ esa ckèkk ● frCcrh mPpHkwfe bu tsV èkkjkvksa ds ekxZ esa ckèkk
ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] tsV ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] tsV èkkjk,¡
èkkjk,¡ f}Hkkftr gks tkrh gSaA bldh ,d 'kk[kk f}Hkkftr gks tkrh gSaA bldh ,d 'kk[kk frCcrh
frCcrh mPpHkwfe ds mÙkj esa cgrh gS] tcfd mPpHkwfe ds mÙkj esa cgrh gS] tcfd nf{k.kh 'kk[kk
nf{k.kh 'kk[kk fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa iwoZ dh vksj fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa iwoZ dh vksj cgrh gSA
cgrh gSA ● ekuk tkrk gS fd tsV èkkjk dh ;g nf{k.kh 'kk[kk
♦ iwoÊ tsV èkjk m".kdfVcaèkh; vonkc Hkkjr esa Hkkjr esa 'khr_rq ds ekSle ij egRoiw.kZ çHkko Mkyrh
ykrh gSA bu vonkcksa }kjk Hkkjrh; miegk}hi gSA
esa ekulwuh o"kkZ ds forj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkÃ tkrh gSA bu vonkcksa dk ekxZ Hkkjr esa if'peh pØokrh fo{kksHk vkSj m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr
lokZfèkd o"kkZ okyk {ks= gSA ● 'khr_rq ds eghuksa ds nkSjku if'pe vkSj mÙkj&if'pe
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku ls Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ços'k djus okys if'peh
mi&fo"k;% ekSle fo{kksHk pØokrh fo{kksHk dk mn~Hko Hkweè; lkxj ls gksrk gS
vkSj if'peh tsV èkkjk }kjk Hkkjr esa yk;k tkrk gSA
28. lgh fodYi% (c) ● m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokrksa dk mn~Hko caxky dh [kkM+h
vkSj Çgn egklkxj esa gksrk gSA bu m".kdfVcaèkh;
RE
O;k[;k%
pØokrksa esa iou dk osx cgqr vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj
● dFku 2 xyr gS% iwoÊ tsV èkkjk }kjk cuk, x, vonkc Hkkjh o"kkZ gksrh gS vkSj ;s rfeyukMq] vkaèkz çns'k vkSj
dh Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ekulwu o"kkZ ds forj.k esa vksfM'kk rV ls Vdjkrs gSaA
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
● dFku 3 xyr gS% if'peh pØokrh fo{kksHk dk mn~Hko xzh"e _rq esa ekSle dh fØ;kfofèk
Hkweè; lkxj ls gksrk gSA
O ok;qnkc vkSj iousa
'khr _rq esa ekSle dh fØ;kfofèk ● xzh"e_rq vkjaHk gksus ij lw;Z mÙkj dh vksj LFkkukarfjr
gksrk gS] miegk}hi esa iou dk lapj.k fupys vkSj
ok;qnkc vkSj iousa Åijh nksuksa Lrjksa ij iwjh rjg myV tkrk gSA
SC
● 'khr_rq ds eghuksa esa] Hkkjr esa ekSle dh fLFkfr
● tqykÃ ds eè; rd] lrg ds fudV fuEu nkc dh
lkekU;r% eè; vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k esa ncko ds
isVh (ftls varjm".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks= (ITCZ)
forj.k ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA
dgk tkrk gS) fgeky; ds yxHkx lekukarj mÙkj dh
● 'khr_rq ds nkSjku fgeky; ds mÙkj esa fLFkr {ks= esa vksj f[kld tkrh gSA bl le; rd] if'peh tsV
mPp nkc dk dsaæ fodflr gks tkrk gSA èkkjk Hkkjrh; {ks= ls ihNs gV tkrh gSA
● eè; ,f'k;k esa mPp nkc dsaæ ls cgus okyh i`"Bh;
GS
iousa 'kq"d egk}hih; ok;qjkf'k ds :i esa Hkkjr

tsV èkkjk,¡ vkSj Åijh ok;q ifjlapj.k
igq¡prh gSaA ● twu esa çk;}hi ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa iwoÊ tsV èkkjk
● ;s egk}hih; iousa mÙkj&if'peh Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd cgrh gSA
iouksa ds laidZ esa vkrh gSaA gkyk¡fd] bl laidZ {ks= ● iwoÊ tsV èkkjk vkSj m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr
dh fLFkfr fLFkj ugÈ gksrh gSA ● iwoÊ tsV èkjk m".kdfVcaèkh; vonkc Hkkjr esa ykrh
● dHkh&dHkh] ;s iousa iwoZ dh vksj eè; xaxk dh ?kkVh gSA
esa igqap tkrh gSa ftlls iwjk mÙkj&if'peh vkSj eè; ● bu vonkcksa }kjk Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ekulwuh o"kkZ
xaxk ?kkVh rd mÙkjh Hkkjr 'kq"d mÙkj&if'peh iouksa ds forj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkÃ tkrh gSA
ds çHkko esa vk tkrk gSA
● bu vonkcksa dk ekxZ Hkkjr esa lokZfèkd o"kkZ okyk
tsV èkkjk vkSj Åijh ok;q ifjlapj.k {ks= gSA
● leLr if'pe vkSj eè; ,f'k;k if'pe ls iwoZ dh ● bu vonkcksa dh Hkkjr vkus dh vko`fÙk] budh fn'kk
vksj 9&13 fd-eh- dh Å¡pkÃ ds lkFk if'peh iouksa vkSj rhozrk] lHkh nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu vofèk ds
ds çHkkokèkhu jgrk gSA nkSjku o"kkZ dk çfr:i fuèkkZfjr djus esa lgk;d
gksrs gSaA
● ;s iousa fgeky; ds mÙkj LFkwyr% frCcrh mPpHkwfe
ds lekukarj v{kka'kksa ij ,f'k;kÃ egk}hi esa vkj&ikj fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
cgrh gSaA mi&fo"k;% ekSleh fopj.k
15 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
29. lgh fodYi% (d) ● ;s nksuksa 'kCn iwoÊ m".kdfVcaèkh; ç'kkar {ks= esa leqæ
dh lrg ds rkieku esa cM+s iSekus ij ifjorZu vkSj
O;k[;k
i`Foh dh lokZfèkd 'kfä'kkyh ifj?kVuk dks lanÆHkr
● lHkh dFku lgh gSaA djrs gSaA
Hkkjr ij ITCZ dk çHkko Hkkjrh; ekSle ij vy uhuks vkSj yk uhuk dk çHkko%
● nf{k.kh xksyk)Z dh nf{k.kiwoÊ O;kikfjd iousa vkSj ● 'khr_rq ds nkSjku vy uhuks Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
mÙkjh xksyk)Z dh mÙkjiwoÊ O;kikfjd iousa Hkweè; esa xeZ fLFkfr;ksa dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj xzh"e_rq
js[kk ds fudV ,d&nwljs ls feyrh gSaA
ds nkSjku] ;g 'kq"d fLFkfr;ksa vkSj U;wu ekulwu dk
● bu iouksa dk feyu LFky varj&m".kdfVcaèkh; dkj.k curk gSA tcfd yk uhuk dk ifj.kke Hkkjr
vfHklj.k {ks= (ITCZ) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA esa lkekU; ls csgrj ekulwu gksrk gSA
● if'peh tsV èkkjk% tqykÃ ds eè; rd] lrg ds ● vy uhuks o"kZ 2002 vkSj 2009 ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa
fudV fuEunkc dh isVh (ftls varj&m".kdfVcaèkh; de o"kkZ gqÃ Fkh] tcfd vy uhuks o"kZ 1994 vkSj
vfHklj.k {ks= (ITCZ) dgk tkrk gS) LFkwyr% 1997 ds nkSjku ekulwu lkekU; jgk FkkA bldk vFkZ
fgeky; ds lekukarj mÙkj dh vksj f[kld tkrh gS fd xzh"e_rq ds nkSjku vy uhuks okys yxHkx
gSA bl le; rd] if'peh tsV èkkjk Hkkjrh; {ks= ls 50 çfr'kr o"kZ esa] Hkkjr us ekulwu ds nkSjku lw[kk
RE
ihNs gV tkrh gSA
vuqHko fd;k FkkA
● nf{k.k if'pe ekulwu% fuEu nkc dk {ks= gksus ds
● 1990&91 esa] taxyh vy&uhuks dh ?kVuk gqÃ Fkh vkSj
ukrs ITCZ fofHkUu fn'kkvksa ls iouksa dk varokZg
ns'k ds vfèkdka'k Hkkxksa esa nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu ds
vkdÆ"kr djrk gSA Hkweè; js[kk dks ikj djus ds ckn]
vkxeu esa ikap ls ckjg fnuksa dk foyac gqvk FkkA
nf{k.kh xksykèkZ dh leqæh m".kdfVcaèkh; ok;qjkf'k
(mT) lkekU; nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk esa fuEu nkc ds ● vy uhuks ds dkj.k èkku] eôk] ewaxQyh] Xokj] vjaMh]
O
{ks= dh vksj c<+rh gSA ueh ls ynh ok;q dh bl èkkjk vjgj] ewax vkSj cktjk tSlh Qlyksa dks uqdlku
dks yksdfç; :i ls nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu ds :i igqaprk gSA
esa tkuk tkrk gSA ● vy uhuks ls ekulwuh o"kkZ vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h esa
● m".k dfVcaèkh; vonkcksa dh vko`fÙk% caxky dh [kkM+h
SC
pØokrtuu ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+rk gS] ysfdu vjc
ls mRiUu gksus okyk m".k dfVcaèkh; vonkc o"kZ çfr lkxj esa pØokrtuu ds fy, mRre gksrk gSA
o"kZ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa budk ekxZ eq[; fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
:i ls ITCZ dh vofLFkfr ls fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS ftls
mi&fo"k;% ekSle fo{kksHk
lkekU;r% ekulwu æks.kh dgk tkrk gSA
● tc ekulwu æks.kh dk v{k nksyu djrk gS] bu 31. lgh fodYi% (c)
vonkcksa ds ekxZ vkSj fn'kk esa mrkj&p<+ko vkrk gS]
GS
vkSj rhozrk vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=k o"kZ çfr o"kZ fHkUu&fHkUu O;k[;k%
gksrh gSA ● dFku 2 xyr gS% çR;krorÊ ekulwu ds ekSle dh
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku fo'ks"krk lkQ vkdk'k vkSj rkieku esa o`f) gSA
mi&fo"k;% ekSle fo{kksHk ● nf{k.k if'pe ekulwu] çR;krorÊ ekulwu vkSj iwoksZÙkj
ekulwu dh fo'ks"krk,a
30. lgh fodYi% (b)
● nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu ls gksus okyh o"kkZ ç—fr esa
O;k[;k% ekSleh gksrh gS vkSj twu vkSj flracj ds chp gksrh
● dFku 1 xyr gS% vy uhuks ls ekulwuh o"kkZ vkSj caxky gSA
dh [kkM+h esa pØokrtuu ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+rk ● ekulwuh o"kkZ eq[; :i ls mPpkop ;k LFkyk—fr
gS] ysfdu vjc lkxj esa pØokrtuu ds fy, mRre }kjk fu;af=r gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] if'peh
gksrk gSA ?kkV ds ioukfHkeq[kh ik'Zo esa 250 ls-eh- ls vfèkd
Hkkjrh; ekulwu ij vy uhuks dk çHkko% o"kkZ gksrh gSA iqu%] mÙkj&iwoÊ jkT;ksa esa Hkkjh o"kkZ ds
fy, mudh igkfM;ksa vkSj iwoÊ fgeky; dks mRrjnk;h
● leqæ dh lrg dk rkieku oSfÜod ekSle esa çeq[k Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA çk—frd :i ls pyus okyk
tyok;q pØ nks fo"ke pj.kksa vFkkZr~ vy uhuks@ ● leqæ ls c<+rh nwjh ds lkFk ekulwu dh o"kkZ esa
nf{k.kh nksyu vkSj yk uhuk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA fxjkoV dh ço`fÙk gksrh gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 16
● ekulwu dh o"kkZ dqN fnuksa dh vofèk dh vkæZ osyk esa ftls cSlk[k ds eghus dh vkink dgk tkrk gSA ;s
gksrh gSA vkæZ osyk ds chp&chp esa o"kkZ jfgr varjky Qqgkjsa pk;] twV vkSj pkoy dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;ksxh
gksrs gSa ftUgsa ekulwu czsd dgk tkrk gSA o"kkZ esa ;g gksrh gSaA vle esa] bu rwQkuksa dks ÞckjMksyh Nhjkß ds
Þczsdß eq[; :i ls caxky dh [kkM+h ds 'kh"kZ ij cus :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
pØokrh vonkcksa vkSj eq[; Hkwfe esa muds ikj gksus ls ● yw% ;g mÙkjh eSnkuh bykdksa esa fnYyh vkSj iVuk ds
lacafèkr gSA bu vonkcksa dh ckjackjrk vkSj rhozrk ds
chp vfèkd rhozrk ds lkFk iatkc ls fcgkj rd cgus
vykok] muds }kjk viuk;k tkus okyk ekxZ o"kkZ dk
okyh xeZ] 'kq"d vkSj d"Vnk;h iou gSA
LFkkfud forj.k fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
● xzh"e_rq esa o"kkZ Hkkjh o"kKZ ds :i esa gksrh gS ftlls
mi&fo"k;% LFkkuh; iousa
dkQh viokg vkSj e`nk vijnu gksrk gSA
● ekulwu Hkkjr dh —f"k vFkZO;oLFkk esa egRoiw.kZ 33. lgh fodYi% (b)
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS D;ksafd ns'k esa dqy o"kkZ es ls
rhu&pkSFkkÃ o"kkZ nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu ds ekSle ds O;k[;k%
nkSjku gksrh gSA ● dFku 1 xyr gS% if'peh fo{kksHk (osLVuZ fMLVcs±l) dh
● dHkh&dHkh ekulwu dk vkxeu iwjs ns'k ;k ns'k ds ifj?kVuk lkekU;r% es?kkPNkfnr vkdk'k] jkr esa mPp
RE
fdlh Hkkx esa dkQh nsj ls gksrk gSA rkieku vkSj vlkekU; o"kkZ ls tqM+h gSA
● ekulwuh o"kkZ dHkh&dHkh lkekU; ls dkQh igys
lekIr gks tkrh gS] ftlls [kM+h Qlyksa dks Hkkjh
Hkkjr esa if'peh fo{kksHk dk çHkko
uqdlku igqaprk gS vkSj 'khr_rq dh Qlyksa dh cqokÃ ● if'peh fo{kksHk laiw.kZ mÙkj&if'pe Hkkjr esa vfèkdka'k
eqf'dy gks tkrh gSA 'khrdkyhu vkSj ekulwu&iwoZ o"kkZ ds fy, mRrjnk;h
gSA ;g ifj?kVuk lkekU;r% es?kkPNkfnr vkdk'k] jkr
●
O
çR;krorÊ ekulwu ds ekSle dh fo'ks"krk lkQ vkdk'k
vkSj rkieku esa o`f) gSA Hkwfe vHkh Hkh xhyh gksrh esa mPp rkieku vkSj vlkekU; o"kkZ ls tqM+h gSA
gSA mPp rkieku vkSj vkæZrk dh fLFkfr;ksa ds pyrs vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa bldh dqy
ekSle FkksM+k d"Vnk;h gks tkrk gSA bldks lkekU;r% okÆ"kd o"kkZ dk yxHkx 5&10% if'peh fo{kksHk ls
SC
*dqvkj dh xeÊ* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA gksrk gSA
fo"k;% ekSle dk fetkt vkSj fo{kksHk ● 'khr_rq esa] if'peh iousa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa
mi&fo"k;% pØokr fupys bykdksa esa eè;e ls Hkkjh o"kkZ vkSj igkM+h
bykdksa esa Hkkjh fgeikr djrh gSaA
32. lgh fodYi% (b)
● Hkkjr o"kkZ ij fuHkZj ns'k gS vkSj tgk¡ nf{k.k if'pe
O;k[;k% ekulwu Hkkjr dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx vkPNkfnr djrk gS]
GS
● ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% u‚j osLVj caxky vkSj ogÈ mÙkj Hkkjr ds dqN Hkkxksa esa blls vfèkd o"kkZ
vle esa lk;adkyhu Hk;kud rwQ+ku gSA vle esa] ugÈ gksrh gSA ;s {ks= uoacj ls ekpZ rd 'khr_rq
bu rwQkuksa dks ÞckjMksyh Nhjkß ds :i esa tkuk ds ekSle esa if'peh fo{kksHk ls fgeikr vkSj o"kkZ ij
tkrk gSA fuHkZj gSaA
Hkkjr esa xzh"edkyhu LFkkuh; rwQku ● 'khr_rq esa o"kkZ —f"k fo'ks"k :i ls xsgwa lfgr jch
Qlyksa ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] tks lokZfèkd
● vkez o"kkZ% xzh"e_rq ds var esa] ekulwu iwoZ o"kkZ gksrh
egRoiw.kZ Hkkjrh; Qlyksa esa ls ,d gSA
gSA ;g dsjy vkSj dukZVd ds rVh; {ks=ksa esa vke
ifj?kVuk gSA LFkkuh; rkSj ij] bUgsa vkez o"kkZ ds :i ● 'khr_rq ds ckn buesa fxjkoV vkus yxrh gSA
esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd buls vke tYnh idus esa xzh"e_rq esa vçSy vkSj eÃ ds eghuksa ds nkSjku]
lgk;rk feyrh gSA if'peh fo{kksHk iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr dks çHkkfor djrk gS
● eatjh o"kkZ% bl o"kkZ ls dsjy vkSj vkl&ikl ds vkSj dHk&dHkh mÙkj&if'pe Hkkjr ds dqN Hkkxksa esa
bykdksa esa d‚Qh ds Qwy f[kyrs gSaA ekulwu lfØ;.k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
● u‚j osLVj% u‚j osLVj caxky vkSj vle esa lk;adkyhu ● ekulwu ds ekSle ds nkSjku] if'peh fo{kksHk dHkh&dHkh
Hk;kud rwQ+ku gS budh dq[;kr ç—fr dks buds ?kus ckny Nkus vkSj Hkkjh o"kkZ dk dkj.k cu ldrk
LFkkuh; uke *dkycSlk[kh* ls le>k tk ldrk gS gSA
17 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● detksj if'peh fo{kksHk iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr esa Qlyksa dh ● mÙkj Hkkjr esa çR;korÊ ekulwu dk ekSle 'kq"d gksrk
foQyrk vkSj ty dh leL;k ls tqM+k gSA gS ysfdu ;g çk;}hi ds iwoÊ Hkkx esa o"kkZ djrk gSA
● etcwr if'peh fo{kksHk fuokfl;ksa] fdlkuksa vkSj ljdkj ;gk¡] vDVwcj vkSj uoacj o"kZ esa lokZfèkd o"kkZ okys
dh ty dh deh ls tqM+h dÃ leL;kvksa ls cpus esa eghus gksrs gSaA
lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku mi&fo"k;% _rqvksa dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
mi&fo"k;% ekSle fo{kksHk
35. lgh fodYi% (a)
34. lgh fodYi% (a) O;k[;k%
O;k[;k% ● dFku 2 xyr gS% ekulwu if'pe caxky vkSj ckaXykns'k
esa nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk ds ctk; nf{k.k vkSj nf{k.k
● ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% xzh"e_rq esa ITCZ ddZ
iwoZ ls ços'k djrk gSA
js[kk ij gS] vFkkZr fgeky; dh rygVh vkSj xaxk ds
eSnku esa gksrk gSA ● vjc lkxj vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h dh ekulwuh iousa
● ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% çR;korÊ ekulwu dk ekSle ● LFkyHkkx esa ekulwu nks 'kk[kkvksa ds ekè;e ls igqaprk
gS vFkkZr vjc lkxj 'kk[kk vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h
RE
mÙkj Hkkjr esa 'kq"d gksrk gS ysfdu ;g çk;}hi ds
iwoÊ Hkkx esa o"kkZ djrk gSA 'kk[kkA
Hkkjrh; _rqvksa dh y; vjc lkxj dh ekulwuh iousa

● vjc lkxj ds Åij ls vkus okyh ekulwuh iousa vkxs
'khr _rq rhu 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gSa%
O
● 'khr _rq mÙkjh Hkkjr esa uoacj ds eè; rd vkjaHk ● bldh ,d 'kk[kk dks if'peh ?kkV }kjk ckfèkr
gksrh gSA fd;k tkrk gSA ;s iousa if'peh ?kkV ds <ykuksa ij
● egk}hih;rk] fgeky; esa fgeikr vkSj if'peh fo{kksHk 900&1200 ehVj dh ÅapkÃ rd p<+rh gSaA tYn
ds dkj.k mÙkjh Hkkjr vR;fèkd BaMk gks tkrk gSA gh] iou BaMh gks tkrh gSa] vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i]
SC
lákæh vkSj if'peh rVh; eSnku esa iouksa ds cgko
● gkykafd] Hkkjr ds çk;}hih; {ks= esa leqæ ds e`nqdkjh
okys Hkkx esa 250 lseh vkSj 400 lseh ds chp cgqr
çHkko vkSj Hkweè; js[kk ls fudVrk ds dkj.k dksÃ
Hkkjh o"kkZ gksrh gSA
HkyhHkkafr lqifjHkkf"kr 'khr _rq ugÈ gksrh gSA
● if'peh ?kkV dks ikj djus ds ckn ;s iousa uhps
● 'khrdkyhu ekulwu ls o"kkZ ugÈ gksrh gS D;ksafd
mrjrh gSa vkSj xeZ gks tkrh gSaA blls iouksa esa vkæZrk
;g Hkwfe ls leqæ dh vksj pyrk gSA bldk igyk de gks tkrh gSA blfy,] ;s iousa if'peh ?kkV ds
GS
dkj.k blesa FkksM+h ueh( vkSj nwljk dkj.k Hkwfe ij iwoZ esa de o"kkZ dk dkj.k curh gSaA de o"kkZ okys
çfr&pØokrh ifjlajp.k gSA bl {ks= dks o`f"V&Nk;k {ks= dgrs gSaA
xzh"e _rq ● vjc lkxj ekulwu dh ,d vkSj 'kk[kk eqacÃ ds mÙkj
esa rV ls Vdjkrh gSA ueZnk vkSj rkih unh ?kkfV;ksa
● ekpZ esa mÙkj dh vksj ddZ js[kk dh vksj lw;Z ds c<+us
ds lkFk pyrs gq,] ;s iousa eè; Hkkjr ds O;kid {ks=ksa
ds lkFk] mÙkj Hkkjr esa rkieku c<+us yxrk gSA
esa o"kkZ dk dkj.k curh gSaA
● miegk}hi xeZ gksus ds dkj.k] ITCZ mÙkj dh vksj
● bl ekulwuh iou dh ,d rhljh 'kk[kk lkSjk"Vª
f[kld tkrk gS vkSj tqykÃ esa 25°N ij dsfUær
çk;}hi vkSj dPN ls Vdjkrh gSA blds ckn ;g
fLFkfr esa vk tkrk gSA
if'peh jktLFkku vkSj vjkoyh ds lkFk&lkFk
çR;korÊ ekulwu xqtjrh gS] ftlls cgqr de o"kkZ gksrh gSA iatkc
vkSj gfj;k.kk esa ;g caxky dh [kkM+h dh 'kk[kk esa Hkh
● vDVwcj vkSj uoacj ds eghuksa dks çR;korÊ ekulwu ds
feyrh gSA ;s nks 'kk[kk,¡ ,d nwljs ls çcy gksdj
fy, tkus tkrk gSA if'peh fgeky; esa o"kkZ djkrh gSaA
● flracj ds var rd] nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu detksj
iM+ tkrk gS D;ksafd xaxk ds eSnku dh fuEunkc caxky dh [kkM+h dh ekulwuh iousa
æks.kh nf{k.k dh vksj lw;Z ds c<+us dh vuqfØ;k esa ● caxky dh [kkM+h dh 'kk[kk E;kaekj ds rV vkSj
nf{k.k dh vksj f[kldus yxrh gSA nf{k.k&iwoZ ckaXykns'k ds dqN Hkkx ls Vdjkrh gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 18
ysfdu E;kaekj ds rV ds ikl dh vjkdku dh iqjkus) (Hkkjr esa yxHkx ugÈ) dh rqyuk esa de gS]
igkfM+;ka bl 'kk[kk ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dks Hkkjrh; D;ksafd ;g cgqr de mez dk gSA xksaMokuk dks;yk
miegk}hi dh vksj eksM+ nsrh gSaA Hkkjr ds èkkrqdeZ xzsM ds lkFk&lkFk csgrj xq.koÙkk
● blfy,] ekulwu if'pe caxky vkSj ckaXykns'k esa okys dks;ys dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
nf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk ds ctk; nf{k.k vkSj nf{k.k iwoZ ● nkeqMk Jà[kyk (vFkkZr] fupyk xksaMokuk) esa cf<+;k
ls ços'k djrk gSA dks;yk [knkusa gS tgka ls Hkkjr ds dqy dks;yk
● ;gka ls ;g 'kk[kk fgeky; ds çHkko esa nks Hkkxksa esa mRiknu dk 80 çfr'kr mRikfnr gksrk gSA
foHkä gks tkrh gS vkSj mÙkj if'pe Hkkjr esa Å"eh; ● 113 Hkkjrh; dks;yk {ks=ksa esa ls 80 nkeqMk Jà[kyk
fuEu {ks= cu tkrk gSA (fuEu xksaMokuk ;qx) dh pêkuh ç.kkfy;ksa esa fLFkr
● bldh ,d 'kk[kk xaxk ds eSnkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk if'pe gSaA
dh vksj pyrh gqÃ iatkc ds eSnkuksa rd igqaprh gSA
r`rh;d dks;yk
● nwljh 'kk[kk mÙkj vkSj mÙkj iwoZ esa czãiq= ?kkVh dh
● r`rh;d dks;yk 15 ls 60 fefy;u o"kZ iqjkuk gSA
vksj c<+rh gS] ftlls O;kid o"kkZ gksrh gSA
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku ● blesa dkcZu dh ek=k cgqr de gksrh gS vkSj eq[;
:i ls vfrfjä&çk;}hi (tEew vkSj d'ehj] fgekpy
RE
mi&fo"k;% Hkkjrh; ekulwu
çns'k] vle] v#.kkpy çns'k vkfn) rd gh lhfer
36. lgh fodYi% (c) gSA dks;ys esa vkerkSj ij de dkcZu vkSj ueh vkSj
lYQj dk mPp çfr'kr gksrk gSA (dkcZu dh ek=k esa
O;k[;k% lqèkkj gksus esa dqN lkS fefy;u o"kZ yxrs gSa)A
● dFku 1 xyr gS% xksaMokuk dks;ys esa bldh de vk;q ● r`rh;d dks;ys ds egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa esa vle] es?kky;]
O
gksus ds dkj.k dkcZu dh ek=k de gksrh gSA v#.kkpy çns'k vkSj ukxkySaM ds dqN fgLls] if'pe
● dFku 3 xyr gS% >kj[kaM esa Hkkjr esa lcls vfèkd caxky esa nkÆtÇyx dh fgeky; dh rygVh] tEew
dks;ys dk HkaMkj gSA vkSj d'ehj] mÙkj çns'k vkSj jktLFkku 'kkfey gSaA
SC
fo"k;% [kfut vkSj pêkusa
Hkkjr esa dks;yk HkaMkj
mi&fo"k;% Hkkjr esa ik, tkus okys fu{ksi
● >fj;k dks;yk {ks= >kj[kaM ds >fj;k esa Hkkjr ds iwoZ
esa fLFkr ,d cM+k dks;yk {ks= gSA 37. lgh fodYi% (d)
● >fj;k Hkkjr esa lcls cM+s dks;ys ds HkaMkj dk
O;k[;k%
çfrfufèkRo djrk gS] ftldk vuqekfur HkaMkj 19-4
fcfy;u Vu dksd dks;yk (coking coal) gSA ● fodYi (d) lgh gS% phu<:l<czkthy<v‚LVªsfy;k
GS
● mÙkj&iwoZ Hkkjr esa fLFkr] >kj[kaM jkT; Hkkjr ds ● foÜo esa ik, tkus okys dPps ykSg v;Ld ds HkaMkj
dks;yk HkaMkj & 26% vkSj blds mRiknu dh lwph ● foÜo esa dPps ykSg v;Ld ds lcls cM+s HkaMkj okys
esa 'kh"kZ ij gSA lkr ns'k
● jkT; ds eq[; dks;yk&[kuu dsaæ >fj;k] cksdkjks] ● v‚LVªsfy;k & 48 vjc Vu
vkSjaxk] fxfjMhg] èkuckn] jkex<+] djuiqj vkSj gqrj
♦ v‚LVªsfy;k esa foÜo Hkj esa ykSg v;Ld ds lcls
gSaA buesa ls vfèkdka'k dks;yk {ks= iwoZ ls if'pe dh
cM+s HkaMkj ik, tkrs gSaA 2019 rd ds vuqeku ds
vksj tkus okyh ,d ladjh iêh esa fLFkr gSaA
eqrkfcd] ;gka 48 vjc Vu dks;ys dk HkaMkj gSA
xksaMokuk dks;yk ♦ ns'k ds vfèkdka'k ykSg v;Ld lalkèku if'peh
● xksaMokuk dks;yk dqy HkaMkj dk 98 çfr'kr gS vkSj v‚LVªsfy;k] fo'ks"k :i ls fiyckjk {ks= esa fLFkr
Hkkjr esa dks;ys ds mRiknu dk 99 çfr'kr gSA gSa] 'ks"k nf{k.k v‚LVªsfy;k esa fLFkr gSaA
lriqM+k ds vukPNknu (vi{k; $ vijnu) ls dks;ys ♦ bl çk—frd çpqjrk dks ns[krs gq,] v‚LVªsfy;k
okys xksaMokuk Lrj (Gondwana strata) dk irk nqfu;k dk 'kh"kZ ykSg v;Ld mRiknd Hkh gS] tks
pyk gSA 2019 esa yxHkx 93 djksM+ Vu ds lkFk vius
● xksaMokuk dks;ys (250 fefy;u o"kZ iqjkus) esa dkcZu fudVre çfr}a}h ds mRiknu dks yxHkx nksxquk
dh ek=k dkcksZfuQsjl dks;ys (350 fefy;u o"kZ dj jgk gSA
19 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● czkthy & 29 vjc Vu ● c‚DlkbV ,Y;wehfu;e dk çeq[k v;Ld gS tks
♦ czkthy ds ikl foÜo Lrj ij nwljk lcls cM+k vkèkqfud m|ksx esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lcls
ykSg v;Ld HkaMkj gS] tks yxHkx 29 vjc Vu egRoiw.kZ vykSg èkkrqvksa esa ls ,d gSA
gSaA ● ;g vkx jksd lkexzh (refractory) vkSj jklk;fud
♦ bl ns'k esa nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s ykSg v;Ld m|ksxksa ds fy, Hkh ,d vko';d v;Ld gSA
[kuu lapkyu gksrk gS & mÙkjh jkT; ikjk esa ● ns'k esa c‚DlkbV ds 3]896 fefy;u Vu lalkèku gSa
fLFkr dkjtsl ekbuA tks ?kjsyw vkSj fu;kZr nksuksa ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ds
● :l & 25 vjc Vu fy, i;kZIr gSaA
♦ :l esa vuqekfur 25 vjc Vu ykSg v;Ld dk ● jkT;ksa ds fglkc ls] vdsys vksfM'kk esa ns'k ds c‚DlkbV
HkaMkj gS] ftlds dkj.k ;g oSfÜod dks;yk HkaMkj lalkèkuksa dk 51% fgLlk gS] blds ckn vkaèkz çns'k
dh lwph esa rhljs LFkku ij gSA (16%)] xqtjkr (9%)] >kj[kaM (6%)] egkjk"Vª
♦ :l esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dks c<+kok fn;k x;k gS] (5%) vkSj eè; çns'k vkSj NÙkhlx<+ (4%&4%) dk
blfy, bu HkaMkjksa ls :l ds bLikr fuekZ.k LFkku gSA
m|ksx ds rsth ls fodkl esa lgk;rk feyh gSA ● çeq[k c‚DlkbV lalkèku vksfM'kk vkSj vkaèkz çns'k esa
RE
♦ :l esa çeq[k HkaMkj ns'k ds if'pe esa dqLdZ iwoÊ rV c‚DlkbV fu{ksi esa dsafær gSaA
pqacdh; folaxfr (magnetic anomaly) ds fo"k;% [kfut vkSj pêkusa
lkFk&lkFk ;wjky ioZr ds vklikl ds {ks=ksa] rqyk mi&fo"k;% Hkkjr esa ik, tkus okys fu{ksi
vkSj lkbcsfj;k ds {ks=ksa esa fLFkr gSaA
● phu & 20 vjc Vu 39. lgh fodYi% (a)
O
♦ phu nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s ykSg v;Ld HkaMkj O;k[;k%
dh lwph esa pkSFks LFkku ij gSA 2019 ds losZ ds ● fodYi (a) lgh gSA
vkèkkj ij ;gka yxHkx 20 vjc Vu dks;ys dk
HkaMkj gSA lkmFk ikjl@u‚FkZ Mkse
SC
♦ ;g v‚LVªsfy;k vkSj czkthy ds ckn rhljk lcls ● lkmFk ikjl@u‚FkZ Mkse QhYM Qkjl dh [kkM+h esa
cM+k mRiknd Hkh gS] ftldk mRiknu ns'k ds fLFkr ,d çk—frd&xSl ?kuhHkwr {ks= gSA
fo'kky bLikr fuekZ.k m|ksx dh vkiwÆr ds fy,
● ;g nqfu;k dk vc rd dk lcls cM+k çk—frd xSl
fd;k tkrk gS & tks fd oYMZ LVhy ,lksfl,'ku
{ks= gS] ftlesa Ãjku vkSj drj ds chp lk>k {ks= dk
ds vuqlkj] varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij vc rd dk
LokfeRo gSA
lcls cM+k m|ksx gS] orZeku esa nqfu;k ds iwjs
GS
mRiknu ds vkèks ls vfèkd (53%) dk mRiknu ● varjkZ"Vªh; ÅtkZ ,tsalh (IEA) ds vuqlkj] bl {ks= esa
djrk gSA vuqekfur 1]800 fVªfy;u D;wfcd QhV (51 fVªfy;u
fo"k;% [kfut vkSj pêkusa D;wfcd ehVj) LoLFkkus (in&situ) çk—frd xSl
vkSj yxHkx 50 fcfy;u cSjy (7-9 fcfy;u D;wfcd
mi&fo"k;% Hkkjr esa ik, tkus okys fu{ksi
ehVj) çk—frd xSl la?kuu gSA
38. lgh fodYi% (b) ● çk—frd xSl {ks=ksa dh lwph esa blds ikl yxHkx
mruk gh iquçkZIr djus ;ksX; HkaMkj gS ftruk vU;
O;k[;k%
lHkh {ks=ksa esa la;qä gSA bldk egRoiw.kZ Hkw&j.kuhfrd
● fodYi (b) lgh gS% vksfM'kk esa lHkh Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa çHkko gSA
lcls vfèkd c‚DlkbV HkaMkj ik;k tkrk gSA
● ;g xSl {ks= 9]700 oxZ fdyksehVj (3]700 oxZ ehy)
Hkkjr esa c‚DlkbV ds HkaMkj esa QSyk gqvk gS] ftlesa ls 3]700 oxZ fdyksehVj
(1]400 oxZ ehy) (lkmFk iklZ) Ãjku ds tyh; {ks=
● c‚DlkbV ewy :i ls ,d ,Y;qfeul pêku gS
vkSj 6]000 oxZ fdyksehVj (2]300 oxZ ehy) (u‚FkZ
ftlesa eq[; ?kVd ds :i esa gkbMªsVsM ,Y;wehfu;e
v‚DlkbM gksrk gS vkSj vyx&vyx vuqikr esa Mkse) djr ds tyh; {ks= esa gSA
vk;ju v‚DlkbM] flfydk vkSj fVVkfu;k ekewyh fo"k;% [kfut vkSj pêkusa
?kVd ds :i esa ekStwn gksrk gSA mi&fo"k;% çkÑfrd HkaMkj
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 20
40. lgh fodYi% (b) lkFk de gksrk gS ;kuh le; ds lkFk blesa lqØkst
dh ek=k de gksrh tkrh gSA blfy, xUus dh isjkÃ
O;k[;k%
dVkÃ ds 24 ?kaVs ds vanj djuk t:jh gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% Hkkjr esa xqtjkr ds ikl lcls vfèkd
● Hkkjr dk phuh m|ksx èkhjs&èkhjs mÙkj Hkkjr ls
iou ÅtkZ {kerk gSA
çk;}hih; Hkkjr dh vksj LFkkukarfjr gks jgk gS D;ksafd
Hkkjr esa uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lalkèku ogk¡ dÃ csgrj fLFkfr;k¡ ekStwn gSaA bles 'kkfey gS%
● ,uVhihlh dh 100% lgk;d daiuh ,uVhihlh ● çk;}hih; Hkkjr dh m".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q ds
fjU;w,cy ,utÊ fyfeVsM dks xqtjkr ds [kokM+k esa dkj.k çfr bdkÃ gsDVs;j Hkwfe esa vfèkd mit gksrh
dPN ds j.k esa 4750 esxkokV uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ikdZ gS
LFkkfir djus ds fy, uohu vkSj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ● çk;}hih; xUus esa lqØkst dh ek=k vfèkd gksrh gS
ea=ky; (MNRE) ls gjh >aMh fey xÃ gSA
● nf{k.k esa yack isjkÃ lhtuA mÙkj Hkkjr esa] ;g uoacj
● ;g ns'k dk lcls cM+k fctyh mRiknd }kjk cuk;k ls Qjojh (4 eghus) rd jgrk gS( tcfd nf{k.k esa
tkus okyk Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k lksyj ikdZ gksxkA ;g vDVwcj ls eÃ ;k twu rd jgrk gS (yxHkx 8
● Hkkjr ds iou ÅtkZ {ks= dk usr`Ro Lons'kh iou ÅtkZ eghus)
RE
m|ksx }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blus yxkrkj çxfr ● çk;}hih; Hkkjr esa feysa cM+h gSaA ;|fi mÙkj çns'k
dh gSA esa egkjk"Vª dh rqyuk esa vfèkd phuh feysa gSa fQj Hkh
● iou m|ksx ds foLrkj ds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d etcwr egkjk"Vª dh phuh feysa vkdkj vkSj {kerk esa cM+h gSaA
ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=] ifj;kstuk lapkyu {kerk vkSj çfr blds vykok] nf{k.k esa lgdkjh {ks= dh feyksa dk
o"kZ yxHkx 10]000 esxkokV dk fofuekZ.k vkèkkj cu çcaèku csgrj gSA
x;k gSA
O fo"k;% e`nk forj.k
● ns'k esa orZeku esa 39-25 GW (31 ekpZ 2021 rd) mi&fo"k;% [ksrh vkSj e`nk
dh dqy LFkkfir {kerk ds lkFk nqfu;k esa pkSFkh lcls
cM+h iou LFkkfir {kerk gS vkSj 2020&21 ds nkSjku 42. lgh fodYi% (a)
SC
yxHkx 60-149 vjc ;wfuV dk mRiknu fd;k gSA
O;k[;k%
● Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa xqtjkr dks lcls vfèkd iou ÅtkZ
{kerk feyh gS ftlds ckn jktLFkku] egkjk"Vª vkSj ● dFku 1 xyr gS% U;wthySaM nqfu;k esa lcls vfèkd nqXèk
rfeyukMq dk LFkku gSA vfèk'ks"k okyk ns'k gSA
● dqy feykdj] tc iou ÅtkZ dh ckr vkrh gS rks foÜo ds çeq[k m|ksx
GS
xqtjkr lcls le`) lalkèku gS D;ksafd ;g 142-56

GW (120 M agl ij) ds lkFk iou ÅtkZ {kerk dh nqXèk m|ksx
lwph esa Hkh igys LFkku ij gSA ♦ fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa] foÜo nqXèk mRiknu esa 59
fo"k;% çkÑfrd lalkèku çfr'kr ls vfèkd dh o`f) gqÃ gS] tks 1988 esa
mi&fo"k;% lalkèkuksa dh lajpuk 530 fefy;u Vu ls c<+dj 2018 esa 843 fefy;u
Vu gks x;k gSA
41. lgh fodYi% (c) ♦ 22 çfr'kr oSfÜod mRiknu ds lkFk Hkkjr nqfu;k
O;k[;k% dk lcls cM+k nqXèk mRiknd gS] blds ckn la;qä
jkT; vesfjdk] phu] ikfdLrku vkSj czkthy dk
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSaA
LFkku gSA
Hkkjr esa phuh m|ksx ♦ mPpre nwèk vfèk'ks"k okys ns'k U;wthySaM] la;qä
● mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj ,d le; 'kh"kZ phuh mRiknd jkT; vesfjdk] teZuh] Ýkal] v‚LVªsfy;k vkSj
jkT; FksA gkykafd] vc egkjk"Vª vkSj rfeyukMq tSls vk;jySaM gSaA
jkT;ksa us mudk LFkku ys fy;k gSA ♦ lcls vfèkd nwèk dh deh okys ns'k phu] bVyh]
● phuh feysa xUuk mxkus okys {ks=ksa ds djhc fLFkr gksrh :lh la?k] eSfDldks] vYthfj;k vkSj baMksusf'k;k
gSa] D;ksafd xUuk ,slh Qly gS ftldk otu le; ds gSaA
21 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Qyksa dh [ksrh ● vr% pUæek ls nwj 'kq) cy gksrk gSA ;g paæek ls
♦ Hkweè; lkxj] eè; fpyh] nf{k.k&if'pe la;qä nwj nwljk mHkkj cukrk gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij] Tokjh;
jkT; vesfjdk] v‚LVªsfy;k] vÝhdk ds vklikl mHkkj mRiUu djus esa ÅèokZèkj cyksa dh rqyuk esa
ds {ks=ksa esa Hkweè;lkxjh; ou ik, tkrs gSaA {kSfrt Tokj mRiUu djus okyh 'kfä;ka vfèkd çHkkoh
♦ mudh Nky eksVh vkSj ekse (wax) ysfir ifÙk;ka gksrh gSaA
gksrh gSa tks mUgsa ok"iksRltZu dks de djus esa ● foLr`r egk}hih; leryksa ij Tokjh; mHkkjksa dh
enn djrh gSaA ÅapkÃ vfèkd gksrh gS tcfd ladjh leryksa ij de
● bu fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k] Hkweè;lkxjh; isM+ 'kq"d gksrh gSA tc Tokjh; mHkkj eè;&egklkxjh; }hiksa ls
xzh"edky ds fy, [kqn dks <ky ysrs gSaA Vdjkrs gSa rks os uhps gks tkrs gSaA
● Hkweè;lkxjh; ouksa dks mudh Qyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, ● leqæ rV ij [kkM+h vkSj Tokjuneq[k dk vkdkj Hkh
*nqfu;k ds ckx* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA larjk] Tokj dh rhozrk dks c<+k ldrk gSA dhi ds vkdkj
vathj] tSrwu vkSj vaxwj tSls [kês Qyksa dh ;gk¡ dh [kkfM+;ka Tokj dks Hk;kog cukus esa vfèkd Hkwfedk
vkerkSj ij [ksrh dh tkrh gSA fuHkkrh gSaA
fo"k;% ekuo Hkwxksy ● tc Tokj }hiksa ds chp ;k [kkfM+;ksa vkSj Tokjuneq[k
mi&fo"k;% Ñf"k vkSj Hkwfe çfr:i
RE
ds chp esa çokfgr gksrk gS rks mUgsa Tokjh; èkkjk,a dgk
tkrk gSA
43. lgh fodYi% (c)
fo"k;% leqæ foKku
O;k[;k% mi&fo"k;% Tokj] ygjsa vkSj èkkjk,a
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSa
44. lgh fodYi% (d)
O
Tokjh; mHkkj (Tidal Bulge)
● LFkkfud vkSj vLFkk;h :i ls Tokj&HkkVs dk vè;;u O;k[;k%
cgqr gh tfVy gksrk gS] D;ksafd bldh vko`fÙk] ifjek.k ● dFku 1 xyr gS% vks;kf'k;ks èkkjk ,d BaMh egklkxjh;
SC
vkSj ÅapkÃ esa cgqr fHkUurk gksrh gSA èkkjk gSA
● Tokj&HkkVk] lw;Z vkSj paæek ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k vkd"kZ.k ● dFku 2 xyr gS% dqjksf'k;ks èkkjk ,d xeZ egklkxjh;
vkSj i`Foh ds ?kweus ls dsUækilkjd cy ds dkj.k èkkjk gSA
vkrs gSaA
● pUæek dk xq#Roh; Ç[kpko dkQh gn rd vkSj dqN foÜo dh egklkxjh; èkkjk,a
gn rd lw;Z dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k Ç[kpko] Tokj&HkkVk ● vks;kf'k;ks èkkjk dkepVdk iBkj ds ikl cgrh gS tks
GS
vkus ds çeq[k dkj.k gSaA iwoÊ :l dk ,d fgLlk gSA ;g BaMh èkkjk gSA
● ,d vU; dkjd dsUækilkjd cy gSA ;g cy ● dqjksf'k;ks èkkjk tkiku ds iwoÊ rV ds fudV cgrh gS
xq#Rokd"kZ.k dks larqfyr djus ds fy, dk;Z djrk vkSj xeZ tyèkkjk gSA
gSA
● vks;kf'k;ks èkkjk dkepVdk çk;}hi ds iwoÊ rV dh
● xq#Rokd"kZ.k Ç[kpko vkSj dsUækilkjd cy] feydj
vksj cgrh gS vkSj dqjksf'k;ks dh xeZ tyèkkjk ls fey
i`Foh ij nks çeq[k Tokjh; mHkkj cukus ds fy,
tkrh gSA
ftEesnkj gSaA
● *Tokj iSnk djus okyk* cy bu nksuksa cyksa ds chp ● vks[kksVLd tyèkkjk l[kysu }hi ls xqtjrh gS vkSj
dk varj gS( ;kuh paæek dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k vkd"kZ.k gksôkbMks ds vks;kf'k;ks tyèkkjk esa fey tkrh gSA
vkSj dsUækilkjd cyA i`Foh dh lrg ij] paæek fo"k;% leqæ foKku
ds fudVre] Ç[kpko ;k paæek dk vkd"kZ.k cy mi&fo"k;% Tokj] ygjsa vkSj èkkjk,a
dsUækilkjd cy ls vfèkd gksrk gS] vkSj blfy, ,d
'kq) cy gksrk gS tks paæek dh vksj mHkkj iSnk djrk 45. lgh fodYi% (a)
gSA
O;k[;k%
● i`Foh ds foijhr fn'kk esa vkd"kZ.k cy de gksrk gS]
D;ksafd ;g paæek ls vfèkd nwj gksrk gS] dsUækilkjd ● dFku 3 xyr gS% xSczks vkSj czSfd;k vkXus; pêkusa gSa] u
cy çcy gksrk gSA fd dk;karfjr pêkusa gSaA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 22
pêkuksa dk fuekZ.k ● èkjkryh; {ks=ksa vkSj egklkxjksa ds xgjs {ks=ksa ds chp
● fyfFkfQds'ku og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk leqæ ds ry yo.krk esa mYys[kuh; varj ik;k tkrk gSA
;k vU; tyh; ÇiMksa esa ekStwn feêh] jsr vkSj vU; ● de yo.krk okyk ty mPp yo.krk okys ?kus ty
ryNV] èkhjs&èkhjs Åij dh ryNV ds Hkkj ls pêkuksa ds Åij jgrk gSA
esa te tkrs gSaA ● yo.krk] vkerkSj ij] xgjkÃ ds lkFk c<+rh gS vkSj
● xBu ds rjhds ds vkèkkj ij] volknh pêkuksa dks rhu ,d fof'k"V {ks= gSyksDykbu dgk tkrk gS] tgka
çeq[k lewgksa esa oxÊ—r fd;k tkrk gS% yo.krk rsth ls c<+rh gSA
● ;kaf=d :i ls fuÆer & cyqvk iRFkj] dkaXyksejsV] ● vU; dkjd fLFkj gksus ds dkj.k leqæh ty dh
pwuk iRFkj] 'ksy] yks,l vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSa( yo.krk c<+us ls bldk ?kuRo c<+ tkrk gSA mPp
● tSfod :i ls fuÆer & xslsjkbV] p‚d] pwuk iRFkj] yo.krk okyk leqæh ty vkerkSj ij de yo.krk
dks;yk vkfn blds dqN mnkgj.k gSa( okys ikuh ds uhps Mwc tkrk gSA blls yo.krk ds
● jklk;fud :i ls fuÆer & pVZ (chert)] pwuk fglkc ls Lrjhdj.k gksrk gSA
iRFkj] gSykbV] iksVk'k vkfn blds dqN mnkgj.k ● miks".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa mPp ok"ihdj.k vkSj de
gSaA o"kkZ gksrh gSA blds dkj.k mPp ok"ihdj.k ds chp
RE
● vkXus; pêkuksa dks cukoV ds vkèkkj ij oxÊ—r fd;k rkts ikuh dk çokg de gksrk gSA
tkrk gSA cukoV] d.kksa ds vkdkj vkSj lajpuk ;k ● blfy,] bu {ks=ksa esa] f?kjs gq, ty fudk;ksa esa nqfu;k
lkefxz;ksa dh vU; HkkSfrd fLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh esa lcls vfèkd yo.krk ikÃ tkrh gSA
gSA fo"k;% leqæ foKku
● ;fn fi?kyk gqvk inkFkZ vfèkd xgjkÃ ij èkhjs&èkhjs mi&fo"k;% yo.krk fHkUurk
BaMk gksrk gS] rks [kfut d.k cgqr cM+s gks ldrs gSaA
● vpkud BaMk gksus (lrg ij) ds ifj.kkeLo:i
O 47. lgh fodYi% (a)
NksVs vkSj fpdus d.k curs gSaA 'khryu dh eè;orÊ
O;k[;k%
fLFkfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkXus; pêkusa cuus okys
SC
d.k] eè;e vkdkj ds gksaxsA ● dFku 2 xyr gS% fjt+oZ] LV‚d ds mi&lewg gSa] ftUgsa
ekStwnk rduhdh *tkudkjh* dh enn ls mi;ksx esa
● xzsukbV] xSczks] isXesVkbV] cslkYV] Tokykeq[kh czSfd;k
yk;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu ftudk mi;ksx 'kq: ugÈ
vkSj VQ vkXus; pêkuksa ds dqN mnkgj.k gSaA
fd;k x;k gSA
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku
mi&fo"k;% dkLVZ LFkykÑfr LV‚d
● i;kZoj.k esa ,sls inkFkZ tks ekuo vko';drkvksa dks
GS
46. lgh fodYi% (b)

iwjk djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa ysfdu euq";ksa ds ikl
O;k[;k% bu rd igqapus ds fy, mi;qä rduhd ugÈ gS]
● dFku 1 xyr gS% egklkxjksa dh yo.krk xgjkÃ esa o`f) LV‚d esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
ds lkFk c<+rh gSA gsyksdykbu (halocline) ij ;g ● mnkgj.k ds fy,] ty nks xSlksa dk ,d ;kSfxd gksrk
yo.krk rsth ls c<+rh gSA gS( gkbMªkstu vkSj v‚DlhtuA gkbMªkstu dk mi;ksx
ÅtkZ ds le`) lzksr ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
egklkxjksa esa yo.krk fHkUurk ysfdu gekjs ikl bl mís'; ds fy, bldk mi;ksx
● yo.krk xgjkÃ ds lkFk cnyrh gS] ysfdu blds djus ds fy, mUur rduhdh *Kku* ugÈ gSA blfy,]
cnyus dk rjhdk leqæ ds LFkku ij fuHkZj djrk bls LV‚d ekuk tk ldrk gSA
gSA
● cQZ ;k ok"ihdj.k esa ikuh dh deh ls lrg ij fjt+oZ
yo.krk c<+ tkrh gS] ;k rkts ikuh ds vkus ls de ● ;s LV‚d ds lclsV gSa] ftUgsa ekStwnk rduhdh *Kku*
gks tkrh gS] tSls fd ufn;ksa lsA dh enn ls mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu
● xgjkÃ ij yo.krk cgqr vfèkd fLFkj gksrh gS] D;ksafd mudk mi;ksx 'kq: ugÈ fd;k x;k gSA budk mi;ksx
,slk dksÃ rjhdk ugÈ gS fd ikuh *de* gks tk,] ;k Hkfo"; dh vko';drk,a iwjh djus ds fy, fd;k tk
yo.k *c<+* tk,A ldrk gSA
23 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● unh ds ty dk mi;ksx ty fo|qr mRiknu ds fy, 49. lgh fodYi% (b)
fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu orZeku esa ty fo|qr ds
O;k[;k%
fy, bldk mi;ksx dsoy lhfer ifjek.k esa fd;k
tk jgk gSA bl çdkj] ckaèkksa] taxyksa vkfn esa fo|eku ● dFku 1 xyr gS% unh ds ;qok pj.k ds nkSjku Mkmu
ty ,d fjtoZ gS ftldk mi;ksx Hkfo"; esa fd;k dÇVx vfèkd çeq[k gksrk gS tcfd ifjiDo voLFkk
esa ikÜoZ {kj.k çeq[k gksrk gSA
tk ldrk gSA
fo"k;% çkÑfrd lalkèku unh ds fofHkUu pj.k
mi&fo"k;% çfriwj.k vkSj forj.k ● unh dh ;qok pj.k ds nkSjku Mkmu dÇVx vfèkd
çeq[k gS tcfd ifjiDo voLFkk esa ikÜoZ {kj.k çeq[k
48. lgh fodYi% (c) gksrk gSA
O;k[;k% ● ;qok voLFkk esa vfHk'kh"kZ dVko }kjk gksrk gS tcfd
ifjiDo voLFkk esa ?kkVh dh pkSM+kÃ c<+rh gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% dqy fuEuh—r (voØfer) {ks=ksa esa
● 'kq#vkrh pj.kksa esa] Mkmu&dÇVx gkoh gksrh gS ftlds
ls 28 çfr'kr ou fuEuh—r (voØfer) {ks= dh
nkSjku >jus vkSj lksikuh tyçikr tSlh vfu;ferrk,a
Js.kh ls lacafèkr gSa tcfd 56 çfr'kr vijfnr {ks= nwj gksaxhA bls vfHk'kh"kZ {kj.k dgk tkrk gSA
ty vijfnr {ks= ls lacafèkr gSaA blfy,] Hkkjr esa
RE
● eè; pj.kksa esa] èkkjk,a vius ryksa dks èkheh xfr ls
ty vijfnr {ks=] ou voØfer {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa
dkVrh gSa] vkSj ?kkVh ds fdukjksa dk ikÜoZ {kj.k xaHkhj
vfèkd gSaA gks tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkwfe {kj.k ● èkhjs&èkhjs] ?kkVh ds fdukjs dk <ykuksa de ls de
gksrk tkrk gSA blh rjg ty fudklh ?kkfV;ksa ds
● ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa us u dsoy Hkwfe dk {kj.k fd;k
chp foHkktu Hkh de gksrs tkrs gSa tc rd fd os
O
gS] cfYd Hkwfe dks uqdlku igqapkus okys çk—frd cyksa yxHkx iwjh rjg ls lery ugÈ gks tkrs gSa vkSj+
dh xfr dks Hkh c<+k fn;k gSA var esa] ;gka&ogka [kM+s dqN çfrjksèkh vo'ks"kksa ds lkFk
● Hkkjr esa yxHkx 130 fefy;u gsDVs;j catj Hkwfe gSA gYdh mPpkop dh rjkÃ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS ftls
ekSuSM~u‚d dgk tkrk gSA
SC
● bldk yxHkx 28 çfr'kr Hkkx ou voØfer {ks= dh
Js.kh esa vkrk gS] bldk 56 çfr'kr ty vijfnr {ks= ● èkkjk {kj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i bl çdkj ds lery
gS vkSj 'ks"k yo.kh; vkSj {kkjh; fu{ksiksa ls çHkkfor fuekZ.k dks leçk; Hkwfe (yxHkx lery) dgk tkrk
gSA
gksrk gSA
fo"k;% Hkkjr dk çkÑfrd Hkwxksy
● ouksa dh dVkÃ] vfèkd pjkÃ] [kuu vkSj mR[kuu tSlh mi&fo"k;% unh ç.kkyh vkSj ty fudklh csflu
ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ksa Hkh Hkwfe {kj.k dk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k
GS
jgh gSaA 50. lgh fodYi% (d)

● Hkwfe {kj.k dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds dÃ rjhds O;k[;k%
gSaA
● dFku 1 xyr gS% mPpre rkieku Hkweè; js[kk ij ntZ
● ouhdj.k vkSj pjkÃ ds mfpr çcaèku ls dqN gn rd ugÈ fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu blds FkksM+k&lk mÙkj dh
enn fey ldrh gSA vksj ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA
● ikSèkksa ds vkJ; csYV dk jksi.k] vfèkd pjkÃ ij ● dFku 2 xyr gS% Hkwfe ds çHkqRo ds dkj.k mÙkjh xksykèkZ
fu;a=.k] dkaVsnkj >kfM+;ksa dks mxkdj jsr ds Vhyksa esa egklkxjksa dk vkSlr rkieku nf{k.kh xksykèkZ ds
dk fLFkjhdj.k 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa Hkwfe {kj.k jksdus ds dqN egklkxjksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrk gSA
rjhds gSaA
egklkxjksa esa rkieku esa fHkUurk
● catj Hkwfe dk mfpr çcaèku] [kuu xfrfofèk;ksa dk ● mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa egklkxj nf{k.kh xksykèkZ dh rqyuk
fu;a=.k] mipkj ds ckn vkS|ksfxd cfgL=ko vkSj esa vis{kk—r vfèkd rkieku ntZ djrs gSaA
vif'k"Vksa dk mfpr fuoZgu vkSj fuiVku] vkS|ksfxd
● mPpre rkieku Hkweè; js[kk ij ugÈ cfYd blds
vkSj miuxjh; {ks=ksa esa Hkwfe vkSj ty {kj.k dks de
FkksM+k mÙkj dh vksj ntZ fd;k tkrk gSA mÙkjh
dj ldrk gSA vkSj nf{k.kh xksykèkZ ds fy, vkSlr okÆ"kd rkieku
fo"k;% ekuo Hkwxksy Øe'k% 19 fMxzh lsfYl;l vkSj 16 fMxzh lsfYl;l ds
mi&fo"k;% Hkwfe mi;ksx iSVuZ vkSj Ñf"k vklikl gksrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 24
● ;g fHkUurk mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh xksykèkks± esa Hkwfe vkSj 52. lgh fodYi% (d)
ty ds vleku forj.k ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
O;k[;k%
● mÙkjh xksykèkZ ds egklkxjksa dk mPp vkSlr rkieku
● dFku 1 xyr gS% dukZVd ds dqæseq[k fu{ksiksa dks
Hkwfe dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrk gS tks èkhjs&èkhjs xeZ
foÜo ds lcls cM+s fu{ksiksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
gksrh gS vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs BaMh gksrh gSA
;g cYykjh&fp=nqxZ&fpdeaxyq#&rqedq# csYV dk
● mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa fo'kky Hkwfe lrgksa dh mifLFkfr fgLlk gSA
egklkxjksa dks xeZ j[krh gS tgka egklkxj dk vkSlr
rkieku vis{kk—r de gksrk gSA ● dFku 2 xyr gS% fcykliqj&dVuh fu{ksi] c‚DlkbV
v;Ld fu{ksiksa ds fy, çfl) gS u fd rkack v;Ld
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
fu{ksi ds fy,A ;g eè; çns'k&NÙkhlx<+ {ks= esa
mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij rkieku fHkUurk,a
fLFkr gSA
51. lgh fodYi% (d) Hkkjr esa ykSg v;Ld csYV

O;k[;k% ● vksfM'kk&>kj[kaM csYV% vksfM'kk esa e;wjHkat vkSj
● dFku 1 xyr gS% Çgn egklkxj dh vkSlr yo.krk dsanq>j ftyksa esa cknkeigkM+ [knkuksa esa mPp Js.kh dk
RE
35% gSA unh dk ty vkus ds dkj.k caxky dh gsesVkbV v;Ld ik;k tkrk gSA >kj[kaM ds fudVorÊ
[kkM+h esa de yo.krk dh ço`fÙk ns[kh tkrh gS tcfd ÇlxHkwe ftys esa xqvk vkSj uksvkeqaMh esa gsesVkbV ykSg
vjc lkxj esa mPp yo.krk vuqHko dh tkrh gSA v;Ld dk [kuu fd;k tkrk gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% blds foijhr] vjc lkxj mPp ● nqxZ&cLrj&paæiqj csYV NÙkhlx<+ vkSj egkjk"Vª esa
ok"ihdj.k vkSj rkts ty ds vkxeu ds dkj.k mPp fLFkr gSA NÙkhlx<+ ds cLrj ftys esa igkfM+;ksa dh
yo.krk fn[kkrk gSA çfl) cSykMhyk jsat esa osjh gkÃ xzsM gsesVkbV ik,
O tkrs gSaA igkfM+;ksa dh bl jsat esa lqij gkÃ xzsM
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa egklkxjksa dh yo.krk gsesVkbV ykSg v;Ld ds 14 HkaMkj gSaA
● blh rjg] 15° & 20° nf{k.k ds ckn] yo.krk 33% ● bu [knkuksa ls ykSg v;Ld fo'kk[kkiÙkue canjxkg
SC
rd de gks tkrh gSA vVykafVd egklkxj dh vkSlr ds ekè;e ls tkiku vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k dks fu;kZr
yo.krk yxHkx 36% gSA fd;k tkrk gSA
● Çgn egklkxj dh vkSlr yo.krk 35% gSA unh ds ● dukZVd esa csYykjh&fp=nqxZ&fpdeaxyq#&rqedq#
ty dk çokg vkus ds dkj.k caxky dh [kkM+h esa de csYV esa ykSg v;Ld ds cM+s HkaMkj gSaA
yo.krk dh ço`fÙk ns[kh xÃ gSA
● dukZVd ds dqæseq[k fu{ksiksa dks nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s
● blds foijhr] vjc lkxj mPp ok"ihdj.k gksus vkSj fu{ksiksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA v;Ld dks ,d
GS
de rktk ty vkus ds dkj.k mPp yo.krk fn[kkrk ikbiykbu ds ekè;e ls eaxyq# ds ikl ,d canjxkg
gSA rd ?kksy ds :i esa ys tk;k tkrk gSA
● lkekU; [kqys egklkxj ds fy, yo.krk 33% vkSj ● egkjk"Vª&xksok csYV esa xksok jkT; vkSj egkjk"Vª dk
37% ds chp gksrh gSA Hkwfe ls f?kjs yky lkxj esa] ;g jRukfxjh ftyk 'kkfey gSA gkykafd] v;Ld cgqr
yo.krk 41% ftruh vfèkd gS] tcfd eqgkuksa vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk ds ugÈ gSa] fQj Hkh mudk dq'kyrkiwoZd
vkdZfVd esa] yo.krk esa ekSleh :i ls 0 & 35% ds 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ykSg v;Ld dk fu;kZr
chp mrkj&p<+ko vkrk gSA ekeZxkvks canjxkg ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA
● xeZ vkSj 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa] tgka ok"ihdj.k vfèkd gksrk
gS] yo.krk dHkh&dHkh 70% vks rd igqap tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa c‚DlkbV fu{ksi%
● ç'kkar egklkxj esa yo.krk fHkUurk eq[; :i ls ● ,Y;wehfu;e] c‚DlkbV ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
blds vkdkj vkSj cM+h {ks=h; lhek ds dkj.k gksrh c‚DlkbV fu{ksi ,Y;wehfu;e flfydsV~l ls le`)
gSA vkdZfVd {ks= ls fi?kyk gqvk ty vkus ds dkj.k dÃ çdkj dh pêkuksa ds vi?kVu ls curs gSaA
mÙkjh xksykèkZ ds if'peh fgLlksa ij yo.krk 35% & ● ,Y;wehfu;e ,d egRoiw.kZ èkkrq gS D;ksafd blesa yksgs
31% rd de gks tkrh gSA tSlh èkkrqvksa tSlh rkdr rks gksrh gS lkFk gh ;g
fo"k;% leqæ foKku vR;fèkd gYdh vkSj vPNh lqpkyd vkSj vR;fèkd
mi&fo"k;% Çgn egklkxj vk?kkroè;Z Hkh gksrh gSA
25 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● Hkkjr ds c‚DlkbV fu{ksi vejdaVd iBkj] eSdy 54. lgh fodYi% (c)
igkfM+;ksa vkSj fcykliqj&dVuh ds iBkjh {ks= esa ik,
tkrs gSaA O;k[;k%
● vksfM'kk 34-97 çfr'kr ds lkFk Hkkjr dk lcls ● dFku 2 xyr gS% lw;kZri dh mPpre ek=k cknyksa ls
cM+k c‚DlkbV mRiknd jkT; FkkA dksjkiqV ftys esa okil ijkoÆrr gks tkrh gSA ;g i`Foh dh lrg rd
iapiVekyh fu{ksi jkT; esa lcls egRoiw.kZ c‚DlkbV igqapus ls igys ijkoÆrr gksus okyh dqy lw;kZri dh
fu{ksi gSaA 35 bdkb;ksa esa ls 27 bdkb;ksa ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
fo"k;% çkÑfrd HkaMkj vkSj fu{ksi i`Foh dk rki ctV
mi&fo"k;% v;Ld vkSj [kfut
● i`Foh }kjk çkIr lw;kZri y?kq rjaxksa ds :i esa gksrk gS
vkSj bldh lrg dks xeZ djrk gSA
53. lgh fodYi% (b)
● xeZ gksus ds ckn i`Foh Lo;a ,d fofdj.kdkjh fi.M
O;k[;k% cu tkrh gS vkSj ;g nh?kZ rjaxksa ds :i esa ok;qeaMy
● dFku 1 xyr gS% nf{k.kh Ýkal esa ysl c‚Dl dks ;wjksi esa ÅtkZ dk fofdj.k djrh gSA ;g ÅtkZ ok;qeaMy
esa igyh c‚DlkbV [knku ekuk tkrk gS ftlls dks uhps ls xeZ djrh gSA bl çfØ;k dks LFkyh;
bldk uke fy;k x;k gSA fczXuksYl bl {ks= dk vU; fofdj.k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
RE
[kuu dsaæ gSA ● nh?kZ rjax fofdj.k fo'ks"k :i ls dkcZu Mkbv‚DlkbM
tSlh ok;qeaMyh; xSlksa vkSj vU; xzhugkml xSlksa }kjk
nqfu;k Hkj esa fofHkUu [knkusa
vo'kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
● fpyh nqfu;k esa rkacs dk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS tks
● bl çdkj] ok;qeaMy vçR;{k :i ls i`Foh ds fofdj.k
foÜo ds dqy rkacs dk 35 çfr'kr ls vfèkd mRiknu
ls xeZ gksrk gSA fQj ok;qeaMy ls fofdj.k gksrk gS
djrk gSA
O
vkSj ;g varfj{k esa rki dk lapj.k djrk gSA
● fpyh esa vfèkdka'k rkacs dh [knkusa ,aMht ds if'peh
● varr% lw;Z ls çkIr rki dh ek=k varfj{k esa okil
fdukjs ij fLFkr gSaA
dj nh tkrh gS] ftlls i`Foh dh lrg vkSj ok;qeaMy
● fpyh ds egRoiw.kZ rkack mRiknd {ks= pqfDodkekVk] dk rkieku fLFkj cuk jgrk gSA
SC
,y Vsfu,aVs] vy lYokMksj vkSj yk&vfÝdkuk gSaA
● ;g çfØ;k xzg i`Foh ds rki ctV dks n'kkZrk gSA bl
pqfDodkekrk nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h rkacs dh [kku
çdkj i`Foh lexz :i ls rki dk lap; ;k {k; ugÈ
gSA
djrh gSA ;g viuk rkieku cuk, j[krh gSA
● v‚LVªsfy;k esa nqfu;k dk ;wjsfu;e dk lcls cM+k
● ;g dsoy rHkh gks ldrk gS tc lw;kZri ds :i esa
HkaMkj gS tks dqy foÜo HkaMkj dk yxHkx ,d frgkÃ
fgLlk gS vkSj ;g dtkfdLrku vkSj dukMk ds ckn çkIr rki dh ek=k LFkyh; fofdj.k ds ekè;e ls
i`Foh }kjk [kksÃ xÃ rki dh ek=k ds cjkcj gksA
GS
nqfu;k dk rhljk lcls cM+k ;wjsfu;e mRiknd ns'k

gSA ● ok;qeaMy ls xqtjrs le; dqN ek=k esa ÅtkZ ijkoÆrr]
● orZeku esa v‚LVªsfy;k esa rhu lapkfyr ;wjsfu;e çdhÆ.kr vkSj vo'kksf"kr gks tkrh gSA dsoy 'ks"k Hkkx
[knkusa gSa% mÙkjh {ks= esa jsatj] nf{k.k v‚LVªsfy;k esa i`Foh dh lrg rd igqaprk gSA
vksyafid ckaèk] vkSj nf{k.k v‚LVªsfy;k esa Qksj ekby ● i`Foh dh lrg rd igqapus ls igys gh yxHkx 35
ds lkFk csoyÊA Qksj ekbYl esa csoyÊ la;a= ds ekè;e bdkb;ka varfj{k esa okil ijkoÆrr gksrh gSaA buesa
ls vafre çlaLdj.k dh O;oLFkk gSA ls 27 bdkb;k¡ cknyksa ds Åij ls vkSj 2 bdkb;k¡
● ;g nqfu;k esa ;wjsfu;e dk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS vkSj i`Foh dh cQZ vkSj cQZ ls <ds {ks=ksa ls ijkoÆrr gksrh
nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls cM+k HkaMkj gSA dtkfdLrku esa gSaA fofdj.k dh ijkoÆrr ek=k dks i`Foh dk ,sfYoMks
;wjsfu;e dh çeq[k [knkusa badkÃ ;wjsfu;e ifj;kstuk] dgk tkrk gSA
nf{k.k badkÃ [knku] vDnkyk [kku] eè; ek;udqMqd ● lexz :i ls i`Foh rki dks lafpr ;k {k; ugÈ djrh
[kku] if'pe ekbudqMqd [kku vkSj djkVkS [kku gSaA gSA ;g viuk rkieku fLFkj cuk, j[krh gSA ;g
● nf{k.kh Ýkal esa ysl c‚Dl dks ;wjksi dh igyh dsoy rHkh gks ldrk gS tc lw;kZri ds :i esa çkIr
c‚DlkbV [knku ekuk tkrk gS ftlls bldk uke rki dh ek=k LFkyh; fofdj.k ds ekè;e ls i`Foh
fy;k x;k gSA }kjk [kksÃ xÃ ek=k ds cjkcj gksA
fo"k;% çkÑfrd HkaMkj vkSj fu{ksi fo"k;% i`Foh dk rki ctV
mi&fo"k;% v;Ld vkSj [kfut mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij lw;kZri
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 26
55. lgh fodYi% (c) lrg ds ikl {kSfrt iousa bu rhu cyksa & ncko <ky
cy] ?k"kZ.k cy vkSj dksfjvksfyl cy & ds la;qä
O;k[;k%
çHkko ds çfr vuqfØ;k djrh gSaA blds vykok]
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSa xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy uhps dh vksj cy yxkrk gSA
lerki js[kk,¡ ● viuh èkqjh ij i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu iou dh fn'kk dks
çHkkfor djrk gSA bl cy dks dksfjvksfyl cy dgk
● lerki js[kk,¡] leku rkieku okys LFkkuksa dks tksM+us
tkrk gSA
okyh js[kk,¡ gSaA mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa Hkwfe dh lrg dk
{ks=Qy nf{k.kh xksykèkZ dh rqyuk esa cgqr cM+k gSA ● ;g mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa iou dks nkb± vksj vkSj nf{k.kh
xksykèkZ esa ckb± vksj fo{ksfir djrk gSA iou dk osx
● blfy,] Hkwfe lagfr vkSj egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa ds çHkko vfèkd gksus ij fo{ksi.k vfèkd gksrk gSA
vPNh rjg ls Li"V gksrs gSaA tuojh esa lerki js[kk,¡
leqæ ds Åij mÙkj dh vksj vkSj egk}hi ds Åij ● dksfjvksfyl çHkko dk çHkko] osx & i`Foh dk osx vkSj
nf{k.k dh vksj fopfyr gks tkrh gSaA ;g mÙkjh dksfjvksfyl çHkko }kjk fo{ksfir gksus okyh oLrq ;k
vVykafVd egklkxj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA rjy inkFkZ dk osx& ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA dksfjvksfyl
cy dk çHkko mPp xfr gksus ;k yach nwjh ij lcls
● xeZ egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa] xYQ LVªhe vkSj mÙkjh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
RE
vVykafVd cgko dh mifLFkfr] mÙkjh vVykafVd
● dksfjvksfyl cy v{kka'k ds dks.k ds vuqØekuqikfrd
egklkxj dks xeZ cukrh gS vkSj lerki js[kk,a mÙkj
gksrk gSA ;g èkzqoksa ij vfèkdre gksrk gS vkSj Hkweè;
dh vksj >qdrh gSaA Hkwfe ij rkieku rsth ls ?kVrk
js[kk ij vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA dksfjvksfyl cy] nkc
gS vkSj lerki js[kk,¡ ;wjksi esa nf{k.k dh vksj >qdrh
ço.krk cy ds yacor dk;Z djrk gSA
gSaA
● Hkweè; js[kk ij] dksfjvksfyl cy 'kwU; gksrk gS vkSj
● egklkxj dk çHkko nf{k.kh xksykèkZ esa vPNh rjg ls
O
Li"V gSA ;gk¡ lerki js[kk,¡ v{kka'kksa ds lkis{k de
iou lenkc js[kk ds yacor çokfgr gksrh gSA fuEu
ncko] rhoz gksus ds ctk; Hkj tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k
;k T;knk lekukarj gSa vkSj rkieku esa fHkUurk mÙkjh
gS fd Hkweè; js[kk ds ikl m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr
xksyk)Z dh rqyuk esa vfèkd Øfed :i ls gksrh gSA
ugÈ curs gSaA
SC
● 20°C] 10°C vkSj 0°C dh lerki js[kk Øe'k% fo"k;% i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu
35°S] 45°S vkSj 60°S v{kka'kksa ds lekukarj pyrh
mi&fo"k;% voèkkj.kk,a
gSA
fo"k;% i`Foh dk LFkku 57. lgh fodYi% (a)
mi&fo"k;% v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj
O;k[;k%
GS
56. lgh fodYi% (c) ● dFku 2 xyr gS% iqjok iou] mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh xksykèkZ
ls ^varj m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=* (ITCZ ) dh
O;k[;k% vksj vfHklj.k djrs gSaA
● dFku 1 xyr gS% ncko ço.krk cy] ?k"kZ.k cy vkSj
dksfjvksfyl cy] ;s rhuksa cy i`Foh dh lrg ds ikl gsMyh lsy dk xBu vkSj fofHkUu iouksa dh Hkwfedk
iou dh fn'kk vkSj xfr ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA ● ^varj m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=* (ITCZ) esa ok;q
● dFku 2 xyr gS% dksfjvksfyl cy dk çHkko de osx mPp lw;kZri ls mRiUu fd, tkus okys laogu ds
okyh iou dh rqyuk esa mPp osx okyh iou ij dkj.k Åij dh vksj mBrh gS vkSj de ncko dk {ks=
vfèkd gksrk gSA curk gSA m".k dfVcaèkksa ls iousa bl fuEu ncko {ks=
esa ,df=r gksrh gSaA
iou ds ifjlapj.k ij dksfjvksfyl cy dk çHkko ● laogu lsy ds fdukjs lkFk vfHklfjr gqÃ ok;q Åij
● iou] mPp ncko ls de ncko dh vksj xfr djrh dh vksj mBrh gSA ;g 14 fdeh dh ÅapkÃ rd
gSA lrg ij gok ?k"kZ.k dk vuqHko djrh gSA blds {kksHkeaMy ds 'kh"kZ ij igqaprh gS vkSj èkzqoksa dh vksj
vykok] i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu Hkh iou dh xfr dks Hkh c<+rh gSA
çHkkfor djrk gSA ● blls yxHkx 30 fMxzh mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k ij ok;q dk
● i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu }kjk yxk, x, cy dks dksfjvksfyl lap; gksrk gSA lafpr ok;q dk fgLlk tehu dh vksj
cy ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl çdkj] i`Foh dh Mwc tkrk gS vkSj ,d miks".kdfVcaèkh; mPp nkc {ks=
27 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
cukrk gSA blds uhps Mwcus dk ,d vU; dkj.k 30 gS] tcfd ;fn xeZ ok;q lagfr BaMh ok;q lagfr dh
fMxzh mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k v{kka'k ij igq¡pus ij ok;q dk vksj c<+rk gS] rks laidZ {ks= dks m".k okrkxz dgk
BaMk gksuk gksrk gSA tkrk gSA
● uhps Hkwfe dh lrg ds fudV ok;q dk cgko iqjok ● ;fn ,d ok;q lagfr iwjh rjg ls Hkwfe dh lrg
iouksa ds :i esa Hkweè; js[kk dh vksj gksrk gSA Hkweè; ls Åij mBh gqÃ gksrh gS] rks bls vfèkfo"V okrkxz
js[kk ds nksuksa vksj ls iqjok iousa ^varj m".kdfVcaèkh; (v‚DyqMsM ÝaV) dgk tkrk gSA okrkxz eè; v{kka'kksa esa
vfHklj.k {ks=* (ITCZ) esa vfHklj.k djrh gSaA lrg gksrs gSa vkSj buesa rkieku vkSj ncko esa rhoz ço.krk
ls Åij dh vksj vkSj blds foijhr gksus okys ,sls dk vfHky{k.k ik;k tkrk gSA
ifjlapj.k dks lsy dgk tkrk gSA m".k dfVcaèk esa ● os rkieku esa vpkud ifjorZu ykrs gSa vkSj ok;q dks
,slh lsy dks gSMyh lsy dgk tkrk gSA ckny cukus vkSj o"kkZ dk dkj.k cuus ds fy, Åij
● gSMyh lsy] fuEu&v{kka'kksa ij viuh xfr fd fn'kk dh vksj mBkrs gSA
iyVus okys ifjlapj.k gSa ftuesa Hkweè; js[kk ij ok;q ● m".kdfVcaèkksa ls ijs eè; vkSj mPp v{kka'k esa fodflr
Åij dh vksj mBrh gS vkSj yxHkx 30° v{kka'k ij gksus okyh ç.kkfy;ksa dks eè; v{kka'kh; pØokr ;k
ok;q uhps Mwcrh gSA cká m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr dgk tkrk gSA
● os m".kdfVcaèkksa esa O;kikfjd iouksa ds fy, ftEesnkj ● okrkxz ds xqtjus ls eè; vkSj mPp v{kka'kksa esa {ks= esa
RE
gSa vkSj fuEu&v{kka'kksa ij ekSle ds iSVuZ dks fu;af=r ekSle dh fLFkfr esa vpkud ifjorZu gksrk gSA
djrs gSaA ● èkzqoh; okrkxz ds fdukjs cká m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr
● gsMyh lsy esa tSls gh dksÃ ok;q d.k mPp v{kka'kksa curs gSaA çkjaHk esa] okrkxz fLFkj gksrk gSA mÙkjh
dh vksj c<+rk gS] ;g i`Foh ds ?kw.kZu v{k ds djhc xksyk)Z esa] okrkxz ds nf{k.k ls xeZ ok;q vkSj mÙkj ls
gks tkrk gS] blfy, ?kw.kZu (r) dh èkqjh NksVh gks BaMh ok;q cgrh gSA
O
tkrh gSA ● tc okrkxz ds fdukjs ncko fxj tkrk gS] rks xeZ
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku ok;q mÙkj dh vksj c<+rh gS vkSj BaMh ok;q nf{k.k dh
mi&fo"k;% ok;q lagfr;ka vkSj lsy vksj c<+rh gS] ftlls okekorÊ pØokrh ifjlapj.k
dks xfr feyrh gSA
SC
58. lgh fodYi% (a) ● pØokrh ifjlapj.k ls vPNh rjg ls fodflr cká
m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] ftlesa ,d
O;k[;k% m".k okrkxz vkSj ,d 'khr okrkxz gksrk gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% m".k okrkxz dk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
tc xeZ ok;q lagfr ;k ok;q jkf'k] BaMh ok;q lagfr mi&fo"k;% ok;q lagfr;ka vkSj lsy
dh vksj c<+rh gSA
GS
59. lgh fodYi% (b)

ok;q lagfr ;k ok;q jkf'k
● tc ok;q i;kZIr :i ls yacs le; rd fdlh le:i O;k[;k%
{ks= ij jgrh gS] rks ;g {ks= ds vfHky{k.kksa dks çkIr ● dFku 3 xyr gS% Çucl (o"kkZ es?k) ckny dkys ;k xgjs
dj ysrh gSA Hkwjs jax ds gksrs gSa vkSj ;s lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds fy, csgn
?kus vkSj vikjn'kÊ gksrs gSaA
● lekaxh {ks=] fo'kky leqæ dh lrg ;k fo'kky eSnku
gks ldrs gSaA rkieku vkSj vkæZrk ds lanHkZ esa fof'k"V cknyksa ds çdkj
vfHky{k.kksa okyh ok;q dks ok;q lagfr dgk tkrk gSA
● fljl (cirrus) ckny mPp mUurka'k (high
● bls ok;q ds ,d cM+s fudk; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k altitudes) (8]000 & 12]000 ehVj) ij curs gSaA os
tkrk gS ftlesa rkieku vkSj vkæZrk esa FkksM+h {kSfrt ia[k tSls fn[kus okys irys vkSj vyx&vyx ckny
fHkUurk gksrh gSA lekaxh lrgsa] ftu ij ok;q lagfr;ksa gksrs gSaA budk jax ges'kk lQsn gksrk gSA
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] os lzksr {ks= dgs tkrs gSaA
● D;weyl (Cumulus) ckny :Ã ds leku fn[kkÃ
● tc okrkxz fLFkj jgrk gS] rks bls fLFkj okrkxz dgk nsrs gSaA os vke rkSj ij 4]000 & 7]000 ehVj dh
tkrk gSA ÅapkÃ ij curs gSaA os VqdM+ksa esa ekStwn gksrs gSa vkSj
● tc BaMh ok;q lagfr] xeZ ok;q lagfr dh vksj c<+rh mUgsa bèkj&mèkj fc[kjs gq, ns[kk tk ldrk gSA mudk
gS] rks blds laidZ {ks= dks 'khr okrkxz dgk tkrk ,d likV vkèkkj gksrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 28
● LVªSVl (Stratus) ckny ijrnkj ckny gksrs gSa tks ● Mªsd iSlst lcls rax HkkSxksfyd vojksèk gS ftlds
vkdk'k ds cM+s fgLls dks vkPNkfnr djrs gSaA ;s ekè;e ls bl èkkjk dk çokg gksrk gS] tgka dsoy 800
ckny vkerkSj ij ;k rks Å"ek [kksus ;k fofHkUu fdeh nf{k.k vesfjdk dks vaVkdZfVdk ls vyx djrk
rkiekuksa ds lkFk ok;q lagfr ds feJ.k ds dkj.k curs gSA
gSaA
● Xykscy okÉex ds dkj.k bl èkkjk dh ç—fr esa
● Çucl (o"kkZ es?k) ckny dkys ;k xgjs Hkwjs jax ds gksrs cnyko vk;k gSA blfy,] oSKkfud bl ckr dk
gSaA os eè; Lrjksa ij ;k i`Foh dh lrg ds cgqr fudV vè;;u dj jgs gSa fd ;g nqfu;k dh tyok;q dks
curs gSaA dSls çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA
● ;s lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds fy, vR;ar l?ku vkSj vikjn'kÊ fo"k;% leqæ foKku
gSaA dHkh&dHkh ckny brus uhps gksrs gSa fd os tehu mi&fo"k;% Tokj] ygjsa vkSj èkkjk,a
dks Nwrs gq, çrhr gksrs gSaA Çucl ckny ?kus ok"i ds
fujkdkj ÇiM gksrs gSaA 61. lgh fodYi% (b)
● bu pkj cqfu;knh çdkjksa dk la;kstu fuEu çdkj ds
O;k[;k%
cknyksa dks tUe ns ldrk gS% cgqr ÅapkÃ ij cuus
okys ckny – fljl (i{kkHk)] fljksLVªsVl (i{kkHkLrjh)] ● dFku 2 xyr gS% ç'kkar n'kdh; nksyu (Pacific
RE
fljksD;wE;yl (i{kkHk diklh es?k)( Decadal Oscillation) ekulwu ds çfr:i dks
çHkkfor djrk gSA mÙkj&iwoÊ jkT; esa gky gh esa 'kq"d
● eè; ckny – vkYVksLVªsVl vkSj vkYVksD;wE;yl( de
ÅapkÃ ij cuus okys ckny & LVªsVksD;wE;yl vkSj ekSle blh ifj?kVuk dk ifj.kke gSA
ÇucksLVªsVl vkSj O;kid ÅèokZèkj fodkl okys ckny ç'kkar n'kdh; nksyu ;k iSflfQd MsdkMy v‚flys'ku
& D;weyl (diklh) vkSj D;weyksfuEcl (diklh o"kÊ
(PDO)
es?k) A
O ● iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr] tks i`Foh ij lcls ue LFkkuksa esa ls
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
,d gS] fiNys rhl o"kks± ls rsth ls lw[k jgk gSA
mi&fo"k;% cknyksa dk fuekZ.k
ç'kkar n'kdh; nksyu (PDO) esa çk—frd ifjorZuksa
SC
60. lgh fodYi% (d) ds dkj.k e‚ulwuh o"kkZ ?kVrh tk jgh gSA
● Þç'kkar n'kdh; nksyuÞ (PDO)] ç'kkar tyok;q
O;k[;k%
ifjorZu'khyrk dk ,d ,y uhuks tSlk iSVuZ gSA
● nksuksa dFku lgh gSa PDO dks 20°N v{kka'k ds mÙkj esa ç'kkar egklkxj
esa xeZ ;k BaMs lrgh ty ds :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA
vaVkdZfVd ifjèkzqoh; (Circumpolar) èkkjk
● tSlk fd çfl) vy uhuks@nf{k.kh nksyu (ENSO)
GS
● ;g èkkjk nf{k.kh egklkxj esa rst iNqvk iouksa ds

la;qä çHkko vkSj Hkweè; js[kk vkSj èkzqoksa ds chp lrg ds ekeys esa ns[kk x;k gS] PDO çfr:i ds pje
ds rkieku esa cM+s cnyko ls mRiUu gksrh gSA voLFkk esa igqapus ls ç'kkar csflu vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdh
tyok;q esa O;kid fofoèkrk ikÃ tkrh gSA ENSO
● ;g i`Foh ds LokLF; ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g
?kVuk ds lekukarj] PDO pje voLFkk esa gksus
vaVkdZfVdk dks BaMk vkSj tek gqvk j[krh gSA
ij ;k rks xeZ ;k BaMk gksrk gS] tks iwoksZÙkj vkSj
● vaVkdZfVd ifjèkzqoh; èkkjk ;k ,lhlh gekjs xzg ij m".kdfVcaèkh; ç'kkar egklkxj esa leqæ ds rkieku
lcls etcwr egklkxjh; èkkjk gSA ;g leqæ dh esa varj ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
lrg ls ysdj leqæ dh rygVh rd QSyh gqÃ gS vkSj
● PDO dh voLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu ds vuqlkj gh iwoksZÙkj
vaVkdZfVdk ds pkjks rjQ gSA
ç'kkar leqæh ikfjfLFkfrd ra= esa çeq[k ifjorZu gksrk
● ,lhlh vuqekfur 165 fefy;u ls 182 fefy;u gSA tSls fd] PDO tc xeZ voLFkk esa gksrk gS] rks
D;wfcd ehVj ty çfr lsdaM (,d bdkÃ ftls vykLdk esa rVh; egklkxj dh tSfod mRikndrk esa
ÞLojMªqiÞ Hkh dgk tkrk gS) if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ys
o`f) gksrh gS vkSj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds djhc ds
tkrh gS] tks i`Foh ij lHkh ufn;ksa ds çokg ls 100
if'pe rV ij mRikndrk ckfèkr gks tkrh gSA PDO
xquk vfèkd gSA
tc BaMh voLFkk esa gksrk gS] rks leqæh ikfjfLFkfrdh
● ;g Çgn] ç'kkar vkSj vVykafVd egklkxjksa ds chp ra= mRikndrk ds mÙkj&nf{k.k çfr:i ds foifjr
eq[; laidZ çnku djrh gSA fLFkfr ikÃ tkrh gSA
29 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● PDO vkSj ENSO nksuksa esa leku LFkkfud tyok;q 63. lgh fodYi% (a)
fo'ks"krk,a ikÃ tkrh gSa] fQj Hkh nksuksa esa eq[; varj
;g gS fd PDO 20&30 o"kks± rd cuk jgrk gS O;k[;k%
tcfd fof'k"V ENSO 6 ls 18 eghuksa rd cuk ● fodYi (a) lgh gS
jgrk gSA
i`Foh dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
mi&fo"k;% ekSleh fo{kksHk ● oSKkfudksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd i`Foh] cqèk] 'kqØ vkSj
eaxy lfgr pêkuh xzg èkwy ds ckny ds rsth ls
62. lgh fodYi% (c) xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds iru ls cus gSa] ftUgksaus varr% ,d
?kus xzg dks tUe fn;kA
O;k[;k%
● 1960 esa] viksyks varfj{k dk;ZØe }kjk paæek ds
● dFku 1 xyr gS% ;|fi æO;eku ds vuqlkj] lw;Z esa ØsVj ds vè;;u us bl –f"Vdks.k dks cny fn;k
dsoy 70-6% gkbMªkstu gS] ysfdu eksyj vuqikr ds vkSj vksVks f'eV (otto schmidt) }kjk çfrikfnr
vuqlkj] blesa vHkh Hkh 91-0% gkbMªkstu ijek.kq vkSj vfHko`f) ds fl)kar dks fQj ls thoar dj fn;kA
dsoy 8-9% ghfy;e ijek.kq gSaA ;g gekjs lw;Z dks :lh HkwHkkSfrdhfon~ us 1944 esa lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd
cgqr ;qok cukrk gSA xzgksa dk vkdkj èkhjs&èkhjs] dne nj dne c<+rk gSA
RE
lw;Z dh jpuk vkSj lajpuk ● f'eV ds vuqlkj] czãkaMh; èkwy vkil esa feydj
● vU; rkjksa dh rjg lw;Z Hkh xSl dk ,d xksyk d.kksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] d.k ctjh cu tkrs gSa]
gSA ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k dh –f"V ls ;g 91-0% ctjh NksVh xsansa cu tkrh gSa] fQj cM+h xsansa] fQj NksVs
gkbMªkstu vkSj 8-9% ghfy;e ls cuk gSA æO;eku ds xzg] ;k xzgk.kq] vkSj var esa] èkwy paæek ds vkdkj dh
vuqlkj] lw;Z esa yxHkx 70-6% gkbMªkstu vkSj 27-4% gks tkrh gSA
●
O
ghfy;e gSA tSls&tSls xzgk.kq cM+s gksrs x,] mudh la[;k ?kVrh
● lw;Z ds Ng {ks= gSa% vkarfjd Hkkx esa dksj] fofdj.k {ks= xÃA urhtru] xzgksa] ;k mYdkÇiMksa ds chp Vdjko
vkSj laogu {ks=( –';eku lrg] ftls QksVksLQh;j dh la[;k esa deh vkÃA vfHko`f) ds fy, miyCèk
dgk tkrk gS( ØkseksLQh;j( vkSj lcls ckgjh {ks=] de oLrqvksa dk eryc Fkk fd ,d cM+s xzg ds fuekZ.k
SC
dksjksukA esa dkQh le; yxkA
● dksj esa] rkieku yxHkx 27 fefy;u fMxzh QkjsugkbV ● fugkfjdk (nebula) dk og Hkkx (ftlls çkjafHkd
(15 fefy;u fMxzh lsfYl;l) gS] tks FkeksZU;wfDy;j i`Foh dk fuekZ.k gqvk Fkk) yxHkx 4-5 vjc o"kZ igys
¶;wtu (rki ukfHkdh; lay;u) dks cuk, j[kus ds xq#Rokd"kZ.k laihM+u ds dkj.k la?kfur gksdj æO;eku
fy, i;kZIr gSA cukA
● lw;Z ds dsaæ esa] gkbMªkstu ds ijek.kq vkil esa tqM+dj ● ;g æO;eku vkt dh i`Foh ftruk cM+k ugÈ Fkk
GS
ghfy;e cukrs gSaA ysfdu bruk cM+k Fkk fd og dÃ vU; NksVs [kxksyh;
ÇiMksa (vU; xzgksa vkSj mYdkÇiMksa lfgr) dks [kÈpdj
● dksj ls ÅtkZ dks fofdj.k }kjk ckgj dh vksj ys
mlls Vdjk ldrk FkkA bu Vôjksa ds dkj.k tks ml
tk;k tkrk gS] tks fofdj.k {ks= ds pkjksa vksj mNyrk
le; cgqr ckj&ckj gksrh FkÈ] i`Foh dk æO;eku c<+k
gS] dksj ls laogu {ks= ds 'kh"kZ rd igqapus esa yxHkx
vkSj yxHkx 120&150 fefy;u o"kZ blds cuus ds
170]000 o"kZ yxrs gSaA laogu {ks= esa rkieku 3-5
ckn] i`Foh us viuk ok;qeaMy èkkj.k djuk 'kq: dj
fefy;u fMxzh QkjsugkbV (2 fefy;u fMxzh lsfYl;l)
fn;kA
ls uhps pyk tkrk gS] tgka xeZ IykTek ds cM+s cqycqys
(vk;fur ijek.kqvksa dk lwi) Åij dh vksj c<+rs fo"k;% czãkaM
gSaA mi&fo"k;% lw;Z vkSj i`Foh
● lw;Z dh lrg & og Hkkx ftls ge ns[k ldrs gSa &
64. lgh fodYi% (c)
dk rkieku yxHkx 10]000 fMxzh QkjsugkbV (5]500
fMxzh lsfYl;l) gSA O;k[;k%
● uscqyj ifjdYiuk ds vuqlkj] lw;Z vkSj mlds xzgksa ● dFku 3 xyr gS% m".kdfVcaèkh; vkSj miks".kdfVcaèkh;
lfgr iwjs lkSj eaMy dh mRifÙk ,d gh uscqyk] xSlh; v{kka'kksa esa egk}hiksa ds iwoÊ rV ij xeZ èkkjk,a cgrh
ckny ls gqÃ gS] tks la?kuu ls cuk gSA gSa ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i m".k vkSj o"kkZ okyh tyok;q
fo"k;% czãkaM gksrh gS tcfd BaMh èkkjk,a egk}hiksa ds if'peh rV
mi&fo"k;% lw;Z vkSj i`Foh ij cgrh gSaA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 30
egklkxjh; èkkjk,a vkSj tyok;q ● ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% vkæZ ioZrh; {ks= esa tEew
● m".kdfVcaèkh; vkSj miks".kdfVcaèkh; v{kka'kksa esa vkSj d'ehj] fgekpy çns'k] iatkc] mÙkj çns'k]
egk}hiksa ds iwoÊ rV ij xeZ èkkjk,a cgrh gSa ftlds if'pe caxky] vle vkSj ef.kiqj ds vkæZ ioZrh;
ifj.kkeLo:i m".k vkSj o"kkZ okyh tyok;q gksrh gS vkSj ue mi&vkæZ {ks= 'kkfey gSaA
tcfd BaMh èkkjk,a egk}hiksa ds if'peh rV ij cgrh Hkkjr esa pkjkxkg (grasslands)
gSaA
● pkjkxkg ds ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ds fodkl esa vuqlaèkku
● xeZ vkSj BaMh èkkjkvksa dk feJ.k v‚Dlhtu dh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ljdkj us nks laLFkku cuk, gSa]
iqu%iwÆr esa enn djrk gS vkSj Iyod ds fodkl dks Hkkjrh; pkjkxkg ,oa pkjk vuqlaèkku laLFkku] >kalh(
c<+kok nsrk gSA ;s ,sls {ks= gksrs gSa tgka lw{e leqæh vkSj dsaæh; 'kq"d {ks= vuqlaèkku laLFkku] tksèkiqjA
ikSèks vkSj tkuoj çpqjrk ls ik, tkrs gSaA
● pkjkxkgksa dh l?ku pjkÃ ls [kkyh feêh [kqy tkrh
● xeZ vkSj BaMh èkkjk,a fdlh {ks= dh LFkkuh; tyok;q gS ftlls pwgksa] tSd jSfcV] çsvjh M‚Xl] xksQjksa vkfn
dks çHkkfor djrh gSaA tSls fcy [kksnus okys tkuojksa dh vkcknh esa o`f)
● mnkgj.k ds fy,] xYQ LVªhe tks mÙkjh vVykafVd gksrh gSA bu tkuojksa ds fy, u;k vkokl pkjs dh
çokg ds :i esa ;wjksi ds if'peh rV dh vksj cgrh Hkwfe ds cM+s {ks=ksa dks catj cuk ldrk gSA
gS] mÙkjh lkxj ds rVksa dks xeZ j[krh gS tks bl rjg ● vfXu ds ckjs esa ekuk tkrk gS fd ;g pjkxkg
RE
ds mPp v{kka'kksa ds fy, vlkekU; gSA ds ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ds çcaèku esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
● blh rjg] mÙkjh ç'kkar egklkxj esa dqjksf'k;ks èkkjk ds fuHkkrh gSA
xeZ ty dks mÙkjh ç'kkar çokg ds :i esa ys tk;k ● ue fLFkfr;ksa esa] o`{kksa ds eqdkcys ?kklksa esa vkx yxrh
tkrk gS] tks lÆn;ksa esa vykLdu rV ds canjxkgksa dks gS] tcfd 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vfXu vDlj ?kkl ds
cQZ eqä j[krk gSA eSnkuksa dks jsfxLrkuh >kfM+;ksa tSls fons'kh çtkfr;ksa
fo"k;% leqæ foKku
O ds vkØe.k ls cpkrh gSA
mi&fo"k;% egklkxjh; èkkjk,a fo"k;% ekuo Hkwxksy
mi&fo"k;% vkokl ds çdkj
65. lgh fodYi% (d)
SC
67. lgh fodYi% (c)
O;k[;k%
● fodYi (d) lgh gS O;k[;k%
● fodYi (c) lgh gS
egklkxjh; èkkjk,a
● egklkxjh; èkkjk,a nks çdkj ds cyksa ls çHkkfor gksrh dkyh e`nk @jsxqj e`nk
GS
gSa% (i) çkFkfed cy ftuds dkj.k ty esa xfr mRiUu ● jsxqj dk vFkZ gS dikl & dikl dh [ksrh ds fy,
gksrh gS( (ii) f}rh;d cy tks çokfgr gksus okyh loksZÙke feêhA
èkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA ● nôu esa vfèkdka'kr% dkyh feêh ikÃ tkrh gSA
● èkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor djus okys çkFkfed cy gSa% (i)
lkSj ÅtkZ }kjk rki( (ii) gok( (iii) xq#Rokd"kZ.k(
mPp ty èkkj.k {kerkA
(iv) dksfjvksfyl cy ● Hkhxus ij Qwy tkrh gS vkSj fpifpih gks tkrh gS vkSj
lw[kus ij fldqM+ tkrh gSA
● èkkjkvksa dks çHkkfor djus okys f}rh;d cy gSa% (i)
rkieku varj vkSj (ii) yo.krk varjA ● Lo&tqrkÃ dkyh feêh dh ,d fo'ks"krk gS D;ksafd ;g
fo"k;% leqæ foKku lw[kus ij pkSM+h njkjsa fodflr dj ysrh gSA
mi&fo"k;% egklkxjh; èkkjk,a ● çpqjrk ls ik, tkrs gSa% ykSg] pwuk] dSfY'k;e]
iksVSf'k;e] ,Y;qehfu;e vkSj eSXuhf'k;eA
66. lgh fodYi% (b) ● vHkko% ukbVªkstu] QkLQksjl vkSj dkcZfud inkFkZA
O;k[;k% ● jax% xgjk dkyk ls gYdk dkykA
● ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% 'kq"d mi&vkæZ {ks= esa ● cukoV% fpduh feêh tSlh
uhyfxjh dks NksM+dj iwjs çk;}hih; Hkkjr 'kkfey fo"k;% e`nk
gSA mi&fo"k;% feêh vkSj ouLifr ds çdkj
31 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
68. lgh fodYi% (d) vko';d ?kVd yxrk gS] cfYd ;g mUgsa Hkweè; js[kk
ls nwj Hkh [kÈp ldrk gSA blls Hkweè;js[kk dks ikj
O;k[;k%
djuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA
● A xyr gS% m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr Hkweè; js[kk dks
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
lS)kafrd :i ls ikj dj ldrs gSa ysfdu yxHkx
mi&fo"k;% pØokr
vlaHko gSA
Å".kdfVcaèkh pØokr 69. lgh fodYi% (a)

● leqæh rwQku (hurricane) ds fy, iwokZisf{kr O;k[;k%
fLFkfr;ka gSa% xeZ] xgjs leqæ dk ty (80°F @ ● fodYi (a) lgh gS
27°C ls vfèkd rkieku)] ÅapkÃ ds lkFk rsth ls
BaMk gksus okyk ok;qeaMy] ok;qeaMy dh ue eè; ijrsa] tyok;q ds rRo vkSj mUgsa çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
gok dk de cgko] vkSj igys ls ekStwn i`"Bh; fo{kksi
● tyok;q dk vFkZ fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku ij yacs le;
(surface disturbance)
rd okrkoj.k dh fLFkfr gSA ;g ok;qeaMyh; rRoksa
● vxj ;s fLFkfr;ka ekStwn Hkh gksa] rks Hkh m".kdfVcaèkh; (vkSj mudh fofoèkrkvksa) dk nh?kZdkfyd ;ksx gSA
pØokr cuuk rc rd laHko ugÈ gS] vxj ;g Hkweè; de le; vofèk esa bls ekSle dgk tkrk gSA
RE
js[kk ls de ls de 300 ;k bruh ehy nwj ugÈ gSA
● ;s rRo lkSj fofdj.k] rkieku] vkæZrk] o"kZ.k (çdkj]
;g dksfjvksfyl cy dh deh ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
vko`fÙk vkSj jkf'k)] ok;qeaMyh; nkc vkSj gok (xfr
ÅtkZ vkSj fn'kk) gSaA
● rwQku dks xfr çnku djus okyh ÅtkZ] rwQku ds dsaæ ● nqfu;k Hkj esa tyok;q dks çHkkfor djus okys
ds vklikl] fo'kky D;weyksfuEcl cknyksa esa la?kuu dÃ vyx&vyx dkjd gSaA ;g bu dkjdksa dk
O
çfØ;k ls vkrh gSA leqæ ls yxkrkj ueh dh vkiwÆr vyx&vyx çHkko gS tks i`Foh ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks
ls rwQku vkSj Hkh çcy gks tkrk gSA vyx&vyx tyok;q dk vuqHko djkrk gSA lcls
● LFky ij igqapus ij ueh dh vkiwÆr can gks tkrh egRoiw.kZ çk—frd dkjd gSa%
SC
gS vkSj rwQku lekIr gks tkrk gSA og LFkku tgka ♦ leqæ ls nwjh
m".kdfVcaèkh; pØokr rV dks ikj djrk gS] pØokr
♦ egklkxjh; èkkjk,a
dk ySaMQ‚y dgykrk gSA 20° mÙkj v{kka'k dks ikj
djus okys pØokr dh iqujkorÊ gksrh gS vkSj os ♦ cgus okyh iouksadh fn'kk
vfèkd fouk'kdkjh gksrs gSaA ♦ Hkwfe dk vkdkj (*mPpkop* ;k *LFkyk—fr* ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gS)
D;k ;g Hkweè; js[kk dks ikj dj ldrk gS\
GS
♦ Hkweè; js[kk ls nwjh

● lqfodflr rwQku esa cgqr vfèkd fLiu gksrk gS tks
Hkweè; js[kk ds ikl detksj dksfjvksfyl cy ij gkoh ♦ vy uhuks ?kVukA
gksrk gSA ;fn ;g Hkweè; js[kk dks ikj djrk gS] rks ● o"kkZ tyok;q dk ,d rRo gS u fd tyok;q dks
dksfjvksfyl cy fLiu dh çkjafHkd fn'kk ds fo#) çHkkfor djus okyk dkjdA
dke djsxk] ysfdu ;g ml ij gkoh gksxk ftls ge
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku
rwQku dh lkisf{kd xfr dgrs gSaA
mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij tyok;q dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd
● blfy,] ;g de ls de lS)kafrd :i ls Hkweè;
js[kk ds ikj tk ldrk gS ysfdu vVykafVd ;k iwoÊ 70. lgh fodYi% (c)
ç'kkar esa ikj djus dk dksÃ mnkgj.k ugÈ feyk gSA
Çgn egklkxj esa dqN rwQku bls ikj djus ds djhc O;k[;k%
igqap tkrs gSa] fQj Hkh ikj ugÈ dj ikrsA v{kka'k ● nksuksa dFku lgh gSa
ds lkFk dksfjvksfyl esa fHkUurk & ftls chVk çHkko
dgk tkrk gS & okLro esa rwQku dks mÙkjh xksykèkZ i`Foh dh lrg ij lw;kZri dh ifjorZu'khyrk
esa mÙkj if'pe dh vksj ys tkrh gS] rwQku dks vkxs ● i`Foh }kjk çkIr ÅtkZ dks vkus okys lkSj fofdj.k
ys tkus ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij gok ekStwn u gksA rks] ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS ftls la{ksi esa lw;kZri
dksfjvksfyl u dsoy ,d rwQku cukus ds fy, ,d (insolation) dgk tkrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 32
● lw;kZri dh ek=k vkSj rhozrk fnu] ekSle vkSj o"kZ esa mBrh gS vkSj de nkc dk {ks= curkA m".k dfVcaèk
cnyrh jgrh gSA lw;kZri esa bu fofoèkrkvksa ds fy, ls vkus okyh iousa bl fuEu nkc {ks= esa vfHklfjr
mÙkjnk;h dkjd gSa% gksrh gSaA vfHklfjr ok;q laoguh; lsy ds lkFk Åij
♦ viuh èkqjh ij i`Foh dk ?kweuk( mBrh gSA
♦ lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds >qdko dk dks.k( fo"k;% ghV ctV
mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij lw;kZri
♦ fnu dh yackÃ(
♦ okrkoj.k dh ikjnÆ'krk( 72. lgh fodYi% (d)
♦ Hkwfe dk og Hkkx tks fnxa'k (azimuth or O;k[;k%
aspect) ds le{k iM+rk gS
● dFku 1 xyr gS% i`Foh] lw;Z ls y?kq&rjax fofdj.k ds
● lrg ij çkIr gksus okyk lw;kZri m".k dfVcaèk esa 320 :i esa fofdj.k çkIr djrh gSA
okV@eh2 ls ysdj èkzqoksa esa yxHkx 70 okV@eh2 rd
gksrk gSA ● dFku 2 xyr gS% dkcZu Mkbv‚DlkbM yach rjax
fofdj.k dks vo'kksf"kr djrk gS] vkSj bl çdkj
● vfèkdre lw;kZri miks".kdfVcaèkh; e#LFkyksa esa çkIr
Xykscy okÉex esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA
gksrk gS] tgka ckny lcls de gksrs gSaA
RE
● Hkweè; js[kk ij m".k dfVcaèk dh rqyuk esa rqyukRed LFkyh; fofdj.k] y?kq rjax fofdj.k] nh?kZ rjax i`Foh
:i ls de lw;Zrki çkIr gksrk gSA fofdj.k
● vke rkSj ij] ,d gh v{kka'k ij egklkxjksa dh rqyuk ● i`Foh }kjk çkIr lw;kZri y?kq&rjaxh; :iksa esa gksrk gS
esa egk}hi esa lw;kZri vfèkd gksrk gSA vkSj blds èkjkry dks xeZ djrk gSA
● lÆn;ksa esa] eè; vkSj mPp v{kka'k xÆe;ksa dh rqyuk esa ● i`Foh xeZ gksus ds ckn Lo;a fofdj.k ÇiM cu tkrh
de fofdj.k çkIr djrs gSaA
O gS vkSj nh?kZ rjax ds :i esa ÅtkZ dks ok;qeaMy esa
fo"k;% i`Foh dk ?kw.kZu fofdfjr djrh gSA
mi&fo"k;% lw;Z] i`Foh vkSj paæek dh fLFkfr ● ;g ÅtkZ uhps ls okrkoj.k dks xeZ djrh gSA bl
SC
çfØ;k dks LFkyh; fofdj.k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
71. lgh fodYi% (b) gSA
O;k[;k% ● yach rjax fofdj.k ok;qeaMyh; xSlksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i
ls dkcZu Mkbv‚DlkbM vkSj vU; xzhugkml xSlksa
● dFku 1 xyr gS% ÅèokZèkj nkc ço.krk cy] {kSfrt nkc
}kjk vo'kksf"kr gksrh gSA bl çdkj] ok;qeaMy vçR;{k
ço.krk dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd gksrk gS ysfdu] ;g
:i ls i`Foh ds fofdj.k ls xeZ gksrk gSA
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy }kjk yxHkx larqfyr gks tkrk gSA
GS
● cnys esa ok;qeaMy fofdj.k djrk gS vkSj xeÊ dks

nkc vkSj xzgh; iousa varfj{k esa igqapkrk gSA var esa lw;Z ls çkIr Å"ek dh
● xzgh; iouksa dh xfr ds çfr:i dks ok;qeaMy dk ek=k varfj{k esa okil vk tkrh gS] ftlls i`Foh dh
lkekU; ifjlapj.k dgk tkrk gSA lrg vkSj okrkoj.k esa rkieku fLFkj cuk jgrk gSA
● gok xeZ gksus ij QSyrh gS vkSj BaMh gksus ij ladqfpr fo"k;% i`Foh dk ghV ctV
gks tkrh gSA blls ok;qeaMyh; nkc esa cnyko gksrk mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij lw;kZri
gSA bldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd ;g mPp nkc ls
fuEu nkc dh vksj gok dh xfr dk dkj.k curk gS 73. lgh fodYi% (b)
vkSj gok dks xfreku djrk gSA O;k[;k%
● ÅèokZèkj ncko ço.krk cy {kSfrt ncko ço.krk dh
● dFku 1 xyr gS% mÙkjh xksyk)Z esa fo'kky vuqikr esa
rqyuk esa cgqr cM+k gksrk gSA ysfdu] ;g vke rkSj ij
Hkwlagfr ds dkj.k lerki js[kk,¡ cadu n'kkZrh gSa vkSj
yxHkx leku ysfdu foijhr xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy }kjk
v{kka'k ds lekukarj ugÈ pyrh gSaA
larqfyr gksrk gSA blfy,] ge rst iouksa dk vuqHko
ugÈ djrs gSaA rkieku dk forj.k fu;af=r djus okys dkjd
● baVjVª‚fidy dUots±l tksu (ITCZ) esa gok mPp ● fdlh Hkh LFkku ij ok;q dk rkieku çHkkfor gksrk (i)
lw;kZri ds dkj.k gksus okys laogu ds dkj.k Åij ml LFkku ds v{kka'k ls( (ii) ml LFkku dh Å¡pkÃ
33 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
ls( (iii) leqæ ls nwjh ls] ok;q&jkf'k ds ifjlapj.k ls( 75. lgh fodYi% (c)
(iv) xeZ vkSj BaMh egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dh mifLFkfr
O;k[;k%
ls( (v) LFkkuh; igyqvksa lsA
● dFku 1 xyr gS% i'kqèku x.kuk 1919&20 ls dh tk
● lerki js[kk,¡ leku rkieku okys LFkkuksa dks feykus
jgh gSA
okyh js[kk,¡ gSaA
● dFku 3 xyr gS% 20oÈ i'kqèku x.kuk esa ns'kh eosf'k;ksa
● lkekU;r% rkieku ij v{kka'k dk çHkko ekufp= dh la[;k esa deh vkÃ gSA
ij HkyhHkkafr Li"V gksrk gS] D;ksafd lerki js[kk,a
lkekU;r% v{kka'k ds lekukarj gksrh gSaA bl lkekU; Hkkjr dh i'kqèku x.kuk
ço`fÙk ls fopyu tqykÃ dh rqyuk esa tuojh esa ● ns'k esa 1919&20 ls le;≤ ij i'kqèku x.kuk
fo'ks"k :i ls mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa vfèkd Li"V gksrk gSA dh tkrh jgh gSA i'kqèku x.kuk esa lHkh ikyrw i'kqvksa
mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa Hkwfe dh lrg dk {ks=Qy nf{k.kh vkSj mudh la[;k dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA eRL;
xksykèkZ dh rqyuk esa cgqr cM+k gSA blfy,] Hkwlagfr ikyu] i'kqikyu vkSj Ms;jh ea=ky; }kjk dh tkus
egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dk çHkko Li"V gksrk gSA okyh i'kqèku x.kuk esa lHkh ikyrw i'kqvksa vkSj mudh
la[;k dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
● xeZ egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa] xYQ LVªhe vkSj mÙkjh
● vHkh rd jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr çns'kksa ds
RE
vVykafVd cgko dh mifLFkfr] mÙkjh vVykafVd
ç'kklu dh Hkkxhnkjh ls ,slh 19 i'kqèku x.kuk,a dh
egklkxj dks xeZ cukrh gS vkSj lerki js[kk,¡ mÙkj
tk pqdh gSaA
dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSaA
● 20oÈ i'kqèku x.kuk lHkh jkT;ksa vkSj dsaæ 'kkflr
fo"k;% v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj
çns'kksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa vk;ksftr dh xÃ FkhA ;g
mi&fo"k;% mÙkjh xksykèkZ x.kuk xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh nksuksa {ks=ksa esa dh xÃ FkhA
O
● ?kjksa] ?kjsyw m|eksa@xSj&?kjsyw m|eksa vkSj laLFkkuksa
74. lgh fodYi% (a)
}kjk j[ks x, i'kqvksa dh fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa (eos'kh]
O;k[;k% HkSal] feFkqu] ;kd] HksM+] cdjh] lqvj] ?kksM+k] Vêw]
[kPpj] xèkk] ÅaV] dqÙkk] [kjxks'k vkSj gkFkh)@dqDdqV
SC
● dFku 2 xyr gS% jktLFkku Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa nygu dk
ikyu if{k;ksa (eqxÊ] cÙk[k] ,eq] VdÊ] cVsj vkSj vU;)
lcls cM+k mRiknd (2019&20) gSA
dh muds LFkku ij x.kuk dh xÃ gSA
Hkkjr esa nygu dk mRiknu ● fiNyh tux.kuk dh rqyuk esa dqy ns'kt@xSj&oÆ.kr
eosf'k;ksa dh vkcknh esa 6% dh fxjkoV vkÃ gSA
● Hkkjr fo'o esa nygu dk lcls cM+k mRiknd
gkykafd] 2012&2019 ds nkSjku ns'kt@xSj&oÆ.kr
(oSfÜod mRiknu dk 25%)] miHkksäk (foÜo miHkksx
eosf'k;ksa dh vkcknh esa fxjkoV dh xfr 2007&12 dh
dk 27%) vkSj vk;krd (14%) gSA
GS
rqyuk esa cgqr de gS tks yxHkx 9% FkhA

● [kk|kUu ds vèkhu {ks= esa nygu dh fgLlsnkjh yxHkx fo"k;% vkÆFkd Hkwxksy
20 çfr'kr gS vkSj ns'k ds dqy [kk|kUu mRiknu esa mi&fo"k;% vkÆFkd {ks=d
nygu dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 7&10 çfr'kr gSA
● gkykafd nygu dk [kjhQ vkSj jch nksuksa ekSleksa 76. lgh fodYi% (a)
esa mxkÃ tkrh gSa] ysfdu jch dh nygu dk dqy O;k[;k%
mRiknu esa ;ksxnku 60 çfr'kr ls vfèkd gksrk gSA ● dFku 2 xyr gS% la;qä jk"Vª dh foÜo tula[;k
dqy mRiknu esa yxHkx 40 çfr'kr fgLlsnkjh ds laHkkouk ds vuqlkj] 2027 rd tula[;k ds ekeys esa
lkFk puk lcls çeq[k nygu gS] blds ckn 15 ls 20 Hkkjr phu ls vkxs fudy tk,xkA
çfr'kr rwj@vjgj vkSj yxHkx 8&10 çfr'kr mM+n
vkSj yxHkx 8&10 ewax dh fgLlsnkjh gSA la;qä jk"Vª foÜo tula[;k laHkkouk
● 2019&20 ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj jktLFkku 4497-13 ● la;qä jk"Vª ds vkÆFkd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksa ds foHkkx
(*000 Vu) nygu mRiknu ds lkFk nygu dk lcls
ds tula[;k çHkkx }kjk çdkf'kr *fo'o tula[;k
laHkkouk 2019* ds vuqlkj] oSfÜod tula[;k esa
cM+k mRiknd FkkA
2050 rd vkSj 2 fcfy;u yksxksa dh o`f) dk vuqeku
fo"k;% lalkèku gS] tks 2019 esa 7-7 fcfy;u ls rhl o"kZ esa c<+dj
mi&fo"k;% mRiknu vkSj forj.k 9-7 fcfy;u gks tk,xhA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 34
● vHkh vkSj 2050 ds chp] 55 ns'kksa dh vkcknh esa de dh rqyuk esa mÙkjh {ks= (yxHkx 400 fd-eh-) esa
ls de ,d çfr'kr dh deh fn[kkÃ nsus dk vuqeku fgeky; ioZrekyk dh pkSM+kÃ vfèkd gksus ds fy, Hkh
gSA la;ksx ls] 2010 ds ckn ls] 27 ns'kksa us tula[;k mRrjnk;h gSA
esa U;wure ,d çfr'kr dh deh ntZ dh gSA ● dFku 3 xyr gS% ,d tSls thok'eksa dh [kkst çkphu
● vkcknh esa fxjkoV ns[kus okys ns'kksa dh c<+rh la[;k dky esa f'kokfyd ioZrekyk vkSj frCcrh iBkj esa
dh bl ço`fÙk ds fy, çtuu {kerk ds fujarj fuEu ,d tSlh ouLifr dh mifLFkfr bafxr djrh gS tks
Lrj vkSj dqN ekeyksa esa mRçokl dh mPp nj dks crkrk gS fd ;s nksuksa {ks= vrhr esa fdlh Çcnq (nksuksa
mRrjnk;h Bgjk;k x;k gSA
foorZfud IysVsa ds Vdjkus ls igys) ij ,d tSls
● bu 55 ns'kksa esa lcls cM+s ns'k phu esa] 2050 rd Åaps FksA
tula[;k esa 2-2 çfr'kr ;k 31-4 fefy;u rd deh
vkus dk vuqeku gSA mÙkjh vkSj mÙkj&iwoÊ ioZr
● blh vofèk esa] Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa 273 fefy;u ● blesa nks eq[; HkkSxksfyd {ks= 'kkfey gSa%
yksx vkSj c<+us dk vuqeku gSA Hkkjr ukS ns'kksa ds
♦ fgeky; vkSj iwoksZÙkj dh igkfM+;k¡ (iwok±py)
lewg esa vxz.kh gS ftudk 2050 rd oSfÜod tula[;k
dh vuqekfur o`f) esa ls vkèks ls vfèkd dk ;ksxnku fgeky;
RE
gksxkA la;qä jk"Vª dh foÜo tula[;k laHkkouk ds
● fgeky; fo'o ds lHkh ;qok ofyr ioZrksa esa lcls
vuqlkj] 2027 rd tula[;k ds ekeys esa Hkkjr phu
ls vkxs fudy tk,xk Å¡pk vkSj lcls yack gSA
● mi&lgkjk vÝhdk dh vkcknh 2050 rd nksxquh ● yxHkx 20 djksM+ o"kZ igys% iSaft;k ds VwVdj vyx
(99% o`f)) gks tkus dk vuqeku gSA ftu {ks=ksa esa gksus ls nks HkwHkkxksa & ÞmÙkj esa y‚jsf'k;kß vkSj Þnf{k.k
O
2019 vkSj 2050 ds chp tula[;k o`f) dh de nj esa xksaMokukySaMß dk fuekZ>k gqvkA bu nksuksa HkwHkkx ds
chp ÞVsfFkl lkxjß uked ,d mFkyk leqæ Fkk tks
dk vuqHko gks ldrk gS muesa v‚LVªsfy;k@U;wt+hySaM
dks NksM+dj vksf'kfu;k (56%)] mÙkjh vÝhdk vkSj bu nksuksa HkwHkkxksa dks vyx djrk FkkA ,d&nwljs dh
if'peh ,f'k;k (46%)] v‚LVªsfy;k@U;wt+hySaM vksj Hkwlagfr;k¡ xfreku gksus ds dkj.k VsfFkl lkxj
SC
(28%)] eè; vkSj nf{k.kh ,f'k;k (25%)] ySfVu dk vkdkj de gksrk pyk x;k
vesfjdk vkSj dSfjfc;kÃ ns'k (18%)] iwoÊ vkSj
● yxHkx 4 ls 5 djksM+ o"kZ igys% IysV lapyu ls
nf{k.k&iwoÊ ,f'k;k (3%)] vkSj ;wjksi vkSj mÙkjh
pkfyr ;s nks cM+s HkwHkkx] Hkkjr vkSj ;wjsf'k;k] vkil
vesfjdk (2%) 'kkfey gSaA
esa Vdjk x,A ifj.kkeLo:i] VsfFkl lkxj esa tek
● dÃ lcls rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k okys ns'k fuèkZure
volkn (ufn;ksa }kjk yk;k x;k) laihfMr] ladqfpr
ns'k gSa] tgk¡ tula[;k o`f) xjhch dk mUewyu djus]
GS
gqvk vkSj ] ,d ds ihNs ,d oyuksa dh Jà[kyk cu xÃ

vfèkdkfèkd lekurk gkfly djus] Hkw[k vkSj dqiks"k.k
dk eqdkcyk djus vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ftlls fgeky; ds ofyr ioZrksa dk tUe gqvkA
LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk ç.kkfy;ksa dk vkPNknu vkSj
;g fl) djus dk lk{; fd fgeky; dk vHkh Hkh mRFkku gks
xq.koÙkk etcwr djus ds ç;kl esa vfrfjä pqukSfr;k¡
[kM+h dj gS fd dksÃ Hkh ihNs u NwVsA
jgk gS
fo"k;% ekuo Hkwxksy ● f'kokfyd igkfM+;ksa esa ikÃ xÃ thok'e jpuk% blh
mi&fo"k;% tula[;k forj.k vkSj Hkwfe mi;ksx çfr:i rjg dk thok'e frCcr ds iBkj esa Hkh ik;k x;k
gSA ;g crkrk gS fd vrhr esa] frCcr ds iBkj vkSj
77. lgh fodYi% (a) f'kokfyd dh igkfM+;ksa dh ,d tSlh vofLFkfr] leku
Lrj vkSj bl çdkj ,d tSlh ouLifr] thou vkfn
O;k[;k%
Fkk( blds ckn frCcr ds iBkj dk mRFkku gqvkA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% mq¡ph&Å¡ph ioZr pksfV;ksa dh mifLFkfr
ds fy, mPp çsj.k (fuEuL[kyu cy) dks mRrjnk;h ● frCcr dh >hyksa dk lw[kuk% frCcr ds iBkj esa] gesa
Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr vfèkd fuEuL[kyu lkekU;r% >hyksa esa ik, tkus okys fu{ksi feyrs gSaA
cy dk vFkZ ;wjsf'k;kÃ çk;}hi dk vfèkd mRFkku ;g crkrk gS fd frCcr esa dHkh >hysa FkÈ ysfdu
vkSj Å¡ph&Å¡ph pksfV;ksa dk fuekZ.k gSA ;gh dkj.k mRFkku ds dkj.k ty dk lzko gks x;k vkSj fu{ksi
iwoÊ {ks= (v#.kkpy çns'k esa yxHkx 150 fd-eh-) cps jg x,A
35 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
ckj&ckj Hkwdai 78. lgh fodYi% (c)
● ufn;ksa dh ;qok ç—fr (mPp vijnu] v&vkdkj dh O;k[;k%
?kkfV;k¡ vkfn)
● dFku 1 xyr gS% bl {ks= esa çeq[k ufn;ksa ds çokg dh
● fgeky; dk mÙkj&nf{k.k foHkktu nj muds mn~xe (fgeky;) dh rqyuk esa cgqr èkheh
● fgeky; lekukarj ioZr Jà[kykvksa dh Jà[kyk ls gS] blfy, ;s ufn;k¡ bu eSnkuksa esa cgqr lkjk tyks<+
feydj cuk gSA o`gn fgeky; (fgekæh) ioZrekyk fu{ksi ykrh gSa ftlls bl {ks= dk ck<+ dk eSnku
esa 'kkfey gSa% vfèkd mitkÅ gks tkrk gSA
♦ o`gn fgeky; (fgekæh)] vkSj ● dFku 2 xyr gS% fgeky; dh rygVh ls lVs {ks=
dks Hkkcj dgk tkrk gS vkSj blesa eksVh ctjh vkSj
♦ Vªkal&fgeky;u ioZrJà[kyk dadM+&iRFkj ds tyks<+ ia[k gSa tks dsoy fo'kky tM+
♦ y?kq fgeky; (;k fgekpy)] vkSj ç.kkyh okys o`{kksa dks vkJ; ns ldrk gS vkSj okÆ"kd
♦ cká fgeky; (;k f'kokfyd)A Qly dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qä ugÈ gSA
bu ioZr Jà[kykvksa dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr dk mÙkjh eSnku

● Hkkjr dk mÙkjh eSnku f'kokfyd dh igkfM+;ksa ds
RE
● fgeky; dh fgekæh vkSj fgekpy ioZr Jà[kykvksa dk
nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA ;g fgeky;h vxz Hkza'k (HFF)
f'kokfyd ioZr Jà[kyk cuus ls cgqr igys fuekZ.k gks
ls vyx gksrk gSA bl eSnku dk iwoÊ Hkkx mÙkj&iwoÊ
x;k FkkA fgekæh vkSj fgekpy ioZrekyk ls fudyus
Hkkjr dh iwok±py igkfM+;ksa ls lhfer gSA ;g Hkkjrh;
okyh ufn;k¡ vius lkFk ctjh] jsr vkSj e`nk ykrh
miegk}hi dh uohure HkkSxksfyd vfHky{k.k gSA
FkÈ] tks rsth ls fldqM+rs VsfFkl lkxj esa tek gks
x;kA dkykarj esa] i`Foh dh xfr ls volkn ds bu mÙkjh eSnku dk fuekZ.k
O
vis{kk—r rktk fu{ksiksa dk oyu gqvk] ftlls lcls ● VsfFkl lkxj esa fgeky; ds mRFkkiu ds dkj.k Hkkjrh;
de lesfdr f'kokfyd ioZr Js.kh dk fuekZ.k gqvkA çk;}hi dk mÙkjh Hkkx vorfyr gks x;k vkSj ,d
cM+k csflu cu x;kA
SC
fo'ks"kf.kd fo'ks"krk,a
● ;g csflu mÙkj esa ioZrksa ls vkSj nf{k.k esa çk;}hi
● fgeky; èkuq"kkdkj oØ cukrk gS tks nf{k.k dh vksj
ls vkus okyh ufn;ksa ds volkn ls Hkj x;kA b;
mÙky gSA fgeky; ds bl oØkdkj vkdkj ds
O;kid tyks<+ fu{ksi ls Hkkjr ds mÙkjh eSnku dk
fy, blds mÙkj dh vksj cgko ds nkSjku Hkkjrh;
fuekZ.k gqvkA
çk;}hi ij nks fljksa ij fn, x, vfèkdre èkôk
dks mRrjnk;h Bgjk;k tkrk gSA mÙkj&if'pe esa] eq[; y{k.k
GS
;g vjkoyh vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ esa vle ioZrekyk }kjk ● Hkkjr dk mÙkjh eSnku rhu unh ç.kkfy;ksa] vFkkZr~
fd;k x;k FkkA Çlèkq] xaxk vkSj czãiq= vkSj mudh lgk;d ufn;ksa
● Hkkjrh; çk;}hi vHkh Hkh ;wjsf'k;kÃ çk;}hi }kjk ls cuk gSA
nck;k tk jgk gS ftlls fgeky; ioZr dh ÅapkÃ esa ● Hkkjr dk mÙkjh eSnku fo'o dk lcls cM+k tyks<+
yxHkx 5 ls-eh-@o"kZ dh o`f) gks jgh gSA HkwHkkx gSaA ;g eSnku if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj yxHkx
3200 fd-eh- foLr`r gSA
fgeky; dk v{klaèkh; cadu
● bl eSnku dh vkSlr pkSM+kÃ 150 ls 300 fdyksehVj
● fgeky; iwoZ dh rqyuk esa if'pe esa pkSM+k gSA ;g
ds chp gSA lkekU; rkSj ij] mÙkjh eSnku dh pkSM+kÃ
pkSM+kÃ d'ehj esa 400 fd-eh- ls ysdj v#.kkpy çns'k iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj c<+rh tkrh (vle esa 90&100
esa 150 fd-eh- rd fHkUu&fHkUu gSA bl varj dk eq[; fd-eh- ls iatkc esa yxHkx 500 fd-eh-) gSA
dkj.k ;g gS fd if'pe dh vis{kk iwoZ esa laihMu
● vHkh rd iwjh rjg ls tyks<+ dh lVhd xgjkÃ
cy vfèkd FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iwoÊ fgeky; esa
fuèkkZfjr ugÈ gqÃ gSA gky ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj]
ekmaV ,ojsLV vkSj daputaxk tSlh Å¡ph&Å¡ph ioZr
eSnku ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa tyks<+ dh vkSlr xgjkÃ
pksfV;k¡ gSaA
1300&1400 ehVj ds chp gS] tcfd f'kokfyd dh
fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfr vksj tyks<+ dh xgjkÃ c<+ tkrh gSA gfj;k.kk ds dqN
mi&fo"k;% fgeky; Hkkxks aesa vfèkdre xgjkÃ 8000 ehVj ls vfèkd gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 36
● bl ,djl eSnku dh pje {kSfrtrk bldh çeq[k ● ;g Hkkcj isVh iwoZ esa rqyukRed :i ls ladjh gS
fo'ks"krk (200 eh & 291 eh) gSA vackyk ds fudV vkSj if'peh rFkk mÙkj&if'peh igkM+h {ks= esa foLr`r
leqæ ry ls vkSlru 291 ehVj dh mPpre ÅapkÃ gSA
Çlèkq unh ç.kkyh vkSj xaxk unh ç.kkyh ds chp
tyfoHkktu dk fuekZ.k djrh gS)A
rjkÃ
● ;g Hkkcj ds nf{k.k esa vkSj blds lekukarj pyus
● HkkSfrd Hkw–'; dh ;g ,djlrk lw{e Lrj ij unh
okyk 10&20 fdeh pkSM+k nynyh {ks= gSA
igkfM;ksa] rVcaèkksa vkfn ls VwV xÃ gSA
● rjkÃ c`gr eSnku ds iwoÊ Hkkx esa] fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjh
● ck<+ dk eSnku – tyekxZ ls lVk gqvk unh ?kkVh dk
o"kkZ ds dkj.k czãiq= ?kkVh esa pkSM+k gSA
og Hkkx] ftl ij unh ck<+ ds le; cgrh gSA
● bldh fo'ks"krk Hkkcj isVh dh Hkwfexr èkkjkvksa dk
● rVcaèk & unh ds tyekxZ dk ik'Zo cukus okyk iquÆuxeu gSA
vkSj ck<+ ds eSnku ds Lrj ls Åij [kM+k mfRFkr
● dHkh l?ku ouksa ls vkPNkfnr] vfèkdka'k rjkÃ Hkwfe
fdukjkA
(fo'ks"k :i ls iatkc] mÙkj çns'k vkSj mÙkjk[kaM esa)
● igkfM;k & foliZ ds ckgj dh vksj unh }kjk dkVdj dks —f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe esa cny fn;k x;k gSA
cuk;k x;k Hk`xq ;k [kM+h <ykuA igkfM;ks dh iafä
RE
çk;% igys ds ck<+ ds eSnku dk fdukjk fpfUgr ckaxj
djrh gSA ● ;g unh ry ds vuqfn'k iqjkuk tyks<+ gSA ;g ck<+
● mÙkjh eSnku dk Hkw&vk—frd foHkktu% mÙkj ls nf{k.k ds eSnku ls Å¡ph osfndk,a cukrk gSA
dh vksj] mÙkjh eSnku dks rhu çeq[k {ks=ksa esa foHkkftr ● jax esa xgjk] áwel dh ek=k ls Hkjiwj vkSj mRiknd
fd;k tk ldrk gSA gSA
●
♦ Hkkcj
O e`nk dh jpuk fpduh e`nk dh gS vkSj blesa pwus dh
xzafFk;k¡ ikÃ tkrh gSa (ftUgsa dadM+ dgk tkrk gS)
♦ rjkÃ
● nksvkc esa ik;k tkrk gS
♦ tyks<+ eSnkuA
●
SC
caxky ds MsYVk {ks= esa *cÇjn eSnku* vkSj eè; xaxk
♦ tyks<+ eSnku dks vkxs [kknj vkSj ckaxj esa foHkk-
vkSj ;equk nksvkc esa *Hkwj jpuk* ckaxj dh {ks=h;
ftr fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd uhps fn[kk;k
fHkUurk,a gSaA (Hkwj xaxk ds fdukjs fo'ks"k :i ls Åijh
x;k gS% xaxk&;equk nksvkc esa fLFkr Å¡ph Hkwfe dk |ksrd
gSA ;g o"kZ ds xeZ 'kq"d eghuksa ds nkSjku iou }kjk
mÙkjh eSnku dh Hkw&vkÑfrdh
mM+kdj ykÃ xÃ jsr ds lap; ds dkj.k cuk gS)A
Hkkcj ● vis{kk—r 'kq"d {ks=ksa esa] ckaxj yo.kh; vkSj {kkjh;
GS
● Hkkcj Çlèkq ls rhLrk unh rd fgeky; dh rygVh mRQqYyu dk NksVk {ks= Hkh çnÆ'kr djrk gS ftUgsa
ds lkFk&lkFk if'pe&iwoZ fn'kk esa pyus okyh ,d *jsg*] *dYykj* ;k *Hkwj* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
ladjh isVh (8&10 fd-eh- pkSM+k) gSA ÇlpkÃ esa o`f) ds lkFk gky ds fnuksa esa jsg {ks= c<+k
gS (dsf'kdk fØ;k yo.kksa dks lrg ij ykrh gS)A
● fgeky; ls mrjus okyh ufn;k¡ tyks<+ ia[k ds :i esa
rygVh ds lkFk viuk Hkkj fu{ksfir dj nsrh gSaA [kknj
● LFkwyrj volknksa ls feydj cus ;s ia[ks vkil esa ● u, tyks<+ ls cuk gS vkSj unh fdukjs ck<+ ds eSnku
fey dj ihMekaV eSnku@Hkkcj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
● dadM+&iRFkj tfVr 'kSy laLrj dh ljaèkzrk cgqr ● jax esa gYdk] cukoV esa jsrhyk vkSj vfèkd ikjxE;
vfèkd gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i] vfèkdka'k èkkjk,¡ Mwc gksrk gSA
tkrh gSa vkSj Hkwfexr gksdj cgrh gSaA blfy,] o"kkZ ● unh ry ds fudV ik;k tkrk gSA
_rq dks NksM+dj bl {ks= dh fo'ks"krk lw[kh unh dk ● unh dh ck<+ yxHkx çfr o"kZ tyks<+ dh ,d uÃ
ekxZ gSA ijr fu{ksfir djrh gSA ;g bUgsa xaxk dh lokZfèkd
● Hkkcj dk HkwHkkax Qlyksa dh [ksrh ds fy, mi;qä mitkÅ e`nk cukrk gSA
ugÈ gSA bl {ks= esa cM+h tM+ksa okys cM+s o`{k gh iui ● iatkc esa] [kknj le`) ck<+ ds eSnkuksa dks LFkkuh; :i
ikrs gSaA ls *csVySaM* ;k *csV* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
37 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● iatkc&gfj;k.kk ds eSnku dh ufn;ksa dk igkfM+;ksa ls ● eq[; dsaæh; ç.kksn (MCT) {ks=
f?kjk [kknj dk pkSM+k ck<+ dk eSnku gSa] ftls LFkkuh; ♦ ;g mÙkj esa fgekæh fgeky; dks nf{k.k esa y?kq
:i ls èkk;kl ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bu igkfM;ksa fgeky; ls vyx djrk gSA
dh Å¡pkÃ 3 ehVj rd gksrh gSA
♦ bldh bu ioZrksa ds foorZfud bfrgkl esa
fo"k;% Hkkjr dh Hkw&vkÑfrdh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
mi&fo"k;% fgeky;
● eq[; lhek ç.kksn (MBT) {ks=
79. lgh fodYi% (a) ♦ ;g fo'kky vk;ke dk mRØe Hkza'k gS tks vle ls
ysdj iatkc rd iwjk QSyk gqvk gSA
O;k[;k%
♦ cká fgeky; dks y?kq fgeky; ls vyx djrk
● dFku 3 xyr gS% ftl fonkj.k (rupture) ds dkj.k gSA
2015 esa usiky esa Hkwdai vk;k Fkk] og eq[; fgeky;h
● fgeky;h vxz Hkza'k@ç.kksn (HFF@T)
ç.kksn (MHT) esa Fkk] u fd HFF@T esa FkkA
♦ ;g Çgn&xaxk ds eSnku ds tyks<+ foLrkj ls
fgeky; ioZrekyk esa Hkza'k f'kokfyd dh lhek dk lhekadu djus okys
● eq[; fgeky;h ç.kksn (MHT) mRØe Hkza'kksa dh Jà[kyk gSA
RE
♦ eq[; fgeky;h ç.kksn (MHT) fgeky; ioZr fo"k;% i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx
Jà[kyk esa ,d vidrZu gSA mi&fo"k;% IysV foorZfudh
♦ ;g ç.kksn Hkza'k NW&SE ufryac] pki ds
80. lgh fodYi% (c)
:ilk–';] dk vuqxeu djrk gS vkSj bl {ks= ds
uhps mÙkj dh vksj èkhjs&èkhjs fuefTtr gksrk gSA O;k[;k%
O
♦ ;g foÜo dk lcls cM+k lfØ; egk}hih; esxk ● A lgh gS ysfdu R xyr gS% fgeky; ioZrekyk dk
ç.kksn Hkza'k gSA egk}hi&egk}hi vfHklj.k ds pyrs fuekZ.k gqvk gS
tgk¡ nksuksa IysVsa mRIykod vkSj de ?kuRo okyh gSa]
♦ MHT Hkkjrh; vkSj ;wjsf'k;kÃ IysVksa ds chp py
SC
blhfy, dksÃ fuEuL[kyu ugÈ gqvk gSA dksÃ Hkh
jgh Vôj ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr vkSj ;wjsf'k;k
IysV 40&50 fd-eh- ls vfèkd fdlh Hkh LFkku ij
dh iiZVh; y?kqrk dks lek;ksftr djrk gSA
fuEuL[kfyr ugÈ gqÃ gS] vkSj vfèkdka'k LFkkuksa ij
♦ iiZVh dh fo—fr eq[; vxz ç.kksn (MFT)] eq[; budk lhekar ,d&nwljs ds lkFk vkeus&lkeus dh
lhek ç.kksn (MBT)] eq[; dsaæh; ç.kksn (MCT) Vôj ls feyk gS ftlls oyuksa vkSj Hkza'kksa dk fuekZ.k
vkSj laHkor% nf{k.k frCcr foyXurk lfgr xkonqe gqvk gSA
lajpukvksa ds vuqfn'k Hkh lek;ksftr gksrh gSA
GS
vfHklkjh lhek
♦ ;s rhuksa Hkza'k (MCT] MBT] vkSj HFF@T)
eq[; fgeky;h ç.kksn (MHT) dgykus okys ● vfHklkjh lhek ds lkFk nks LFkyeaMyh; IysVsa ,d
vkèkkjh; foyXurk ry ls la;qDr gSaA nwljs ls Vdjkrh gSaA
♦ MHT fuEuL[kfyr gks jgh Hkkjrh; IysV vkSj ● tc ,d IysV egklkxjh; IysV gksrh gS] rks ;g
vè;kjksg.k dj jgh ;wjsf'k;kÃ IysV ds chp ç.kksn egk}hih; IysV ds eqyk;e nqcZtrkeaMy esa var%LFkkfir
varjQyd dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS tgk¡ Hkkjrh; gks tkrh gS] vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i] fuEuL[kyu ds {ks=
LFkyeaMy ls foyXurk dk ry gSA esa xrZ cu tkrs gSaA
♦ fgeky; ds lqnwj frCcrh Hkkx esa] nf{k.k frCcrh ● vfHklj.k esa miçdkj bl çdkj gSa%
foyXurk (STD) uked ,d vU; Hkza'k ç.kkyh ♦ egklkxjh; IysVksa dh Vôj ;k egklkxj&egklkxj
gSA vfHklj.k (Tokykeq[kh }hi pki dk fuekZ.k)A
♦ ;s lHkh pkjksa ç.kksn fgeky; dh VsfFk;kÃ volknh ♦ egk}hih; vkSj egklkxjh; IysVksa dh Vôj ;k
Jà[kyk dk vkèkkj cukrs gSaA egklkxj&egk}hi dk vfHklj.k (egk}hih; pki
♦ vçSy 2015 esa] MHT ds ,d Hkkx esa vKkr vkSj ofyr ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k)A
fonkj.k ls usiky esa Hkwdai vk;k Fkk] ftlesa yx- ♦ egk}hih; IysVksa dh Vôj ;k egk}hi&egk}hi
Hkx 9]000 usikyh ekjs x, FksA vfHklj.k (ofyr ioZrksa dk fuekZ.k)
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 38
♦ egk}hi vkSj pki dh Vôj] ;k egk}hi&pki 81. lgh fodYi% (b)
vfHklj.kA
O;k[;k%
♦ egk}hi&egk}hi vfHklj.k ;k fgeky;
● dFku 1 xyr gS% fdfjckrh jk"VªeaMy ns'kksa esa ,d
vfHklj.k
Lora= x.kjkT; gSA ;g ok;qÃ ls yxHkx 4]000 fd-
● fgeky;] vkYIl] ;wjky vkSj ,Vyl ioZr dk fuekZ.k eh- (yxHkx 2]500 ehy) nf{k.k&if'pe esa eè; ç'kkar
le>us ds fy, egk}hi&egk}hi vfHklj.k dks egklkxj esa fLFkr gSA ;g eè; ç'kkar }hilewg ds
le>uk t:jh gSA laHkkx dk og Hkkx gS ftls ekbØksusf'k;k tkrk gSA
● egklkxj&egklkxj vfHklj.k vkSj egk}hi&egklkxj ● fdfjckrh eè; ç'kkar egklkxj esa 33 }hiksa ls feydj
vfHklj.k esa] de ls de ,d IysV vis{kk—r l?ku cuk }hih; ns'k gSA buesa ls dsoy 20 }hi gh vkckn
gksrh gS vkSj blfy, fuEuL[kyu {ks= dkQh xgjk gSaA gkykafd Hkw{ks= NksVk gS] ysfdu }hi O;kid :i ls
(dqN lkS fdyksehVj) gksrk gSA fc[kjs gq, gSaA vfèkdka'k }hi cgqr fuEuLFk çoky}hi
● egk}hi&egk}hi vfHklj.k esa] egk}hi&egk}hi oy; (vaxwBh ds vkdkj dh çoky fHkfÙk;k¡) gSaA
vfHklj.k lhekar ij] de ?kuRo ds dkj.k] nksuksa ● dFku 2 lgh gS% fdfjVhekVh fo'o dk lcls cM+k
egk}hih; iiZVh; IysVsa bruh gYdh (mRIykod) gksrh çoky}hi oy; gS vkSj fdfjckrh esa fLFkr gSA
RE
gSa fd MUgsa xrZ esa uhps dh vksj ugÈ ys tk;k
(fuEuL[kfyr) tk ldrk gSA
● vfèkdka'k ekeyksa esa] fdlh IysV dk fuEuL[kyu ugÈ
gksrk gS vkSj u gh ,d IysV dk fuEuL[kyu gksus ij]
fuEuL[kyu {ks= 40 & 50 fd-eh- ls vfèkd xgjk
gksrk gSA nks IysVsa vfHklfjr gksrh gSa] Åij dh vksj
O
eqM+ tkrh gSa (tksM+ {ks=)] ofyr gksrh gSa vkSj Hkza'k cu
tkrk gSA
● tc egk}hih; IysVsa vfHklfjr gksrh gSa] egklkxj dk
●
SC
dFku 3 xyr gS% egkekjh vkjaHk gksus ds ckn ls ;g
ewy ;k volknh csflu (egk}hih; lhekUr ds lkFk
}hi l[r ;k=k mik;ksa dk ikyu dj jgk gSA nl
ik;k tkus okyk Hkwço.kh; ;k Hkw&vfHkurh; volkn)
eghuksa esa bl }hi ij vkus okyh igyh varjjk"Vªh;
nks vfHklkjh IysVksa ds chp ladqfpr gks tkrk gSA
mM+ku esa dksfoM&19 laØfer ;k=h FksA mM+ku esa
● dÃ fdyksehVj pkSM+h 'kSy ds fo'kky çiê ,d&nwljs yxHkkx 36 yksxksa dk ijh{k.k i‚ftfVo vk;k FkkA
ds Åij vfHkIykfor gksrs gSa] ftlls ,d fo'kky ioZr ;g mM+ku fQth ls vkÃ FkhA jksx dk irk yxus ds
Jà[kyk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ckn fdjckrh us u, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds lkFk y‚dMkmu
GS
● çfrjksèk cuus ds lkFk] vfHklj.k lekIr gks tkrk yxk fn;kA

gSA iorZ isVh dk {kj.k gksrk gS] vkSj blds ckn
fdfjckrh }hi lewg%
leLFkSfrd lek;kstu gksrk gSA
● fdfjckrh ,d Lora= }hih; ns'k gSA vkèkh vkcknh
● tc nks fo'kkydk; egk}hi vkil esa feyrs gSa] rks
rjkok çoky}hi oy; esa jgrh gSA ns'k esa 32
ioZr Jà[kyk ls tqM+h ,d cM+h egk}hih; lagfr
çoky}hi oy; gSaA nf{k.k rjkok fdjckrh dh
curh gSA
jktèkkuh gSA
● mnkgj.k% fgeky;] vkYIl] ;wjky] vIysf'k;u vkSj
● fdfjckrh vaxzstksa dk mifuos'k FkkA bls 1979 esa
,Vyl ioZrA
fczVsu ls Lora=rk feyhA Lora=rk ls igys fdfjckrh
● tksM+ {ks=% egk}hih; iiZVh dk fuEuL[ku egk}hih; Q‚LQsV dk fu;kZr djrk FkkA gkykafd] orZeku
iiZVh dh lkekU; mRIykodrk ds dkj.k 40 fd-eh- ls ljdkj us bl ij jksd yxk nh gSA fdfjckrh foÜo
vfèkd laHko ugÈ gSA bl çdkj] egklkxjh; iiZVh esa vYire fodflr ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA
ds [kaM nks IysVksa dks tksM+rs gSa] ftls tksM+ {ks= dgk
● fdfjckrh IMF] ç'kkar leqnk;] jk"VªeaMy] foÜo
tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% Çlèkq&lkaxiks tksM+ {ks=A
cSad dk lnL; gSA fdjckrh tyok;q ifjorZu ds
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfrokn çfr vR;fèkd laosnu'khy gSA vkSj blfy,] ;g y?kq
mi&fo"k;% i`Foh ij Tokykeq[kh; xfrfofèk;k¡ }hih; jkT;ksa ds xBcaèku dk lnL; gSA
39 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
● dÃ tyok;fod ?kVukvksa ds çfr laosnu'khy% iÙku jkT; fo'ks"krk,¡
fdjckrh ds rjkok] rscqvk vkSj vckfu;k Vkiw 1999 psUuÃ rfeyukMq nwljk lokZfèkd O;Lr
esa tyeXu gks x,A bldk dkj.k eq[; :i ls leqæ —f=e iRru
dk c<+rk Lrj FkkA leqæ Lrj esa vkSj o`f) ls e`nk rwrhdksfju rfeyukMq
dh yo.krk c<+sxhA yk uhuk vkSj vy uhuksa tyok;q
,Uuksj rfeyukMq Hkkjr esa igyk d‚iksZjsV—r
ifj?kVuk dk fdfjckrh ds }hiksa ij O;kid çHkko iRru
iM+rk gSA blls ns'k dk fuEuLFk bykdk tyeXu dksfPp dsjy osEcukM >hy esa fLFkr
gks tkrk gSA pØokr rVh; volajpuk dks uqdlku
dksydkrk ;k if'pe caxky ,dek= çeq[k unh; iRru
igq¡pkus ds lkFk&lkFk leqæ dh nhokjksa dks Hkh u"V ';kek çlkn
dj nsrs gSaA eq[ktÊ iRru
fo"k;% lqÆ[k;ksa esa LFkku dkaMyk xqtjkr lcls cM+h ek=k ukSHkkj
mi&fo"k;% ç'kkar egklkxj vkSj }hi laHkkyus okyk Tokjh; iÙk
u gS
82. lgh fodYi% (c) eaxykSj dukZVd
eksjeqxkvks xksok
RE
O;k[;k%
eqacÃ iksVZ VªLV egkjk"Vª lcls cM+k çk—frd iRru
● ;qXe 1 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% ,Uuksj iRru rfeyukMq esa tokgjyky egkjk"Vª Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k —f=e
fLFkr gSA ;g Hkkjr dk igyk d‚iksZjsV—r iRru gS usg: iRru iRru vkSj lcls cM+k
● ;qXe 2 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% oèkkou iRru egkjk"Vª esa VªLV (JNPT) daVsuj iRru
fLFkr gSA JNPT }kjk oèkkou iÙku dh Hkkjr ds ikjknhi vksfM'kk çk—frd iRru
O
13osa çeq[k iRru ds :i esa ;kstuk cukÃ xÃ FkhA fo'kk[kkiÙkue vkaèkz çns'k Hkkjr dk lcls xgjk
;g xgjs d"kZ okys iksrksa vkSj cM+s iksrksa dks laHkkyus iRru
dh {kerk,a c<+kus ds fy, ^lHkh ekSleksa esa dke djus fo"k;% lqÆ[k;ksa esa LFkku
SC
okyk lHkh ukSHkkj* ds fy, lSVsykbV iRru gksxkA mi&fo"k;% iRru vkSj volajpuk
● ;qXe 3 lgh lqesfyr gS% lcls cM+h ek=k esa ukSHkkj
83. lgh fodYi% (b)
laHkkyus okyk dkaMyk xqtjkr esa fLFkr ,d Tokjh;
iRru gSA O;k[;k%
● ;qXe 4 lgh lqesfyr ugÈ gS% rktiqj ,d xgjk leqæh ● dFku 1 xyr gS% phu&Hkkjr ;q) dk eq[; dkj.k
iRru gksxk ftls if'pe caxky esa vMkuh lewg O;kid :i ls i`FkDdfjr vDlkÃ fpu vkSj v#.kkpy
GS
}kjk fodflr fd;k tk,xkA ;g dksydkrk iRru & çns'k ds lhekorÊ {ks=ksa dh laçHkqrk dks ysdj fookn
ftls vc ';kek çlkn eq[ktÊ iRru (SMP) ds uke FkkA
ls tkuk tkrk gS & ds ckn if'pe caxky dk nwljk ● vDlkÃ fpu] ftl ij Hkkjr yík[k dk vkSj phu
lcls cM+k iÙku gksxkA Ç>ft;kax çkar dk Hkkx gksus dk nkok djrk gS] esa
frCcr vkSj Ç>ft;kax ds phuh {ks=ksa dks tksM+us okyk
Hkkjr esa çeq[k iRru
egRoiw.kZ lM+d ekxZ gSA
● 7]500 fdyksehVj yach rVjs[kk ds lkFk 12 çeq[k
● phu }kjk bl lM+d dk fuekZ.k Vdjko dh vkx
vkSj 205 xkS.k iRru ds lkFk Hkkjr esa cM+s vkdkj dk
HkM+dkus okys dkjdksa esa ls ,d FkkA
leqæh {ks=d gSA
● dFku 2 lgh gS% frCcr ds Hkwxksy esa eè;] iwoZ vkSj
● Øe'k% if'peh vkSj iwoÊ rV ij Ng çeq[k iÙku
nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds chp fLFkr Åaps ioZr] >hysa vkSj
fLFkr gSaA
ufn;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA ijaijkxr :i ls] if'peh (;wjksih;
● JNPT vkSj eqaæk 'kh"kZ 40 oSfÜod daVsuj iRruksa esa vkSj vesfjdh) lzksrksa us frCcr dks eè; ,f'k;k esa ekuk
lwphc) nks iÙku gSaA gS] gkykafd vkt dk ekufp= frCcr lfgr leLr
● Hkkjr ds 12 çeq[k iRruksa ij dqy esa ls 54% ls vkèkqfud phu dks iwoÊ ,f'k;k dk Hkkx ekuus dh
vfèkd ukSHkkj laHkkyk tkrk gSA ço`fÙk fn[kkrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 40
● dFku 3 lgh gS% frCcr ij phu dk orZeku nkok 84. lgh fodYi% (c)
iwjh rjg ls Øe'k% rsjgoÈ vkSj vBkjgoÈ 'krkCnh
esa eaxksy vkSj ekapw lezkVksa ds frCcr ij çHkko ij
O;k[;k%
vkèkkfjr gSA ● dFku 1 lgh gS% cknyksa dk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS tc
ok;q esa tyok"i (xSl) dh ek=k fn, x, rkieku
frCcr dh Hkw&jktuhfr ij ok;q dh tyok"i (xSl) èkkj.k djus dh {kerk
● frCcr dks çk;% ÞfoÜo dh Nrß dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa ds cjkcj ;k mlls vfèkd gksrh gSA bldks lar`fIr
usiky dh lhek ij ekmaV ,ojsLV lfgr 6]000 ls Çcnq dgk tkrk gS] ftl ij ok;q nks fLFkfr;ksa esa
7]500 ehVj Åaph pksfV;ksa ds lkFk leqæ ry ls igq¡prh gSA
vkSlru 4]950 ehVj ls vfèkd Åapk iBkj 'kkfey
● loZçFke] ok;q esa ueh dk rc rd lap; gksrk gS tc
gSA
rd fd ueh dh ek=k ok;q dh ueh èkkj.k djus dh
● ;g mÙkj vkSj iwoZ esa eè; phu ds eSnku ls] if'pe vfèkdre {kerk ds cjkcj ;k mlls vfèkd ugÈ gksrh
esa d'ehj ls vkSj nf{k.k esa usiky] Hkkjr vkSj HkwVku
gSA nwljh fLFkfr og gksrh gS tc ueh ls Hkjh ok;q dk
ls f?kjk gSA frCcr dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx frCcrh iBkj ds
rkieku de gks tkrk gS] ftlls ueh èkkj.k djus dh
:i esa tkuh tkus okyh HkwoSKkfud lajpuk ds Åij
ok;q dh {kerk de gks tkrh gSA
fLFkr gS] ftlesa fgeky; vkSj fo'o dh dÃ lcls
RE
Å¡ph ioZr pksfV;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA ● dFku 2 lgh gS% Å¡pkÃ ds vykok dksgjs vkSj ckny
● Åaph ioZr pksfV;ksa esa pkaxRls] YgksRls] edkyw] xkSjh ds chp dksÃ varj ugÈ gSA dksgjs dks 50 QhV ls
'kadj] xqjyk ekaèkkrk] pks vks;w] tkseksYgkjh] X;kpqax de ÅapkÃ ij vkjaHk gksus okyh –'; ueh ds :i esa
dkax] X;kyk isjh] ekmaV dSyk'k] dkokxscks] [kqEcqRls] ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn –'; ueh 50 QhV ;k
esyqaxRls] ekmaV U;kbudsaVkaxyk] ukepk cjok] mlls Åij vkjaHk gksrh gS] rks bldks *ckny* dgk
'kh'kiaxek vkSj ;kaxjk 'kkfey gSaA igkM+h njks± esa tkrk gSA
O
psdZyk vkSj mÙkjh dksy 'kkfey gSaA NksVs ioZrksa esa
ekmaV xsQsy vkSj xqjyk ekaèkkrk 'kkfey gSaA ckny
● frCcr ds iBkj esa foÜo dk rhljk lcls cM+k cQZ dk ● iou i`Foh dh lrg ls laos| vkSj xqIr Å"ek ds
SC
HkaMkj gSA phuh ekSle foKku ç'kklu ds iwoZ çeq[k :i esa LFkkukarfjr ÅtkZ dk ifjogu djus okyh
fdu nkgs ds vuqlkj gky gh esa cQZ fi?kyus dh rst ok;q dh {kSfrt xfr gSA laos| Å"ek pkyu vkSj
xfr vkSj xeZ rkieku vYikofèk esa —f"k vkSj i;ZVu laogu dh çfØ;kvksa ls LFkkukarfjr gksrh gSA pkyu
ds fy, vPNk gksxk( ysfdu lkFk dM+h psrkouh nhA fdlh inkFkZ ds Hkhrj ÅtkZ LFkkukarfjr djrk gS]
● vDVwcj 1951 esa phuh ncko esa frCcr ljdkj }kjk vkSj laogu xeZ inkFkZ dh ÅèokZèkj xfr ds ekè;e ls
l=g lw=h le>kSrk Lohdkj djus ds ckn frCcr ÅtkZ LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA xqIr Å"ek Lo;a inkFkZ
ihiqYl fjifCyd v‚Q pkbuk (PRC) ds fu;a=.k esa :ikUrj.k }kjk ÅtkZ dk LFkkukarj.k gSA tSlk fd
GS
vk x;kA ;g frCcrh ljdkj }kjk varjkZ"Vªh; ekU;rk vkidks ekywe gS] ty esa æo] xSl ;k Bksl ds :i esa
çkIr djus] viuh lsuk dk vkèkqfudhdj.k djus ds cus jgus dh {kerk gksrh gSA rjy ls xSl esa ifjorZu
ç;klksa] frCcr ljdkj vkSj PRC ds chp ckrphr dks ok"ihdj.k dgk tkrk gS( xSl ls rjy esa ifjorZu
vkSj vDVwcj 1950 esa if'peh [kke ds pkeMks {ks= esa
dh foijhr çfØ;k dks la?kuu dgk tkrk gS( rjy
,d lSU; la?k"kZ ds ckn gqvkA
ls Bksl esa ifjorZu ?kuhdj.k (teuk) dgk tkrk gS(
● ?kVukvksa dh bl Jà[kyk dks phuh ljdkj }kjk ÞfrCcr vkSj Bksl ls rjy esa ifjorZu laxyu (fi?kyuk) ds
dh 'kkafriw.kZ eqfäß vkSj dsaæh; frCcrh ç'kklu vkSj :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ty dks lhèks Bksl ls xSl
frCcrh çokfl;ksa }kjk ÞfrCcr ij phuh vkØe.kß (ÅèoZikru) ;k fu{ksi.k uked çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls
dgk tkrk gSA
xSl ls Bksl esa Hkh ifjoÆrr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
● frCcrh jktO;eoLFkk esa frCcr dh ljdkj vkSj ge cknyksa ds fuekZ.k esa bu fofHkUu çfØ;kvksa dks
frCcrh lkekftd lajpuk phu ds çkfèkdkj ds varxZr ns[krs gSaA
1959 ds frCcrh foæksg rd cuh jgh] tc nykÃ
ykek Hkkjr Hkkx vk, vkSj ftlds ckn frCcr dh ● cknyksa dk fuekZ.k rc gksrk gS tc ok;q esa tyok"i
ljdkj vkSj frCcrh lkekftd lajpuk dks Hkax dj (xSl) dh ek=k fn, x, rkieku ij ok;q dh tyok"i
fn;k x;kA (xSl) èkkj.k djus dh {kerk ds cjkcj ;k mlls
fo"k;% Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vfèkd gksrh gSA bldks lar`fIr Çcnq dgk tkrk gS]
mi&fo"k;% fgeky; ftl ij ok;q nks fLFkfr;ksa esa igq¡prh gSA loZçFke]
41 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
ok;q esa ueh dk rc rd lap; gksrk gS tc rd fd rd rsy ds ukS ifjogu ds fy, ikjxeu dks 1]200
ueh dh ek=k ok;q dh ueh èkkj.k djus dh vfèkdre fdyksehVj rd de dj nsxhA
{kerk ds cjkcj ;k mlls vfèkd ugÈ gks tkrh gSA ● phu bldks vius 21oÈ lnh ds leqæh js'ke ekxZ ds
nwljh fLFkfr og gksrh gS tc ueh ls Hkjh ok;q dk Hkkx ds :i esa lanÆHkr djrk gSA fofHkUu le; ij
rkieku de gks tkrk gS] ftlls ueh èkkj.k djus 102 fdyksehVj yach] 400 ehVj pkSM+h vkSj 25 ehVj
dh ok;q dh {kerk de gks tkrh gSA blfy,] lar`fIr xgjh ugj dh ;kstukvksa ij ppkZ vkSj vUos"k.k fd;k
Øe'k% ok"ihdj.k vkSj la?kuu ds ekè;e ls çkIr x;k gSA
gksrh gSA tc lar`fIr gksrh gS] rks ueh dksgjs vkSj
● laHkkfor vkÆFkd vkSj lkefjd ykHkksa ds fo#) ykxr]
ckny ds :i esa ty dh NksVh&NksVh cwanksa ds :i esa
i;kZoj.kh; Çprkvksa vkSj Hkw&jktuhfrd Çprkvksa dk
fn[kkÃ nsrh gSA
vkdyu fd;k x;k gSA
● è;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd vius vki esa la?kuu
ls o"kZ.k (o"kkZ] fgeikr] vksyko`f"V) ugÈ gksrk gSA
cknyksa esa ueh bruh Hkkjh gks tkuh pkfg, fd og
xq#Rokd"kZ.k ls o'khHkwr gksdj lrg ij cwanksa ds :i
esa okil ykSV vk,A ;g nks çfØ;kvksa ls gksrk gSA BaMs
RE
cknyksa esa fge ds jos vkSj ty dh cwansa vxy&cxy
fo|eku gksrh gSaA ty ok"i ds ncko ds vlarqyu
ds dkj.k] ty dh cwansa cQZ ds joksa esa cny tkrh
gSaA varr% fØLVy dkQh Hkkjh gksdj èkjrh ij fxj
tkrs gSaA nwljh çfØ;k esa xeZ cknyksa esa ty dh cwansa
vkil esa Vdjkdj viuk fo|qr vkos'k cny nsrh gSaA
● VksD;ks vkSj uÃ fnYyh nksuksa esa 'kh"kZ usr`Ro ls
O
foijhr vkos'k okyh cw¡nsa ,d&nwljs dh vksj vkdÆ"kr
gksdj fey tkrh gSa] ftlls os rc rd c<+rh jgrh gSa egRoiw.kZ O;fäxr çsj.kk vkSj çfrc)rk ls fiNys
tc rd fd mudk i;kZIr Hkkj ugÈ gks tkrk ftlls ,d n'kd esa Hkkjr&tkiku lacaèk dkQh etcwr gq,
os uhps vk tkrh gSaA gSaA
SC
● Å¡pkÃ ds vykok dksgjs vkSj ckny ds chp dksÃ varj ● bu nksuksa ns'kksa us 8 flracj dks VksD;ksa esa viuh 2$2
ugÈ gSA dksgjs dks 50 QhV ls de ÅapkÃ ij vkjaHk eaf=Lrjh; okrkZ vk;ksftr dh] ftlds fy, Hkkjr ds
gksus okyh –'; ueh ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk fons'k ea=h M‚- ,l t;'kadj vkSj j{kk ea=h jktukFk
gSA ;fn –'; ueh 50 QhV ;k mlls Åij vkjaHk Çlg nksuksa us tkiku dh ;k=k dhA
gksrh gS] rks bldks *ckny* dgk tkrk gSA ● bu nksuksa ns'kksa us Çgn&ç'kkar vkSj lacafèkr eqíksa ij
fo"k;% tyok;q foKku Çprk trkÃA
GS
mi&fo"k;% ekSle dh ?kVuk,¡ fo"k;% leqæ foKku

mi&fo"k;% egklkxj voèkkj.kk,¡
85. lgh fodYi% (d)
86. lgh fodYi% (c)
O;k[;k%
● fodYi (d) lgh gSA
O;k[;k%
● dFku 1 xyr gS% fyfFk;e dk lcls cM+k HkaMkj ySfVu
Øk LFkyMe:eè; vesfjdk vkSj v‚LVªsfy;k esa ik;k tkrk gSA fyfFk;e
● FkkÃ ugj] ftls Øk ugj ;k Øk LFkyMe:eè; ugj HkaMkj ds lcls cM+s laØsaæ.k okys 'kh"kZ nl ns'kksa esa]
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] FkkÃySaM dh [kkM+h dks fpyh 9-2 fefy;u ehfVªd Vu ds lkFk lwph esa lcls
nf{k.kh FkkÃySaM esa Øk LFkyMe:eè; ds vkj&ikj Åij gSA
vaMeku lkxj ls tksM+us okyh ugj ds çLrko dks ● dFku 2 xyr gS% dksfj;k vkSj tkiku phuh fyfFk;e ds
lanÆHkr djrh gSA çeq[k vk;krd gSaA
● bl çdkj dh ugj ls Hkkjh ukSogu okys O;kikj ekxks± iwjd fVIif.k;ka%
ls ;k=k dk le; dkQh de gks tk,xkA fyfFk;e dk vk;kr
● ;g ugj eyôk tyMe:eè; ds ekè;e ls ,d ● phu vkSj gkaxdkax feydj Hkkjr ds 96%
oSdfYid ekxZ çnku djsxh vkSj tkiku vkSj phu fyfFk;e&vk;u lsy vkSj cSVjh vk;kr vkSj yxHkx
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 42
70% xSj&fjpktsZcy fyfFk;e mRiknksa dh vkiwÆr ● Msjspks ,d Å".k&tyok;qoh; ifj?kVuk gS] tks
djrs gSaA Hkkjr viuh vfèkdka'k fyfFk;e lsy lkekU;r;k – lnSo ugÈ & eÃ ls vkjEHk gksus okyh
vko';drkvksa dks vk;kr ds ekè;e ls iwjk djrk xzh".k&_rw ds nkSjku ?kfVr gksrh gS] ijUrq bldk
gSA lcls vfèkd çHkko twu rFkk tqykÃ esa ns[kus dks
feyrk gSA ;|fi] ;s rwQ+ku] coaMj ;k pØokr tSls
● phu esa fyfFk;e dk mRiknu 2019 esa 10-8 fdyks
rwQkuksa dh rqyuk esa ;nk&dnk gh ?kfVr gksrs gSaA
Vu fyfFk;e lkexzh ls c<+dj 2020 esa 14 fdyks
Vu gks x;kA ● fdlh rwQku dks ,d Msjspks ds :i esa oxÊ—r djus
gsrq] blesa de&ls&de 93 fd-eh- çfr ?kaVs ds osx
● MSP egRoiw.kZ [kfutksa dh vkiwÆr Jà[kyk lqjf{kr
ls ok;q dk ifjlapj.k( rFkk blds {kfr {ks= dk çlkj
djus ds fy, US }kjk cuk;k x;k ,d u;k 400 fd-eh- ls vfèkd nwjh rd gksuk pkfg,A
egRokdka{kh xBcaèku gSA
● çdk'k dh fdj.ksa] rwQkuksa }kjk èkkj.k fd;s gq, ty
● bl xBcaèku dk y{; ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS dh Hkkjh ek=k ds lkFk ijLij fØ;k djrh gSa] ftl
fd egRoiw.kZ [kfutksa dk mRiknu] çlaLdj.k vkSj dkj.k Hk;adj vkaèkh&rwQkuksa esa vkdk'k dk jax gjk
iqupZØ.k bl çdkj fd;k tk, tks viuh HkwoSKkfud çrhr gksrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ckfj'k dh
v{k;fufèk;ksa dk iw.kZ vkÆFkd fodkl ykHk çkIr djus cM+h&cM+h cwansa o vksys] uhyh rjaxnSè;Z okyh çdk'k
dh ns'kksa dh {kerk esa lgk;rk djsA rjaxksa dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh rjaxksa dks fc[ksj nsrs gSa]
ftlds dkj.k eq[; :i ls uhyh çdk'krjaxs rwQkuh
RE
● è;ku dksckYV] fudy] fyfFk;e] vkSj vU; 17 ÞnqyZHk
e`nkß [kfutksa tSls [kfutksa dh vkiwÆr Jà[kykvksa ij cknyksa ds uhps ls Hksnrh gqÃ Hkhrj ços'k djrh gSA
vkSj tc ;s uhyh çdk'k rjaxsa nksigj ;k laè;k ds
dsafær gksxkA
le; lw;Z dh yky&ihyh çdk'k rjaxksa ds lkFk
● gkykafd] Hkkjr bl Hkkxhnkjh dk fgLlk ugÈ gSA feyrh gSa rks gjh çdk'k rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSa] ftl
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku dkj.k vkdk'k dk jax gjk çrhr gksrk gSA
mi&fo"k;% rRo vkSj [kfut ● Msjspks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr gSa – çxfr'khy]
O Øekuqlkj vkSj ladjA
87. lgh fodYi% (d) ♦ çxfr'khy Msjspks rwQ+ku ,d y?kq&js[kh; rwQ+ku
O;k[;k% gS] tks vis{kk—r ,d ladjs iFk ij pyrs gq,
SC
dqN lSadM+ks ehyksa rd gh QSyrk gSA ;g ,d
● dFku 1 xyr gS% Msjspks] Þ,d O;kid] nh?kZdkfyd] Å".k&tyok;qoh; ifj?kVuk gSA
_tq&js[kh; rwQkuß gS tks Þrhoz o Hkh"k.k ckSNkjksa
;k xjt ds lkFkß vkrk gSA _tq&js[kh; rwQku ,sls ♦ nwljh vksj] Øekuqlkj Msjspks rwQ+ku ,d
foLr`r&js[kh; rwQ+ku gS] ;g cgqr yEck vkSj
rwQku gksrs gSa ftuesa rwQ+kuh gokvksa esa] coaMj ;k
pkSM+k gksrk gS – bldk çlkj&{ks= cgqr O;kid
pØokr dh Hkkafr ?kw.kZu ugÈ gksrkA
gksrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij olar ;k ir>M+ _rw
● dFku 3 xyr gS% Msjspks vfèkdrj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa ?kfVr gksrk gSA
GS
ds eè; ,oa iwoÊ Hkkxksa esa vkrs gSa ijUrq nqfu;k ds ♦ ladfjr Msjspks esa çxfr'khy rFkk Øekuqlkj] nksuksa
fofHkUu fgLlksa esa Hkh blds çek.k feys gSaA o"kZ 2010 rwQkuksa ds xq.k lekfgr gksrs gSaA
esa] :l us vius ns'k esa vkus okys loZçFke Msjspks
● Msjspks vfèkdrj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds eè; ,oa
rwQ+ku dks vuqHko fd;kA teZuh rFkk fQ+uySaM esa Hkh
iwoÊ Hkkxksa esa vkrs gSa ijUrq nqfu;k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa
budk çlkj ns[kk x;k gS vkSj gky gh esa cqYxkfj;k
esa blds çek.k feyrs gSaA o"kZ 2010 esa] :l us vius
rFkk iksySaM esa Hkh ;s rwQ+ku vuqHko fd;s x, gSaA
ns'k esa vkus okys loZçFke Msjspks rwQ+ku dks vuqHko
Msjspks fd;kA teZuh rFkk fQ+uySaM esa Hkh budk çlkj ns[kk
x;k gS vkSj gky gh esa cqYxkfj;k rFkk iksySaM esa Hkh
● Msjspks] Þ,d O;kid] nh?kZdkfyd] _tq&js[kh; rwQkuß ;s rwQ+ku vuqHko fd;s x, gSaA
gS tks Þrhoz o Hkh"k.k ckSNkjksa ;k xjt ds lkFkß vkrk
fo"k;% tyok;q&foKku
gSA mi&fo"k;% pØokrh ifj?kVuk,a
● bldk ;g uke Lisfu'k 'kCn ^yk Msjspk* ls vk;k gS]
ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^lhèkk*A 88. lgh fodYi% (a)
● _tq&js[kh; rwQku ,sls rwQku gksrs gSa ftuesa rwQ+kuh
O;k[;k%
gokvksa esa] coaMj ;k pØokr dh Hkkafr ?kw.kZu ugÈ gksrk
gSA ;s rwQku lSdM+ksa ehyksa rd pyrs gSa vkSj ,d cgqr ● dFku 1 lgh gS% 'khYM Tokykeq[kh eq[;r% cslkYV
cM+s {ks= dks doj djrs gSaA ls fuÆer gksrs gSa] ;g ,d çdkj dk ykok gksrk
43 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
gS tks mn~xkj ds le; cgqr rjy gksrk gSA blh çokg ls <ds gSaA buesa ykok çokg Øekuqlkj gksrk
dkj.k] bu Tokykeqf[k;ksa dh <ky rhoz ugÈ gksrhA gS vkSj dqN çokg 50 ehVj ls Hkh vfèkd eksVs gks
;fn fdlh rjg fudkl&ufydk ls ikuh Hkhrj pyk tkrs gSaA dÃ ckj vdsyk çokg lSadM+ks fd-eh- nwj
tk;s rks] ;s Tokykeq[kh foLQksVd Hkh gks tkrs gSa( rd QSy tkrk gSA Hkkjr dk nôu VªSi] ftlij
vU;Fkk de foLQksVd gksuk gh budh fo'ks"krk gSA orZeku egkjk"Vª iBkj dk vfèkdrj Hkkx ik;k
bu Tokykeqf[k;ksa ls ykok ,d QOokjs ds :i esa ckgj tkrk gS] c`gr~ cslkYV ykok çokg {ks= gSaA
vkrk gS vkSj fudkl ij ,d 'kadq cukrk gS] tks ÇlMj ● gokÃ }hi ds vfèkdkjh dqN le; ls bl fo'kky
'kadq ds :i esa fodflr gksrk gSA }hi ds fuokfl;ksa dks psrkouh ns jgs gSa fd nqfu;k
● dFku 2 xyr gS% Tokykeq[kh dqaM i`Foh ij ik, tkus dk lcls cM+k lfØ; Tokykeq[kh] ekSuk yksvk] vius
okys lcls vfèkd foLQ+ksVd Tokykeq[kh gSaA vkerkSj foLQksV ds ladsr ns jgk gSA
ij ;s brus foLQ+ksVd gksrs gSa fd tc buesa foLQksV ● oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd foLQksV dk [krjk fudV
gksrk gS rc os Åapk <k¡pk cukus dh ctk; Lo;a uhps Hkfo"; esa ugÈ gS] ijUrq Tokykeq[kh f'k[kjksa ij gky gh
èk¡l tkrs gSaA esa Hkwdaiksa esa vkÃ rhozrk ds dkj.k os lrdZ gSaA
● dFku 3 xyr gS% fefJr Tokykeqf[k;ksa ls cslkYV dh fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku
vis{kk vfèkd BaMs o ';ku (xk<+k ;k fpifpik) ykok mi&fo"k;% Tokykeq[kh
RE
mn~xkj gksrs gSaA çk;% ;s Tokykeq[kh Hkh"k.k foLQ+ksVd
gksrs gSaA 89. lgh fodYi% (c)
O;k[;k%
iwjd fVIif.k;ka%
● nksuksa dFku lgh gS
Tokykeq[kh
paæ xzg.k
O
● Tokykeq[kh mn~xkj dh ço`fr vkSj èkjkry ij fodflr
vk—fr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij Tokykeqf[k;ksa dks oxÊ—r ● paæek dk xzg.k (;k paæ xzg.k) dsoy iwÆ.kek ;k iw.kZ
paæek ds fnu ij gh gks ldrk gS tc i`Foh çR;{k
fd;k tkrk gSA
:i ls lw;Z vkSj paæek ds chp fLFkr gks tkrh gS vkSj
● dqN eq[; Tokykeq[kh fuEu çdkj ls gSa%
SC
dsoy rHkh tc paæek i`Foh dh Nk;k&{ks= ds dqN
♦ 'khYM Tokykeq[kh% cslkYV çokg dks NksM+dj] fgLls ls xqtjrk gSA
i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys lHkh Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa ● og Nk;k 'kadq dh vk—fr okys nks ?kVdksa ls feydj
'khYM Tokykeq[kh lcls fo'kky gSaA gokÃ }hi ds cuh gksrh gS &
Tokykeq[kh blds lcls vPNs mngkj.k gSaA ♦ cká ;k i`"Bh; Nk;k&{ks= ,d ,slk {ks= gS
♦ fefJr Tokykeq[kh% bu Tokykeqf[k;ksa esa ykok ds tgka i`Foh lw;Z dh dsoy dqN fdj.kksa dks paæek
rd igqapus ls jksdrh gS] ysfdu ;g leLr
GS
lkFk Hkkjh ek=k esa Toy[k.Mkf'e inkFkZ o jk[k+

Hkh èkjkry rd igq¡prh gSA ;g inkFkZ fudkl lw;Z fdj.kksa dks paæek rd igq¡pus ls ugÈ jksd
uyh ds vkl&ikl ijrksa ds :i esa tek gks tkrs ikrhA
gSa ftuds teko fefJr Tokykeq[kh ds :i esa ♦ vkarfjd ;k ukfHk Nk;k&{ks= ,d ,slk {ks= gS tgka
fn[krs gSaA i`Foh lw;Z ds çdk'k dks lhèks paæek rd igqapus
♦ Tokykeq[kh dqaM% ;s i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys lcls ls jksdrh gSA
vfèkd foLQ+ksVd Tokykeq[kh gSaA vkerkSj ij ;s ● [kxksyfon rhu ekSfyd paæ xzg.kksa dks ekU;rk nsrs
brus foLQ+ksVd gksrs gSa fd tc buesa foLQksV gSa &
gksrk gS rc os Åapk <k¡pk cukus dh ctk; ♦ miPNk;k paæ xzg.k% paæek i`Foh dh i`"Bh;
Lo;a uhps èk¡l tkrs gSaA èk¡ls gq, foèoal xrZ gh Nk;k&{ks= ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA ;s ?kVuk,¡ dsoy
Tokykeq[kh dqaM dgykrs gSaA budk ;g foLQ+ksVd vdknfed vfHk#fp ds fy, gSa D;ksafd ;s ?kVuk,¡
:i crkrk gS fd bUgsa ykok çnku djus okys vfrlw{e vkSj ns[kus esa dfBu gSaA
eSXek ds HkaMkj u dsoy fo'kky gSa] oju~ buds ♦ vkaf'kd paæ xzg.k% bl çdkj ds xzg.k esa paæek
cgqr lehi fLFkr gSaA dk dqN Hkkx i`Foh ds ukfHk Nk;k&{ks= ls gksdj
♦ cslkYV çokg {ks=% ;s Tokykeq[kh vR;ar rjy xqtjrk gSA bu ?kVukvksa dks fdlh nwjchu ;k
ykok mxyrs gSa tks cgqr nwj rd cg fudyrk gSA p'es dh lgk;rk ds fcuk uXu vk¡[kksa ls Hkh ns[kk
lalkj ds dqN Hkkx gtkjksa oxZ fd-eh- ?kus ykok tk ldrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 44
♦ iw.kZ paæ xzg.k% bl çdkj ds xzg.k esa laiw.kZ paæek ● LFkkuh; Lrj ij o"kkZ esa O;kid fHkUurk,a ns[kus dks
i`Foh ds ukfHk Nk;k&{ks= ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA iwjs feyrh gS] tks tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.k vkSj rhoz
pj.k (lexzrk) ds nkSjku paæek ds thoar yky gksrh tk jgh gSaA
jax ds dkj.k ;s xzg.k ns[kus esa vR;fèkd vkd"kZd
yxrk gSA fVªiy&fMi ?kVuk ds foHksnd çHkko
fo"k;% czgekaM ● o"kZ 2023 rd yk uhuk dk tkjh jguk Hkkjrh;
mi&fo"k;% lw;Z] paæek o i`Foh –f"Vdks.k ls dksÃ cqjh [kcj ugÈ gSA ijUrq ;g dFku
mu {ks=ksa ds fy, dguk mfpr ugÈ gksxk tgk¡ bldk
çfrdwy o xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA
90. lgh fodYi% (c)
● mnkgj.k ds fy,] la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds vfèkdka'k
O;k[;k% fgLlksa esa yk uhuk vR;fèkd 'kq"d 'khr ekSle ykrk
● fodYi (c) lgh gS| gSA
● v‚LVªsfy;k vkSj baMksusf'k;k esa] vkSj vke rkSj ij
fVªiy fMi yk uhuk
m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa esa] yk uhuk ds dkj.k vfèkd o"kkZ
● ,d ÞfVªiy&fMiß yk uhuk Hkweè;js[kh; ç'kkar gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA
egklkxj ds lrgh rkieku dk ,d cgqo"kÊ; 'khryu
●
RE
ikfdLrku esa gqÃ vR;fèkd o"kkZ] tks ogka dh vc rd
çHkko gS] ftlds dkj.k vkdky] Hk;adj gok rFkk
dh lcls Hkh"k.k ck<+ vkink esa ifjoÆrr gks jgh gS]
Hkh"k.k o"kkZ dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks ldrh gSA
ds fy, Hkh yk uhuk dks vkaf'kd :i ls mÙkjnk;h
● WMO ds vuqlkj] ;g vuqeku fd;k x;k gS fd Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
orZeku yk uhuk mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa fujUrj rhu o"kks±
● ,slk laHkkouk trkÃ tkrh gS fd yk uhuk ds fujarj
rd cuk jg ldrk gSA ;g flracj 2020 esa vkjEHk tkjh jgus ds dkj.k vÝhdk esa lw[ks dh fLFkfr vkSj
gqvk FkkA
O fcxM+ xÃ FkhA
● WMO dk ekuuk gS fd ;fn ;g vxys Ng eghuksa fo"k;% tyok;q&foKku
rd tkjh jgrk gS] rks ;g 21oÈ lnh dh igyh mi&fo"k;% ekSleh gypysa
ÞfVªiy&fMiß yk uhuk ?kVuk gksxhA
SC
91. lgh fodYi % (b)
laHkkfor çHkko dk ewY;kadu
● Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] yk uhuk ekulwu ds ekSle ds nkSjku O;k[;k%
ykHknk;d o"kZ.k ls lac) gSA ● dFku 1 xyr gS% jk"Vªh; lqnwj laosnu dsaæ] jk"Vªh;
● ;g ,y uhuks ds foijhr gS] tks ekulwuh o"kkZ dks ty&foKku ifj;kstuk (NHP) dh ,d dsaæh;
f'kfFky djus ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA dk;kZUo;u ,tsalh ds :i esa lsokjr gSA
GS
● bl çdkj] ,d yEcs nkSj rd yk uhuk ds tkjh jgus ● dFku 2 lgh gS% vius dk;ZHkkj ds :i esa] jk"Vªh;
lqnwj laosnu dsaæ us Hkkjrh; unh ?kkfV;ksa ds varxZr
ls vxys o"kZ ekulwu ds nkSjku vPNh ;k lkekU; o"kkZ
iM+us okys fgeky;h {ks=ksa ds Hkhrj 0-25 gsDVs;j ;k
dh mEehn dh tk ldrh gSA
blls cM+s vkdkj dh fgeunh; >hyksa dks lwphc)
● bl o"kZ vc rd] ekulwu ds ekSle esa lkekU; ls fd;k rFkk mudk ekufp=.k fd;kA mijksä dk;Z
7% vfèkd o"kkZ gqÃ gSA xr o"kZ ekSleh o"kkZ yxHkx dk ogu djrs gq,] NRSC us Çlèkq rFkk xaxk unh
100% FkhA ?kkfV;ksa esa iM+us okyh fgeunh; >hyksa ds ekufp= dk
● ;|fi Hkkjr esa ENSO dh fLFkfr dkQh çHkko'kkyh çdk'ku fd;kA
gS] rFkkfi ;g vdsys ekulwuh o"kkZ ij xgjk çHkko ● ;s ekufp= laHkkfor egRoiw.kZ fgeunh; >hyksa dh
ugÈ Mkyrk gS] ;g ekulwuh o"kkZ dks çHkkfor djus igpku djus gsrq rFkk vuqxkeh GLOF tksf[ke
okys vusd dkjdksa esa ls dsoy ,d gh gSA ewY;kadu dh –f"V ls mi;ksxh gSaA ;g dsaæh; ,oa
jkT;h; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.kksa ds vkink U;wuhdj.k
o"kZ.k ij çHkko fu;kstu rFkk lacafèkr dk;ZØeksa esa Hkh lgk;rk çnku
● ENSO dh fLFkfr vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=k ds chp dksÃ çR;{k djrk gSA
lacaèk ugÈ gSA ● dFku 3 xyr gS% ;g ty 'kfä ea=ky;] ty lalkèku
● lkFk gh] ENSO dk çHkko vfr lw{e Lrj ij iM+rk foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj ds unh fodkl o xaxk dk;kdYi
gSA (DoWR] RD&GR) dk;ZØe }kjk çk;ksftr gSA
45 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
fgeunh; >hy ,Vyl nf{k.k esa fLFkr gS vkSj edj ekbØksIysV tks Hkkjrh;
● Çlèkq ?kkVh dk fgeunh; >hy ekufp=% Çlèkq ?kkVh o v‚LVªsfy;kÃ IysVksa dks i`Fkd djrh gSA
dh fgeunh; >hyksa dk ekufp= viuh rjg dk
ekufp=.k dk uohu cuke iqjkuk e‚My%
igyk ekufp= gS tks 0-25 gsDVs;j ls cM+s vkdkj dh
5]335 fgeunh; >hyksa ds forj.k dks n'kkZrk gS] ;g ● foorZfud IysVksa ds fy, fuÆer uohu e‚My fiNys
2016&17 ds mPp fjt+‚Y;w'ku fjlkslZlSV&2 LISS4 nks fefy;u o"kks± esa ?kfVr 90 çfr'kr Hkwdaiksa vkSj 80
MX mixzg MsVk dk mi;ksx djds 3]42]738 oxZ çfr'kr Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds LFkkfud forj.k dks csgrj
fd-eh- ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= dks doj djrk gSA ;g <ax ls le>krk gS tcfd çpfyr e‚My dsoy 65
ekufp= fgeunh; >hyksa ds LFkkfud forj.k dks çfr'kr Hkwdaiksa dk gh çxzg.k djrs gSaA
muds }kjk doj fd;s x;s {ks=] muds çdkj] ÅapkÃ;ksa ● fdlh le; esa lHkh egk}hi dqN VqdM+ksa dh Hkkafr
o ç'kklfud bdkÃ ds vuqlkj çLrqr djrk gSA vkil esa tqM+s gq, Fks] tSlsfd ,d ftxl‚ igsyh esa
● xaxk unh ?kkVh dk fgeunh; >hy ekufp=% xaxk VqdM+s tqM+s jgrs gSaA
unh ?kkVh dk fgeunh; ekufp=] 0-25 gsDVs;j ls ● ijUrq gj ckj bl igsyh dks lqy>kus ds i'pkr~]
cM+s vkdkj dh 4]707 fgeunh; >hyksa ds forj.k bls [kafMr dj fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ,d u;k fp=
dks n'kkZrk gS] ;g 2016&17 ds mPp fjt+‚Y;w'ku
çnÆ'kr djus gsrq bls iquxZfBr fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g
fjlkslZlSV&2 LISS4 MX mixzg MsVk dk mi;ksx
RE
vè;;u fofHkUu ?kVdksa dks mtkxj djus esa lgk;rk
djds 2]47]110 oxZ fd-eh- ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= dks doj
djrk gS rkfd HkwoSKkfud fiNyh Nfo;ksa dks ,d
djrk gSA ;g ekufp= fgeunh; >hyksa ds LFkkfud
lkFk tksM+ ldsaA
forj.k dks muds }kjk doj fd;s x;s {ks=] muds
çdkj] ÅapkÃ;ksa o ç'kklfud bdkÃ ds vuqlkj çLrqr ● 'kksèkdrkZvksa us u, HkwxHkÊ; Hkwfe[kaMksa vkSj foorZfud
djrk gSA IysVksa dk ekufp=.k djus gsrq rhu e‚Myksa dk
● czãiq= unh ?kkVh dk fgeunh; >hy ekufp=% la;kstu fd;k%
O
czãiq= unh ?kkVh dh fgeunh; >hyksa dk ekufp=] ♦ foorZfud IysVksa ds fo"k; esa fo|eku Kku ij
0-25 gsDVs;j ls cM+s vkdkj dh 18]001 fgeunh; vkèkkfjr IysV e‚My
>hyksa ds forj.k dks n'kkZrk gS] ;g 2016&17 ds mPp ♦ i`Foh dh lrg dh HkwxHkÊ; tkudkjh ij vkèkkfjr
SC
fjt+‚Y;w'ku fjlkslZlSV&2 LISS4 MX mixzg MsVk ,d Hkwfe[kaM e‚My
dk mi;ksx djds 3]99]883 oxZ fd-eh- ds HkkSxksfyd
{ks= dks doj djrk gSA ;g ekufp= fgeunh; >hyksa ♦ ioZrksa ds fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k ij vkèkkfjr ,d
ds LFkkfud forj.k dks muds }kjk vkPNkfnr {ks=] ioZru e‚My tks nks foorZfud IysVksa ds Vdjkus
muds çdkj] ÅapkÃ;ksa o ç'kklfud bdkÃ ds vuqlkj ij lfØ; gksrk gSA
çLrqr djrk gSA ● ,slh 26 ioZru çfØ;k,a (ioZr fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k) gSa
fo"k;% tyok;q&foKku ftUgksaus Hkw&iiZVh dh orZeku lajpuk ij viuh Nki
GS
mi&fo"k;% çkÑfrd vkink,a NksM+h gSA

● buesa ls vfèkdka'k miegk}hiksa ds fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr
92. lgh fodYi% (a) gSaA
O;k[;k% ● uohu vè;;u us foorZfud IysVksa ds çpfyr e‚My
● dFku 1 lgh gS% foorZfud IysVksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh esa dÃ u;h ekbØksIysVksa lw{eIysVksa dks tksM+k gS] tSls
çnku djus gsrq fuÆer uohu e‚My fiNys nks eSDosjh ekbØksIysV tks rLekfu;k ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr
fefy;u o"kks± esa ?kfVr 90 çfr'kr Hkwdaiksa vkSj 80 gS vkSj edj ekbØksIysV tks Hkkjrh; o v‚LVªsfy;kÃ
çfr'kr Tokykeqf[k;ksa ds LFkkfud forj.k dh csgrj IysVksa dks i`Fkd djrh gSA
<ax ls O;k[;k djrk gS tcfd çpfyr e‚My dsoy ● çpfyr IysV e‚My esa lcls cM+k v|ru if'peh
65 çfr'kr Hkwdaiksa dk gh çxzg.k djrs gSaA mÙkjh vesfjdk ls lacafèkr gSA uÃ lhekafdr lhek]
● fdlh le; esa lHkh egk}hi dqN VqdM+ksa dh Hkkafr igys ls [kÈps x, ladh.kZ {ks= dh rqyuk esa yxHkx
vkil esa tqM+s gq, Fks] tSls fd ,d ftxl‚ igsyh esa 1]500 fd-eh- vfèkd O;kid gSA
VqdM+s tqM+s jgrs gSaA ● nwljk cM+k ifjorZu eè; ,f'k;k ls lacafèkr gSA pw¡fd
● dFku 2 xyr gS% uohu vè;;u us foorZfud IysVksa ds vc bl IysV us ;wjsf'k;k esa viuk ekxZ cuk fy;k
çpfyr e‚My esa dÃ u;h ekbØksIysVksa lw{eIysVksa dks gS] ftl dkj.k uohu e‚My esa vc Hkkjr ds mÙkj esa
tksM+k gS] tSls eSDosjh ekbØksIysV tks rLekfu;k ds fLFkr leLr fo:i.k {ks= Hkh lfEefyr gSaA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 46
dk vuqj{k.k djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gS] tks jk"Vªh;
[kk| lqj{kk vfèkfu;e ds rgr ljdkj dk ,d
dkuwuh nkf;Ro gSA Hkkoh o"kks± esa varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa
[kk|kUu vklkuh ls miyCèk ugÈ gksxk vkSj dherksa esa
mrkj&p<+ko vfèkd gksxkA
● —f"k Hkwfe dk laj{k.k% [kk| lqj{kk ds fgr esa] SAZs
dh jpuk djuk vfuok;Z gS tgka Hkwfe dk mi;ksx
dsoy —f"k ds fy, fd;k tk,xkA
fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku ● tyok;q ifjorZu dk çfrjksèk% volkekU; ekulwu ls
mi&fo"k;% IysVksa dh ifjlhek,¡ mRiUu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vHkh Hkh
cgqr dqN fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gSA ,d O;kid vdky
93. lgh fodYi% (a) leLr [kk| HkaMkjksa dks lekIr dj ldrk gSA
O;k[;k% fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr foKku
mi&fo"k;% unh æks.kh@laj{k.k
● dFku 1 lgh gS% ,d fo'ks"k —f"k {ks= ls vk'k; ,sls {ks=
RE
ls gS tgk¡ —f"k Hkwfe dks Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, lajf{kr
94. lgh fodYi% (d)
dj fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g Hkwfe] —f"k&mRiknu dks
c<+kus vkSj cM+h la[;k esa —f"kdk;ks± esa layXu ifjokjksa O;k[;k%
ds fy, vkthfodk lqj{kk dks çksRlkfgr djus dh ● fodYi (d) lgh gSA
–f"V ls vR;fèkd egRo j[krh gSA
● dFku 2 xyr gS% ,e-,l- LokehukFku tSls dqN —f"k ce pØokr (Bomb Cyclone)
O
oSKkfud yacs le; ls fo'ks"k vkÆFkd {ks=ksa ds leku ● ce pØokr ,d fo'kky] rhoz eè;&v{kka'kh; rwQku
gh ,sls {ks=ksa dh ekax dj jgs gSa( tSls jktLFkku esa gS] bl rwQku ds eè; Hkkx esa ncko dkQh fuEu gksrk
bafnjk xkaèkh ugj {ks= (jktLFkku ugj)] dsjy dh gS] blds pkjksa vksj gok dh xfr esa cgqr o`f) gksrh
SC
dqêukM vkæZHkwfe (GIAHS)] iatkc&gfj;k.kk csYV] gS] blesa tyok;q okrkxz fo|eku gksrs gSa vkSj blesa
bR;kfnA Jà[kykc) rjhds ls lacafèkr ekSle ?kfVr gksrs jgrs
● 2011 esa] mÙkjk[kaM fo'ks"k —f"k mRiknu {ks= LFkkfir gSa] tSls cQkZuh rwQku] Hkh"k.k vkafèk;k¡ vkSj ewlykèkkj
djus okyk ns'k dk igyk jkT; cukA o"kkZA ;g rwQ+ku rc foLQ+ksVd :i ys ysrk gS tc
bldk dsaæh; ncko cgqr rhozrk ls de gksus yxrk
fo'ks"k Ñf"k {ks=% gS — 24 ?kaVksa esa de&ls&de 24 feyhckj deA nks
● çfl) ekSle foKkfu;ksa] ÝsM lSaMlZ vkSj t‚u X;kde
GS
rfeyukMq us ?kks"k.kk dh fd dkosjh MsYVk {ks=] tks

rfeyukMq dk jkbl ckmy Hkh ekuk tkrk gS] ftlds us 1980 ds ,d vè;;u ds nkSjku bl pØokr ds
varxZr vkB ftys lfEefyr gSa] dks ^lajf{kr fo'ks"k iSVuZ dks ns[krs gq, bls ;g uke fn;kA
—f"k {ks=* (PSAZ) ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,xkA ● tc dksÃ pØokr Þceckjhß djrk gS ;k c‚Eckstsusfll
● dkosjh MsYVk {ks= (CDZ) rfeyukMq ds iwoÊ Hkkx esa ls xqtjrk gS] rks ;g gesa crkrk gS fd mlds ikl
fLFkr gSA ;g iwoZ esa caxky dh [kkM+h vkSj nf{k.k esa os lHkh b"Vre la?kVd miyCèk gSa tks bls vkSj
ikd tyMe:eè; ls f?kjk gqvk gSA bl {ks= esa pkoy 'kfä'kkyh cukrs gSa] tSls fd mPp ek=k esa Å"ek]
,d çeq[k Qly gSA ueh vkSj c<+rh gokA vfèkdrj pØokr bl rjg
ls rhozrkiwoZd Hkh"k.k :i ugÈ ysrs gSaA ce pØokr
egÙo% iwokZuqekudrkZvksa dks dkQh lpsr j[krs gSa] D;ksafd
● MsYVk ftys] rfeyukMq dh vfèkdka'k [kk|kUu ;s egRoiw.kZ gkfudkjd çHkko mRiUu djus esa l{ke
vko';drk dh iwÆr djrs gSa vkSj Qlyksa ds çfr:iksa gksrs gSaA
esa vk;k dksÃ Hkh ladV] [kk| lqj{kk dks vfLFkj dj ● vesfjdk ds iwoksZÙkj leqæh&rV os {ks= gSa tgka
nsxkA c‚Eckstsusfll cgqr vke gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd
● dkuwuh nkf;Ro% ljdkj dks gekjh vkcknh ds yxHkx eè; v{kka'kksa esa rwQku & m".kdfVcaèk ds mÙkj esa
rhu&pkSFkkÃ fgLls dks çfr ekg ikap fdyksxzke xsgwa] ,d le'khrks".k {ks= ftlds varxZr vesfjdk ds
pkoy ;k cktjk miyCèk djkus ds fy, i;kZIr HkaMkj laiw.kZ egk}hih; {ks= lfEefyr gSa& rkieku esa gksus
47 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
okyh vR;fèkd fo"kerkvksa ls viuh ÅtkZ xzg.k djrs ● MMDR vfèkfu;e] 1957 esa Þçeq[k [kfutksaß ds fy,
gSaA 'khr_rw ds nkSjku vesfjdk ds iwoksZÙkj leqæh rVksa dksÃ vkfèkdkfjd ifjHkk"kk ugÈ nh xÃ gSA blfy,]
esa] BaMh Hkwfe rFkk xeZ xYQ LVªhe èkkjkvksa ds chp ftls ÞxkS.k [kfutß ?kksf"kr ugÈ fd;k x;k gS] mls
çk—frd :i ls ,d egRoiw.kZ Å"eh; fo"kerk dks çeq[k [kfut ekuk tk ldrk gSA
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ● MMDR vfèkfu;e] 1957 dh èkkjk 3(e) ds rgr]
● xeZ egklkxj ds Åij] xeÊ rFkk vkæZrk çpqj ek=k ÞxkS.k [kfutß ls vk'k; iRFkj] ctjh] lkèkkj.k feêh]
esa fo|eku jgrh gSA ijUrq tSls&tSls BaMh egk}hih; fuèkkZfjr mís';ksa ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh jsr ds
gok Åij dh vksj pyrh gS vkSj rkieku esa ,d vfrfjä vU; lkekU; jsr] vkSj fdlh Hkh vU; [kfut
fo'kky varj mRiUu djrh gS] uhps dk okrkoj.k ls gS ftls dsaæ ljdkj ljdkjh jkti= esa vfèklwpuk
vfLFkj o mRIykod gks tkrk gSA gok Åij mBrh }kjk xkS.k [kfut ?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA
gS] BaMh gksrh gS vkSj la?kfur gksrh gS] ftlls ckny ● çR;sd O;fä dks bl vfèkfu;e vkSj blds vèkhu
curs gSa vkSj o"kkZ gksrh gSA cuk, x, fu;eksa ds rgr çnku fd;s x, vkoh{k.k
fo"k;% tyok;q&foKku ijfeV ;k iwosZ{k.k ykblsal ;k [kuu iêksa] tSlk Hkh
mi&fo"k;% tyok;q ifjorZu ekeyk gks] ds fu;eksa o 'krks± ds vuqlkj gh dk;Z
djuk gksxkA fdlh Hkh O;fä dks fdlh Hkh {ks= esa
95. lgh fodYi% (a) fdlh Hkh çdkj ds vkoh{k.k] iwosZ{k.k ;k [kuu dk;Z
RE
djus dk vfèkdkj çkIr ugÈ gSA
O;k[;k% ● vkoh{k.k ijfeV ;k iwosZ{k.k ykblsal rhu o"kZ ls
● dFku 1 lgh gS% MMDR vfèkfu;e] 1957 dh èkkjk vfèkd vofèk ds fy, tkjh ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
3(e) ds rgr] ÞxkS.k [kfutß ls vk'k; iRFkj] ctjh] ;fn jkT; ljdkj bl ckr ij larq"V gks tkrh gS
lkèkkj.k feêh] fuèkkZfjr mís';ksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd ykblsalèkkjh dks iwosZ{k.k dk;ks± dks iwjk djus esa
dh tkus okyh jsr ds vfrfjä vU; lkekU; jsr] fuèkkZfjr vofèk ls vfèkd vofèk dh vko';drk gS]
O
vkSj fdlh Hkh vU; [kfut ls gS ftls dsaæ ljdkj] rks iwosZ{k.k ykblsal dks] ljdkj }kjk fuÆn"V] mruh
ljdkjh jkti= esa vfèklwpuk }kjk] xkS.k [kfut vofèk ds fy, uohuh—r fd;k tk ldrk gS] c'krsZ
?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA fd iwosZ{k.k ykblsal dks ik¡p o"kZ ls vfèkd dh vofèk
● dFku 2 xyr gS% [kku rFkk [kfut (fodkl ,oa ds fy, tkjh ugÈ fd;k ldrkA
SC
fofu;eu) vfèkfu;e] 1957 ds rgr] dsaæ ljdkj ● dsaæ ljdkj dks [kfutksa ds lacaèk esa vkoh{k.k ijfeV]
le;≤ ij dqN [kfutksa dks ^xkS.k* [kfutksa ds iwosZ{k.k ykblsal vkSj [kuu iêksa ds fuxZe dks fofu;fer
:i esa vfèklwfpr djrh jgrh gS] ijUrq jkT; ljdkj djus gsrq fu;e cukus dk vfèkdkj çkIr gSA
dks ;g vfèkdkj çkIr gS fd og xkS.k [kfutksa ds ● dsaæ ljdkj dks ;g vfèkdkj Hkh çkIr gS fd og
lacaèk esa [knku iêksa] [kuu iêksa ;k vU; [kfut ,sls fdlh Hkh [kfut ds lacaèk esa iwosZ{k.k ykblsal ;k
fj;k;rksa ds vuqnku dks fofu;fer djus gsrq fu;e [kuu iês dks çnku djus gsrq fu;e cuk ldrh gS
GS
cuk ldsA tks çknsf'kd tyk'k;ksa ;k Hkkjr ds egk}hih; 'ksYQ

● dFku 3 lgh gS% ;fn jkT; ljdkj pkgs] rks jkti= esa ds Hkhrj leqæry ds uhps fo|eku gSaA
,d vfèklwpuk tkjh djds [kfutksa ds voSèk [kuu] fo"k;% [kfut ,oa 'kSy
ifjogu ,oa HkaMkj.k dks jksdus gsrq rFkk mlls tqM+s mi&fo"k;% Hkkjr esa fofu;eu
mís';ksa gsrq fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA
96. lgh fodYi% (b)
[kku rFkk [kfut (fodkl ,oa fofu;eu) vfèkfu;e 1957
● ;g vfèkfu;e] la?k ds fu;a=.k ds rgr] [kkuksa o O;k[;k%
[kfutksa ds fodkl ,oa fofu;eu dk çkoèkku djrk ● dFku 1 xyr gS% liZ }hi] dkyk lkxj esa rV ls 35
gSA fd-eh- nwj] MsU;wc ds eqgkus ds iwoZ esa rFkk vksMslk
● vfèkfu;e ds vuqlkj] [kfutksa ds varxZr] dsoy ds canjxkg 'kgj ds yxHkx nf{k.k&if'pe esa fLFkr
[kfut rsy vFkkZr~ çk—frd xSl o isVªksfy;e dks gSA
NksM+dj] vU; lHkh [kfutksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k
liZ }hi
gSA
● çeq[k [kfut os [kfut gSa tks [kku o [kfut (fodkl fo'ks"krk,a%
,oa fofu;eu) vfèkfu;e ;k MMDR vfèkfu;e] ● t+ehuh }hi] ftls liZ ;k lis±V }hi ds uke ls Hkh
1957 esa layXu çFke vuqlwph esa fuÆn"V gSaA tkuk tkrk gS] pêku dk ,d NksVk&lk VqdM+k gS
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 48
ftldh yEckÃ 700 ehVj ls Hkh de gS] vkSj bls dh Åijh ijr esa igq¡pus ds ckn ;g QSyrh gS vkSj
X&vkdkj dk crk;k tkrk gSA rkieku ds de gks tkus ij ;g BaMh gksus yxrh
gSA ifj.kkeLo:i la?kuu dh fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj tc
vofLFkfr% ;g lar`fIr Çcnq ij igqap tkrh gS rks vDlj xjt
● ;g dkyk lkxj esa rV ls 35 fd-eh- nwj] MsU;wc ds vkSj fctyh dM+dus ds lkFk ewlykèkkj o"kkZ gksrh
eqgkus ds iwoZ esa vkSj vksMslk ds canjxkg 'kgj ds gSA le'khrks".k {ks=ksa esa xÆe;ksa ds ekSle esa o"kkZ ds
yxHkx nf{k.k&if'pe esa fLFkr gSA lkFk&lkFk dHkh&dHkh rwQ+ku Hkh vk tkrs gSaA ;s o`f"V
● oksYxk ds ckn MsU;wc ;wjksi dh nwljh lcls yach —f"k ds fy, mi;ksxh ugÈ gS D;ksafd ;g e`nk esa lek
unh gSA ;g if'peh teZuh ds CySd Q+‚jsLV igkM+ksa ugÈ ikrh vfirq mlh le; cg tkrh gSA
ls fudyrh gS vkSj dkyk lkxj ij vius eqgkus rd ● ioZrh; o"kkZ% tc larÌr ok;q dh lagfr ioZrh; <ky
vkrs&vkrs yxHkx 2]850 fd-eh- dh nwjh r; djrh ij vk tkrh gS] rc ;g Åij mBus ds fy, ckè; gks
gSA ;wØsu ds LokfeRo okys bl }hi dks ekufp= ij tkrh gS vkSj tSls gh ;g Åij dh vksj mBrh gS] ;g
fLFkr ,d NksVs ls xk¡o ckby }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA QSyrh gS] rkieku fxj tkrk gS] rFkk vkæZrk la?kfur
gks tkrh gSA pwafd bl rjg dh o"kkZ] LFky dh vk—fr
ds dkj.k gksrh gS] blfy, bls LFky—r o"kkZ ds uke
ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl çdkj dh o"kkZ dk eq[;
RE
xq.k ;g gS fd iokukfHkeq[k <ky ij lcls vfèkd o"kkZ
gksrh gSA bl Hkkx esa o"kkZ gksus ds ckn ;s gok,¡ nwljh
<ky ij igq¡prh gSa] os uhps dh vksj mrjrh gSa rFkk
mudk rkieku c<+ tkrk gSA rc mudh vkæZrk èkkj.k
djus dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gS vkSj blçdkj] çfriou
<ky lw[ks rFkk o"kkZ foghu jgrs gSaA çfriou Hkkx esa
O fLFkr {ks=] ftuesa de o"kkZ gksrh gS] mls o`f"V&Nk;k
{ks= ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
● pØokrh; ;k okrkxzh (ÝaVy) o"kkZ% bl çdkj dh o"kkZ]
SC
fo"k;% ekufp=&vkèkkfjr ç'u iw.kZ :i ls pØokrh xfrfofèk;ksa ls tqMh gksrh gS pkgs
mi&fo"k;% ppkZvksa esa LFkku og le'khrks".k {ks=ksa (ncko) esa gks ;k m".kdfVcaèkh;
{ks=ksa (pØokr) esaA le'khrks".k {ks=ksa esa ;g fHkUu&fHkUu
97. lgh fodYi% (a) rkieku rFkk nwljs HkkSfrd xq.kksa okyh nks fHkUu&fHkUu
ok;q jkf'k;ksa ds vfHklj.k (feyus) ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
O;k[;k%
BaMh gok l?ku gksus ds dkj.k lrg ds lehi jgus
● fodYi (d) lgh gS| dh ço`fÙk j[krh gSA xeZ gok gYdh gksrh gS vkSj BaMh
GS
lwph I lwph II gok ds Åij mBrh gSA Åij tkrs gq,] ncko de
A- laoguh; o"kkZ 1- ncko gks tkrk gS] gok QSyrh gS vkSj BaMh gksus yxrh gS]
B- ioZrh; ;k 3- o`f"V&Nk;k çHkko la?kuu fØ;k gksrh gS vkSj gYdh&gYdh o"kkZ gksus
LFky—r o"kkZ yxh gS ftls pØokrh ;k ÝaVy o"kkZ dgk tkrk gSA
C- pØokrh; ;k 2- Hkh"k.k o"kkZ Hkkjh vkSj BaMh ok;q jkf'k varr% xeZ o gYdh gok
ÝaVy o"kkZ dks Åij èkdsyrh gS vkSj vkdk'k fQj ls lkQ gks
tkrk gSA
o"kkZ ds çdkj fo"k;% tyok;q ij vkèkkfjr HkkSfrd&foKku
● mRifÙk ds vkèkkj ij] o"kkZ dks rhu eq[; çdkjksa esa mi&fo"k;% o"kkZ ds çdkj
oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
● laoguh; o"kkZ% bl çdkj dh o"kkZ vR;ar xeZ {ks=ksa esa 98. lgh fodYi% (b)
vkerkSj ij ns[kus dks feyrh gS] bl çdkj dh o"kkZ O;k[;k%
çk;% fnu ds xeZ le; esa tSlsfd m".kdfVcaèkh; {ks=ksa
● fodYi 2 xyr gS% pØokrh rwQ+ku fulxZ ds dkj.k
esa] ;k xÆe;ksa esa] tSls fd le'khrks".k Hkhrjh Hkkxksa
egkjk"Vª esa Hkw&L[kyu gqvkA
esa gksrh gSA tc i`Foh dh lrg laogu }kjk xeZ gks
tkrh gS] rc gok xeZ gks tkus ij gYdh gksdj laogu ● fodYi 3 xyr gS% pØokr rkmrs }kjk xqtjkr esa
èkkjkvksa ds :i esa Åij dh vksj mBrh gS] ok;qeaMy Hkw&L[kyu ?kfVr gksus dh vk'kadk gSA
49 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17
Hkkjr esa pØokr 100. lgh fodYi% (a)
● dksfoM&19 egkekjh dh nwljh ygj ds chp] Hkkjr us O;k[;k%

rhu pØokrh rwQkuksa] uker% xqykc] rkmrs vkSj ;kl ● dFku 1 vkSj 2 lgh gSa% pwuk iRFkj dh xqQkvksa ds
dk lkeuk fd;k] tks vius ihNs vusd Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa Hkhrj dÃ fu{ksfir lajpuk,a fodflr gks tkrh gSaA
esa fou"Vdkjh Nki NksM+ x, gSaA LVSysDVkbV] fgeyacksa (cQZ dh yVdrh gqÃ pêkusa)
● o"kZ 2020 us lnh ds igys ekulwuiwoZ pØokr dk dh Hkkafr yVd tkrs gSa ftudk fljk dhi dh rjg
lkeuk fd;k & pØokr vEQkuA uqdhyk gksrk gSA LVSysXekbV] xqQkvksa dh lrgksa ij
fodflr gksrs gSaA okLro esa] LVSysXekbV dk fuekZ.k
● ,d vkSj pØokr] fulxZ] us Hkkjr dh foÙkh; jktèkkuh
lrg ls fudyus okys vFkok LVSysDVkbV ds Bhd
esa mRikr epk;k vkSj ;g vEQku ds ckn nwljk
uhps] mlds irys ikbi esa ls Vidus okys ikuh ds
ekulwuiwoZ pØokr FkkA dkj.k gksrk gSA LVSysXekbV ,d LraHk] ;k fMLd dk
● IMD ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr] vkus okys o"kks± esa dÃ vU; vkdkj ys ldrs gSa] ftlds fdukjs fpdus vkSj mHkjh
ekulwuiwoZ pØokrksa dk lkeuk dj ldrk gSA gqÃ xksykdkj vk—fr ds gks ldrs gSa ;k ;s NksVs
RE
vkdkj ds xïksa tSls Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
● o"kZ 2019 esa] mÙkj Çgn egklkxj pØokrh ekSle]
mÙkjh Hkkjr esa ntZ fd;k x;k vc rd dk lcls ● dFku 3 vkSj 4 xyr gSa% pwuk&iRFkj pêkuksa ds ry ij
lfØ; pØokrh ekSle FkkA 2020&2021 esa Hkkjrh; ?kqyu fØ;k }kjk NksVs o eè;e vkdkj ds NksVs ?kksy
jkT;ksa esa vk, pØokrksa dh lwph uhps nh xÃ gSA xrks± dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] ftUgsa foy;u jaèkz dgk tkrk
gS] ;s cgqrk;r esa ik, tkrs gSa] budk fuekZ.k ml
fo"k;% tyok;q&foKku
O
LFkku ij gksrk gS tgk¡ o"kkZty èoLr gqÃ danjkvksa
mi&fo"k;% ekSleh&ifjorZu
dh Nr ls pêkuksa esa igq¡p tkrk gSA bUgsa Çld gksy
ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tc ty pwukiRFkj dh
99. lgh fodYi% (d)
SC
pêkuksa esa Mwc tkrk gS rks ;g tksM+ksa ;k csM Iysu ds
O;k[;k% lkFk xqQkvksa vkSj ekxks± dks [kksn nsrk gSA tgka vusd
● fodYi (d) lgh gS| foy;u jaèkz vkil esa fey tkrs gSa] rks ogka ,d cM+s
dqaM dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gS ftls Mksykbu dgk tkrk
Hkwfe lhek,¡ gSA ?kksyjaèkz o Mksykbu bu danjkvksa dh Nr ds fxjus
● ls ;k inkFkks± ds L[kyu }kjk vkil esa fey tkrs gSa]
GS
vQxkfuLrku fuEufyf[kr ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkwfe&lhek

ftlls yEch] rax o foLr`r [kkb;k¡ dk fuekZ.k gksrk
lk>k djrk gS% Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] Ãjku] mtcsfdLrku]
gS] ftUgsa ?kkVh jaèkz ;k ;qokyk dgk tkrk gSA buesa
rqdZesfuLrku] vkSj rtkfdLrkuA
ls dqN ,d ehy ftruh yEch gksrh gSa] ftuesa pwuk
iRFkj dh pêkuksa ds L[kyu ds i'pkr~ vi{kh.k dVd
gh jg tkrs gSaA
HkkSety }kjk fuÆer fu{ksfir Hkw&vkÑfr;k¡

● pwukiRFkj dk eq[; jlk;u dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV
(dSYlkbV) gksrk gS tks dkcksZusVsM ty (dkcZu
Mkbv‚DlkbM vo'kksf"kr o"kkZ ty) esa vklkuh ls
?kqy tkrk gSA ;g dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV rc fu{ksi esa
ifjoÆrr gksus yxrk gS tc bls ys tkus okys ty
dk ok"ihdj.k gksus yxrk gS ;k tc pêku dh
fo"k;% ekufp=&vkèkkfjr ç'u [kqjnjh lrgksa ij fjlus ds dkj.k ;g viuh dkcZu
mi&fo"k;% ppkZvksa esa LFkku Mkbv‚DlkbM [kks nsrk gSA
PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17 50
● LVSysDVkbV] fgeyacksa dh Hkkafr yVds jgrs gSa ftudh ● LVSysXekbV ,d LraHk] ;k fMLd dk vkdkj ys ldrs
pkSM+kÃ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA vke rkSj ij budk gSa] ftlds fdukjs fpdus vkSj mHkjh gqÃ xksykdkj
vkèkkj dkQh pkSM+k gksrk gS vkSj buds fljs uqdhys vk—fr ds gks ldrs gSa ;k ;s NksVs vkdkj ds xïksa
tSls Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
gksrs gSa rFkk ;s fofHkUu :iksa ds fn[kkÃ iM+rs gSaA
● LVSysXekbV vkSj LVSysDVkbV varr% fHkUu&fHkUu
● LVSysXekbV] xqQkvksa dh lrgksa ds Åij fodflr pkSM+kÃ okys LraHkksa o voyacksa dks fodflr djus gsrq
gksrs gSaA okLro esa] LVSysXekbV dk fuekZ.k lrg ls tqM+ tkrs gSaA
fudyus okys vFkok LVSysDVkbV ds Bhd uhps] mlds fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr;k¡
irys ikbi esa ls Vidus okys ikuh ds dkj.k gksrk gSA mi&fo"k;% Hkw&vkÑfr;ksa ds çdkj

RE
O
SC
GS
51 PTS2023/CRT-01/122022/17

Binder Test-17 (Geography Revision Test) ENGLISH

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Binder Test-17 (Geography Revision Test) ENGLISH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

5. Consider the following statements:

(a) 1 and 3 only (a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only

(c) 1, 2 and 3 (c) Both 1 and 2

(d) 1 and 2 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2

(c) 1 and 3 only

8. Consider the following statements

7. vi'kYdu ds lacaèk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls

13. It is a cool temperate western margin climate. (c) 1 only

Which of the above statement(s) is/are

people. 22. Consider the following statements

land use in India?

lgk;d ufn;k¡ gSa\

28. Hkkjr esa xzh"e_rq vkSj 'khr_rq ds lacaèk esa]

(b) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2

(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

31. Consider the following statements: 34. Consider the following:

(a) 1 and 2 only (a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

gSA ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA

growing areas since sugarcane is a weight

(c) 3-1-4-2 (a) 1 only

(d) 4-2-1-3 (b) 2 only

2- ekulwuh ious anf{k.k&if'pe fn'kk ls if'pe (c) 4&1&2&3

mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\

mi;qZä dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\

(b) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2

52. “Different deposits of various minerals

in Southern Hemisphere. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only (c) Both 1 and 2

58. Consider the following statements in

(c) 1 and 3 only

62. Which of the following statements are (d) 1, 2 and 3

(a) 1 and 2 only isotherms are generally parallel to

2- Å¡pkÃ (d) uk rks 1] uk gh 2

(a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 o"kZ v{kka'k ds lekukarj gksrh gSaA

76. Consider the following statements (a) 1 and 2 only

(a) 1 and 3 Only (d) Neither 1 nor 2

mi;qZä dFku@dFkuksa esa ls dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@ (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa

(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

87. With reference to ‘derechos’, consider 90. Consider the following:

3. Calderas are characterized by eruptions

(b) 2 only Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(c) Both 1 and 2 (a) 1 and 3 only

(b) High heat and moisture facilitate the

(a) 1 and 2 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 4 only

mEehnokj }kjk fn, x, xyr mÙkjksa ds fy, n.M fn;k tk,xkA

IAS Prelims - 2023

Volcanic mountains form when molten rock

Fold Mountains Sub-topic: Types of Mountains and rocks

under intense heat) rock that has crystallized groundwater system.

Trenches formed along Minor Plates

• Exfoliation primarily occurs on intrusive

Topic: Geomorphism Parent materials can be any in-situ or on-

more susceptible to weathering. amount of surface and sub-surface drainage

beginning and also at later stages help in