Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________

Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________

Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
VELOCITY VERSUS TIME GRAPH

GENERAL DIRECTION: Answer the questions completely. Solve for the mising quantity. Create a
story out of this velocity-time graph.
Velocity (kilometers per hour) A
20
19 1. What are the total distances of vehicle A and B? What are their net displacements?
18 2. What are their average velocities for the 1st 10 minutes? 2nd ten minutes? 3rd ten minutes?
17 3. What are their average accelerations for the 1st 10 minutes? 2nd 10 minutes? 3rd 10 mins?
16 4. How fast are these objects accelerating throughout the whole trip?
15 5. How fast are these objects decelerating during its whole journey?
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
-1
Time (minutes)
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
10
11
12
13
14
15 B
16
17
18
1
0
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
THE HUMAN EYE

I. Label the parts of the human eye in the diagram. Choose your answers from the options.

II. Identify the parts of the human eye being described from the diagram.
1. _______________ The transparent outer membrane that forms the eyeball’s outer coating. It
serves as the “window” of the eye. Together with the lens, it bends light rays that enter the eye.
2. _______________ The liquid that sits in a chamber behind the cornea. Optic nerve
3. _______________ The colored part of the eye made of two different muscle fibers Retina that controls
the size of the pupil. Choroid
4. _______________ The part of the eye that opens and closes to control the amount Scleraof light that
enters the eye. Fovea
5. _______________ The jelly-like and disk-shaped assembly of tiny transparent centralis
fibers that does
the fine focusing of light rays to create a clear image. Vitreous humor
Ciliary
6. _______________ The part of the eye that contracts and expands to control the shape of the muscle
Lens
lens so that things that are near and far away can be seen.
Aqueous
7. _______________ The clear gel that fills the space between the lens and thehumor retina, provides
nourishment to the front parts of the eye and maintains the eye pressure. Iris
8. _______________ The light sensitive part inside the inner layer of the eyePupil that serves as
“screen” where the image is formed. It contains millions of tiny nerve cells calledCornea rods and cones
that are sensitive to light. It also turns light into signals about images that the brain can understand.
9. _______________ The white part of the eye. It is the outer layer that protects the internal parts of
the eye.
10. _______________ The layer of the eye that lies between the retina and the sclera which is
about half a centimeter thick. It absorbs all light which fails to be focused properly to avoid the
blurring of images by reflected light from the eye walls.
11. _______________ The center of the eye’s sharpest vision and the location of most color
perception.
12. _______________ The pathway that the electrical signals take from the retina to the processing
center of the brain.
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
LIGHT

I. Who said the following statements about light. Choose your answers from the options.
A. Nature of light
1. ____________________ Light is a tiny particle called corpusles sent out by luminous bodies and
which behaves like a tiny elastic ball. It travels in a straight line at an enormous speed.
2. ____________________ Light is a form of transverse wave motion sent out by luminous bodies.
3. ____________________ Light is the result of the oscillations of the electrically charged particles
of the atom.
4. ____________________ Light is an energy called photons or quanta which are transmitted in
small bundles or quantities from luminous bodies.
5. ____________________ Light consisted of both particles and waves.

A B

B. Speed of light
Max Planck Albert Abraham Michelson
1. ____________________
Christiaan Huygens He attempted to measure the speedJean of light by measuring the time it
Bernard Leon Foucault
will take James
the light from
Clerk one lamp to travel between the two hilltops. Armand Hippolyte Louis
Maxwell
Louis Victor de Broglie He made the first rough estimate of the speed
2. ____________________ Fizeauof light in 1676 by
measuring the length of time an eclipse occurred in Io, one of the Jupiter’s
Sir Isaac Newton moons.
Galileo Galilei
3. ____________________ He developed the first non-astronomical method ofRømer
Ole Christensen measuring the
speed of light with the use of the toothed wheel in 1849.
4. ____________________ He measured the speed of light by using a rotating mirror and found out
that the speed of light was less in water than in air in 1862.
5. ____________________ He determined that the calculated value of the speed of light in vacuum
is 299,792,458 meters per second. This value decreases slightly in air.

II. Arrange the following words into concept diagram.

are either

light is produced by can be light is produced by

OBJECTS
Incandescenc
e
Transmission light 1.
reaches our eyes through/by
Transparent 2.
Cardboard
Reflection
Light bulb 3.examples are example are examples are 4.
Opaque 5. 6.
Wood
Sun
Glass
Emission 7. 8. 9.
Luminous
Plastic sheet
Nonluminous 10. 12. 14.
Luminescence 11. 13. 15.
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
COLORS IN LIGHT

I. A. Fill the boxes with the appropriate color that forms part of the visible light spectrum.
Wavelength 700-650 650-600 600-550 550-500 500-450 450-400 400-350
(nanometer)
Frequency 4.8x1014 5.0x1014 5.2x1014 5.5x1014 6.3x1014 6.5x1014 6.8x1014
(hertz)
B. Answer the following questions.
Which color of visible light
1. _______ has the longest wave? 6. _______ is the least sensitive to the human eye?
2. _______ has the shortest wave? 7. _______ is the most sensitive to the human eye?
3. _______ has the highest frequency? 8. _______
4. _______ has the lowest frequency? 9. _______ the three primary colors in light.
5. _______ has a wavelength of 10. _______
3500 angstrom (Å)*

II. Tell the color being asked in the following expression.

Color Addition
1. Green + Red = ______
2. Red + Blue = ______
3. Blue + Green = ______
4. Red + Green + Blue = ______
5. Yellow + Blue = ______
6. Magenta + Green = ______
RED 7. Cyan + Red = ______
Color Subtraction
8. White – (Green + Red) = ______
Yellow Magenta 9. White – (Red + Blue) = ______
White 10. White – (Blue + Green) = ______
11. White - Green = ______
GREEN 12. White - Red = ______
Cyan BLUE 13. White - Blue = ______
14. White – Yellow = ______
15. White – Magenta = ______
16. White – Cyan = ______
17. Yellow – Green = ______
18. Magenta – Red = ______
19. Cyan – Blue = ______
20. White – Green – Red – Blue = _____
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
COLORS OF OPAQUE OBJECTS

I. Identify the color of the paper when the following colors in light interact with it.

RGB Light 1. _____ RG Light 2. _____ GB Light 3. ____

White Paper White Paper White Paper

RGB Light 4. _____ RG Light 5. _____ GB Light 6. ____

Red Paper Red Paper Red Paper

RGB Light 7. _____ RG Light 8. _____ GB Light 9. ____

Green Paper Green Paper Green Paper

RGB Light 10. _____ RG Light 11. _____ GB Light 12. ____

Blue Paper Blue Paper Blue Paper

II. Complete the following table by writing the color of objects under various colors of light.

Color of lightBlue
(impure)
objectGreen
(impure)
objectRed
(impure)
objectPure white1.2.3.Pure red4. 5.6. RedPure blue7.8. Cyan9.Pure green10.11.12. YellowCyan13.
Blue14.15.Magenta16.17. Black18.
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
COLORS OF TRANSPARENT OBJECTS

I. Identify the color of light that will be transmitted by the filter when white light interact with it.

White light Filter White light Filter

White light Filter White light Filter

II. Name the color of light that will be transmitted by the second filter.

II. Complete the diagram by filling out the colors that will be transmitted by the filters.
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
REFLECTION

I. Label the parts of the reflection diagram. Choose your answers from the options.

II. Identify the terms on reflection being described from the diagram.
1. ____________________ The angle formed between the incident ray and the perpedicular drawn
to the point of incidence. Normal line
Reflected ray
2. ____________________ The angle formed between the reflected ray and the perpendicular
Incident ray
drawn to the point of reflection. Angle of reflection
3. ____________________ The imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface
Angle of the medium.
of incidence
4. ____________________ The light ray which emerges from the light source.
5. ____________________ The light ray which rebounds from the surface of the medium.

III. Complete the table by filling out the necessary information.

Basis of ComparisonREGULAR REFLECTIONDIFFUSE REFLECTIONHow light rays are

reflected?

Beneficial application

Harmful effect

Illustration
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
LATERAL INVERSION

ABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ
I. Write the letters that are not interchanged if the plane mirror is placed perpendicularly at the right
side of this paper.

II. Write the letters that are not interchanged if the plane mirror is placed perpendicularly at the left
side of this paper.

III. Write the letters that are not interchanged if the plane mirror is placed perpendicularly above this
paper.

IV. Write the letters that are not interchanged if the plane mirror is placed perpendicularly beneath of
this paper.

V. Write two words that are not interchanged if the plane mirror is placed perpendicularly either at the
left or right side of this paper.

V. Write two words that are not interchanged if the plane mirror is placed perpendicularly either above
or beneath this paper.

VI. Write the following words as seen in front of the plane mirror.
MISSISSIPPI
APPARATUS
INTERNATIONAL
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
REFLECTION IN PLANE MIRRORS

I. Locate the image formed by the plane mirror using rays following the law of reflection.

IMAGE

OBJECT OBSERVER

II. The students flashed light at an angle on a common point in the plane mirror. Draw rays to show
how light was reflected at various angles.

A B C D E F G H I
Who will receive the light flashed by
1. Angela? _______ 6. Franz? _______
2. Beau? _______ 7. Giselle? _______
3. Carrie? _______ 8. Hermes? _______
4. Daryl? _______ 9. Icarus? _______
5. Emma? _______

III. Tell the angle required to complete the statements.

1. The light is incident at angle of 20°, it will be reflected at _____.
2. A reflected light beam is 35° from the normal line, its incident light beam is at _____.
3. A light beam is flashed at 50°, it will bounce back at _____.
4. If light beam bounced off at 75°, it was flashed at _____.
5. The light shines 10° from the surface of the polished flat metal plate,
it will be reflected at _____.

III. State the law of reflection.

 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
CURVED MIRRORS

I. Label the parts of the curved mirrors. Choose your answers from the options.

II. Identify the parts of the curved mirror being described from the diagram.
1. _______________ The center of the sphere of which the curved mirror is a part.
2. _______________ The angular opening of the sphere that encloses the curved mirror.
3. _______________ The center of the curved mirror.
4. _______________ The line drawn that passes through the center of curvature and the vertex.
5. _______________ The point where light rays meet.
6. _______________ The distance between the principal focus and the vertex of the curved mirror.
7. _______________ Any other line drawn through the center of curvature to the curved mirror.
8. _______________ The side of the curved mirror where light rays strike from a light source.
9. _______________ The side of the curved mirror where the silver coating is applied.
Principal focus
Type of Mirror:
Focal length
III. ____________________
Complete the table by filling out the necessary information. Redraw the type of mirrors to show
Principal axis
how light rays are reflected.
Vertex
Basis of ComparisonCONCAVE MIRRORCONVEX MIRRORHow light rays are reflected?
Aperture
Center of curvature
Secondary axis
Reflective surface
Hard surface

Type of Mirror:
____________________
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
IMAGES IN CURVED MIRRORS

I. Construct ray diagrams to locate and describe the image formed by the curved mirrors.

A. Concave mirrors B. Convex mirrors

II. Summarize the findings in the data table below.

Location of ObjectLocation of ImageKind of Image

(real or virtual)Position of Image
(erect or inverted)Size of Image
(reduced or enlarged)A. Concave MirrorsBetween
the focal point F and
the vertex VAt the focal point F

Between
the focal point F and
the center of
curvature CAt the center of
curvature C
Beyond the center of
Curvature C
B. Convex MirrorsAll locations

III. Answer the questions briefly and concisely.

1. What happens to the image formed if the object is moved closer to the concave mirror?

2. What happens to the image formed if the object is moved farther from the concave mirror?
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
MIRROR EQUATION

I. Solve the following problems on curved mirrors.

A. Focal Length f and Radius of Curvature R
1. A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. What is its radius of curvature?

2. If the radius of curvature of a curved mirror is 4.5 cm, what is its focal length?

B. Mirror Equation
1. A block of wood is 25.0 cm from a concave mirror whose focal length is 2.50 cm.
What is the distance of the image?

2. A plastic tumbler is put 12 cm from from a convex mirror whose focal length is -4 cm.
Where will the image be located?

3. A pole is found 9.0 m from a huge concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 6.0 m.
How far will the image be from the concave mirror?

C. Size of the Image So and Linear magnification m

1. A 40 cm thermos bottle is found 30 cm from a rectangular concave mirror whose
focal length is 20 cm.
a. How far will the image be from the mirror?
b. How large will the image be?
c. What is its linear magnification?

2. A tea pot is placed 50 cm from the concave mirror and forms a real image 30 cm
from the mirror. If the object is 18 cm high,
a. what is the height of the image?
b. how many times is the image reduced?
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
REFRACTION

I. Label the parts of the refraction diagram. Choose your answers from the options.

II. Identify the terms on refraction being described from the diagram.
1. ____________________ The angle formed between the incident ray and the perpedicular drawn
to the point of incidence.
2. ____________________ The angle formed between the refracted ray and the perpendicular
Normal line
drawn to the point of refraction.
Refracted ray
3. ____________________ The imaginary line drawn perpendicular to theIncident
boundary of the media.
ray
4. ____________________ The light ray which emerges from the light source.
Angle of refraction
5. ____________________ The light ray which bends toward or away from
Anglethe normal line.
of incidence

III. Construct ray diagrams to show and describe the refraction of light in the following diagrams.
A. Refraction from air to water B. Refraction from water to air

The light ray bends _______ the normal line The light ray bends _______ the normal line
when the light ray passes from air to water. when the light ray passes from water to air.
Air is _______________ than water. Water is _______________ than air.
The light ray bends _______ the normal line The light ray bends _______ the normal line
when the light ray passes from a __________ when the light ray passes from a
__________
medium to a __________ medium. medium to a __________ medium.

away from
towards
less dense
denser
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
INDEX OF REFRACTION

INDICES OF REFRACTION FOR LIGHT (wavelength λ = 589 nm)

MATERIALINDEX OF REFRACTIONDiamond2.417Dense flint glass1.656Light flint
glass1.575Ordinary crown glass1.517Rock salt1.540Quartz
(crystalline)1.544Benzene1.500Glycerine1.473Carbon tetrachloride (20°C)1.461Fused
quartz1.458Ethyl alcohol (20°C)1.360Water (20°C)1.333Ice (-8°C)1.310Air1.0003Carbon
dioxide1.000Speed of light c in vacuum = 3 x 108 m/s

I. Given the table of indices of refraction for light of various materials, compute the speed of light as it
travels from vacuum (empty space) to another material.

II. Suppose the light is flashed from the air to another material and the angle of incidence is 20°,
calculate the angle of refraction in the abovementioned materials.

III. Answer the following questions precisely.

(In) which material
1. will the light ray travel fastest? _______________
2. will the light ray travel slowest? _______________
3. will the light ray have the greatest amount of bending _______________
(relative to the boundary of the two media)?
4. will the light ray have the least amount of bending _______________
(relative to the boundary of the two media)?
5. has the greatest optical density? _______________
6. has the least optical density? _______________
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
LENSES

I. Label the parts of the lens. Choose your answers from the options.

II. Identify the parts of the lens being described from the diagram.
1. _______________ The geometric center of the lens through which the secondary axes pass.
2. _______________ The point where light rays parallel to the principal axis meet after being
refracted by the lens.
3. _______________ The center of two intersecting spheres which forms the lens surfaces.
Principal focus
4. _______________ The line drawn that joins the two centers of curvature.
5. _______________ The distance from the principal focus to the optical Focal length
center of the lens.
Principal
6. _______________ The line that bisects or divides the lens into two symmetrical axisparts.
Type of Lens: _______________ Optical center
Center of curvature
III. Complete the table by filling out the necessary information. Redraw the type of lenses to show
how light rays are refracted. Lens’ axis
Basis of ComparisonCONCAVE LENSCONVEX LENSHow light rays are refracted?

IV. Tell the name of the following types of diverging and converging lenses.

Type of Lens: _______________

Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
IMAGES IN LENSES

I. Construct ray diagrams to locate and describe the image formed by the lenses.

A. Convex lens B. Concave lens

II. Summarize the findings in the data table below.

Location of ObjectLocation of ImageKind of Image

(real or virtual)Position of Image
(erect or inverted)Size of Image
(reduced or enlarged)A. Converging LensBetween
the focal point F and
the optical center OAt the focal point F

Between
the focal point F and
the center of
curvature CAt the center of
curvature C
Beyond the center of
Curvature C
B. Diverging LensAll locations

III. Answer the questions briefly and concisely.

1. What happens to the image formed if the object is moved closer to the converging lens?

2. What happens to the image formed if the object is moved farther from the converging lens?
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
LENS EQUATION

I. Solve the following problems on lenses.

A. Focal Length f and Power of the Lens P
1. A convex lens has a focal length of 0.2 m. What is the power of the lens in diopters?

2. If the power of the concave lens is -0.5 D, what is its focal length?

B. Thin-Lens Equation
1. An aluminum can is 65.0 cm from a converging lens whose focal length is 3.75 cm.
What is the distance of the image?

2. A porcelain cup is put 14 cm from from a diverging lens whose focal length is -2 cm.
Where will the image be located?

3. A delivery box is found 12.0 m from a huge converging lens whose power is 0.25 D.
How far will the image be from the converging lens?

C. Size of the Image So and Linear magnification m

1. A 15 cm tea pot is found 40 cm from a rectangular concave mirror whose
focal length is 30 cm.
a. How far will the image be from the mirror?
b. How large will the image be?
c. What is its linear magnification?

2. A plastic bottle is placed 60 cm from the converging lens and forms a real image 40 cm
from the lens. If the object is 25 cm high,
a. what is the height of the image?
b. how many times is the image reduced?
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

I.. Fill out the blanks with necessary words to completely describe total internal reflection.

A. The bending of light, __________ and the bouncing off of light inside the medium, __________
may occur at the sameAtime as the light travels from a denser to a less dense medium if the incident
ray is __________ the critical angle C.
B. When the light ray is bent at the boundary of the two media or at 90° from the normal line, the
angle of incidence __________ the critical angle.
C. Total internal reflection occurs when the light ray travelling from a denser to a less dense
Greater
medium is incident at an angle __________ the critical angle C of the denser than
medium.
Less than
Equal
Refraction
II. Solve the following problems on critical angle and total internal reflection.
Internal reflection
A. Critical
B Angle C
C
1. What is the critical angle of the light ray as it travels from the following materials to air?
MATERIALINDEX OF REFRACTIONDiamond2.417Dense flint glass1.656Light flint
glass1.575Ordinary crown glass1.517Rock salt1.540Ice (-8°C)1.310Air1.0003
2. At what angle should the light be directed from the denser medium, so that
a. it bends at the interface of the two media (the material and air)?
b. it bounces back in the denser medium?
 Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __
VISION DEFECTS AND CORRECTIVE LENSES

I. Describe a person with short sight and a person with long sight as shown in the following diagrams.

Vision Defect: _______________ Vision Defect: _______________

1 (elongated, shortened) 6. (in front, at the back)

2. (nearsighted, farsighted) 7. (converging lens, diverging lens)
3. (nearby, distant) 8. (nearsighted, farsighted)
4. 9. (farther, closer)
5. (too far, too near) 10. (adult, youth)
Name:_______________________________________ Section:______________
Group Number:___ Group Name:_________________ Date:________________
Score

ACTIVITY NO. __

I. Describe a person with short sight and a person with long sight as shown in the following diagrams.

Vision Defect: _______________ Vision Defect: _______________

R
O
Y MAGENT
G A YELLOW R
B
V

R R Y G
O OYELLOWG B
R Y Y B V B
O G V

______
______
 N

It is a vision defect
Air caused by
1._________ eyeballs. A 2._______
person can see 3.__________
Water objects
clearly, but does not see 4.__________
objects clearly. This condition causes the
image of objects to be focused
5.__________ the lens and 6.__________
of the retina.
A 7.__________ lens placed in front
of a 8._______ eye can correct this defect.
It moves the image 9.__________ and
onto the retina.
The eye defect is most common in
10.__________.
C F F’ C’
C F F’ C’
 Film Cameras And How To Use Them

Because this class is really based around the SLR type camera, we will focus on the different
settings that allow you to be able to take pictures that are geared toward the assigned
projects. Some of the assigned projects require a SLR in order to be able to take them
correctly. This is not to say that a point and shoot camera won't take good pictures, it just
does not allow for control over aperture and shutter like the SLR does. SLR style cameras
are available in both film and digital versions, if you have access to one of these it is ideal for
this class.

Parts of the Camera: See picture below for locations on most cameras.

Lens- The lens collects the light that will enter the camera and focuses those light rays.

Zoom- allows you to make the image larger (not on all cameras/lenses)

Aperture- Determines the amount of light that will be let into the camera for film exposure,
think of this like the pupil of your eye. The larger the opening the more light it lets in, the
smaller the less light it lets in.

Body- houses the shutter and film. User controls that are not part of the lens are also located
here such as; light meter, shutter speed selection dial, LCD display, levers/motors for film
advancement, batteries, etc.

Shutter- located inside the body of the camera this determines the length of time that the
light entering the lens will be exposed to the film.

Film advance lever- advances the film to the next frame after taking a picture.

Light Meter- tells you when you have the proper balance of light to expose the film
properly

Parts of the Camera

 

Using Your Light Meter

The light meter is how the camera tells you when you have the proper settings to expose the
film properly. There are many types of light meters and can vary greatly in their appearance,
however they all have the same function. They range from a simple "needle and lollipop" to
the newer fully computerized fully automatic exposure version. I will cover what I consider
to be the six basic types of in camera light meter. In all types, except fully automatic modes,
you need to change either your f-stop or shutter settings in order to get the correct exposure.
**Don't forget that the ISO speed must be set on your camera to match the film speed in
order for your light meter to work properly**

The Light Meter is located in the viewfinder of all cameras, some newer ones also have it on
the LCD display on the body of the camera.

Type 1- What I call "needle and lollipop", in this case you will have a needle that will move
according to how bright the scene is, and a lollipop that will move as you change either
shutter or f-stop settings. The goal is to line the lollipop up with the needle, when it is you
can take the picture.

Type 2- is very similar to the first type only the lollipop is eliminated in favor of making you
put the needle in the middle of the viewfinder between two black markings.

Type 3- In this type you have a red "+", red "-", or greed dot. As I am sure you already
figured out, you need to have the green dot lit to take the picture.

Type 4- Aperture Priority Cameras-Now we have entered the AE (Auto Exposure) computer
controlled exposure models. In this type of camera you will see the shutter speeds inside
your viewfinder. As you change your f-stop setting you will see a different shutter speed
light up. the one that is lit is the shutter speed the camera will use to obtain the proper
exposure. If you see a flashing "+" or "-" than the f# you have chosen will not work given the
lighting conditions.

Type 5- Shutter Priority Cameras- these work the same way as the Aperture Priority models
only you choose the shutter speed and the camera chooses the f# for you.

Type 6- Fully AE Cameras- These allow you to choose between, manual, aperture priority,
shutter priority, and fully automatic modes. For this type it is best to check your owners
manual or see me as there are many different types and styles of these cameras.
Loading Film

Refer to Camera Parts image above for location of parts.

Step 1- Insert tongue of film into take-up spool so that it is firmly stuck in slots of the take-
up spool.
Step 2- Drag film canister across back of camera and drop it in film compartment.
Step 3- Fire 2 blank shots until film has begun to turn around take-up spool.
Step 4- Close camera back
Step 5- Turn rewind lever in direction of arrow to take up slack in film.
Step 6- Fire a few blank shots until film counter reads 1.
Total internal reflection occurs when waves travelling from a dense to a less dense medium are incident on the
interface of the two media at an angle greater than the critical angle C of the dense medium.
Critical Angle
When light travels from a more dense medium to a less dense medium, the path it
follows bends away from the normal line, i.e. i < r. This is the case when light
travels from water to air (see refraction - water to air).

The angles of incidence and refraction can have values between 0 and 90 degrees.
When the angle of refraction is 90 degrees, the refracted beam travels along the
interface. Given that  i < r ,  when  r = 90,   i = < 90. The angle of incidence
which results in  r = 90 is refered to as the critical angle and is given the symbol
ic.
 

Calculating Critical Angle

The cricital angle can be calculated for any given interface using an adaptation of 
Snell's Law. See the example below.
 
  where: 
n* =  Relative refractive index (water-air interface) 

    =   0.752 

ic  =  Critical angle 
r   =  Angle of refraction 
Note: sin 90 = 1

 
The critical angle for this water-air interface is 48.75 degrees.

What would happen if the incident ray hit the interface at a angle greater than
48.75 degrees? Maybe you could devise an experiment to find out! Alternatively,
you could read on about Total Internal Reflection (TIR).

Total Internal Reflection

When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, no refraction
occurs. Instead, the incident beam is reflected, obeying the Law of Reflection.
This is called Total internal reflection.

Total Internal Reflection in Rainbows.

In the formation of a rainbow, Total

Internal Reflection occurs at the rear of  

the raindrop - the water-to-air interface.

Therefore, in order for a rainbow to be
visible, the angle of incidence at that
interface must be greater than the critical
angle. See diagram.

 
Example of Total Internal Reflection (animation)

Below is an example of total internal reflection at a water-to-air interface

with a relative refrative index of  0.752. All of the angles have been
calculated using Snell's Law. The angles are to scale, you can see this for
yourself by placing a transparent protractor over the screen. Note that the
critical angle is 48.75 degrees as calculated above.