KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

1
KANKARBAGH, PATNA

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS

SUBMITTED BY: VAIBHAV VAIRAGYA SHANKAR

CLASS-XII–B, ROLL NO-37
SESSION: 2022-2023

SUBMITTED TO : DK DAS SIR

PGT, Chemistry
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT VAIBHAV VAIRAGYA
SHANKAR OF CLASS XII-B HAS SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED THE CHEMISTRY PROJECT ENTITLED
‘STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY
OF SOAPS’ PRESCRIBED BY THE CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDOARY EDUCATION FOR THE AISSCE DURING THE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER IN- CHARGE :

SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER :

 Acknowledgment
I would like to express my special thanks and
gratitude to my Chemistry Teacher Mr. dk das Sir
as well as our principal Sh. Vijay Kumar Sir who
gave me this golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic on “study the
foaming capacity and foam stability of soaps”.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and

friends who help me a lot in finalizing this project
within the stipulated time frame.

further, I would also like to thank all my supports

who have motivated me to complete the project
before the timeline .

I am highly thankful to all k.v, kankarbagH, PATNA

fraternity for their helping attitude.
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIM
3. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
5. THEORY
6. PROCEDURE
7. OBSERVATION

8. CALCULATION
9. RESULT
10. CONCLUSION
11.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM
TO STUDY THE FOAMING CAPACITY AND
FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
 OBJECTIVE OF
PROJECT

The objective of this project is to compare the foaming

capacities and foam stability of different samples of soaps
and hence to determine the best brand among them.
 INTRODUCTION

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. The higher
fatty acids may be such as stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH). A soap molecule has a lipophilic (oil soluble) part and a
hydrophilic (water soluble) part. Soaps are used for washing purposes.
When soap is shaken with water, it produces foam which is responsible for
removal of dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more effective
in cleaning.
The cleaning action of soap can be explained by keeping in mind that a soap
molecule contains a non-polar lipophilic group and a polar hydrophilic
group. The dirt is held on the surface of clothes by the oil or grease which
is present there. When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl group dissolves
in oil droplets while the polar –COO-Na+ group remains dissolved in water.
In this way, each oil droplet is surrounded by negative charge. These
negatively charged oil droplets cannot coalesce and a stable emulsion is
formed. These oil droplets containing dirt particles can be washed away
with water.

Long Hydrocarbon Chain (Hydrophobic end) Hydrophilic end

 Gas molecules

Dirt
particle (OiI
or G reaseJ
 MATERIALS REQUIRED

To do this experiment we will need the following

materials and equipments:

a. 200 ml beaker
b. Watch glass
c. Weighing machine
d. 250 ml measuring cylinder
e. Stop-watch
f. Different samples of soaps
g. Distilled water
h. Glass rod
 THEORY
There is no quantitative method for the determination of
foaming capacity of soap. However, the foaming capacity of
different soaps can be compared qualitatively by the
following way.
Solutions of different soaps are prepared by dissolving
their equal weights in equal volumes of distilled water. These
solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam and then they
are allowed to stand. The volume of the foam produced initially
is noted and compared as well as volume of foam remaining
after a specific amount of time for each solution is also
noted. The greater the quantity of foam produced in a
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity and
longer the time taken for disappearance of foam, greater is its
foam stability.

Foaming capacity = (Foam volume/initial sample volume)*100%

Foam stability = (Foam volume after 30min/initial foam volume)*100%
 PROCEDURE

1. Weigh 1g of each of the different samples of soaps provided to you in

a watch glass.

2. Dissolve each of these weighed samples in distilled water

separately, in different beakers to form a total of 200ml solution.
Label the solutions as 1,2,3,4 etc.

3. Stir the sample thoroughly with a glass rod to produce foam.

4. Pour the solution into a 250 ml measuring cylinder.

5. Measure the amount of foam present in the measuring cylinder and

note down the readings.

6. After 30 minutes, note down the final readings in a tabular form.

7. Repeat the above steps for all the samples provided to you.
 OBSERVATION

Weight of the each soap sample taken = 1g

Volume of the solution after mixing the soap sample to the
water = 200mL, for each sample taken
Observation Table:
S. Brand of Initial Initial volume Final Final volume Decrease
soap reading of reading of in
No.
foam foam volume of
Lowe Uppe Lowe Uppe
r r r r (after 30 foam after
min) 30 min
Liquid dishwasher
1. Vim 200 232 32ml 200 224 24ml 8ml
2. Pril 200 240 40ml 200 232 32ml 8ml
3. Bizz 200 270 70ml 200 240 40ml 30ml
Hand wash soap
1. Wonders 200 222. 22.5ml 200 207. 7.5ml 15ml
pa 5 5
2. Dettol 200 262. 62.5ml 200 215 15ml 47.5m
5 l
3. Lifebuoy 200 230 30ml 200 212. 12.5m 17.5m
5 l l
Shampoo
1. Himalaya 200 250 50ml 200 242. 42.5m 7.5ml
5 l
2. Sunsilk
200 242. 42.5ml 200 235 35ml 7.5ml
5
3. Dheedhi 200 232. 32.5ml 200 227. 27.5m 5ml
5 5 l
 CALCULATIONS

Foaming capacities = (initial volume of foam/ initial volume of sample solution)*100

(final volume of foam/ initial volume of foam)*100
Foam stability =

Foaming capacity of –
1. Vim = 16 6. Lifebuoy = 15
2. Pril = 20 7. Himalaya = 25
3. Bizz = 35 8. Sunsilk = 21.25
4. Wonderspa = 11.25 9. Dheedhi = 16.25
5. Dettol = 31.25

Foam stability of –
1. Vim = 75
6. Lifebuoy = 41.67
2. Pril = 80
7. Himalaya = 85
3. Bizz = 57.14
8. Sunsilk = 82.35
4. Wonderspa = 33.33
9. Dheedhi = 84.61
5. Dettol = 24
 RESULT

Among liquid dishwashers, Pril has maximum foaming capacity

and
Pril has maximum foam stability.
Best liquid dishwasher brand among these is Pril.

Among hand wash soaps, Dettol has maximum foaming capacity

and
Lifebuoy has maximum foam stability.
Best hand wash soap brand among these is Dettol.

Among shampoos, Himalaya has maximum foaming capacity and

Himalaya has maximum foam stability.
Best shampoo brand among these is Himalaya.
 CONCLUSION
The soap that makes more volume of foam has the
highest foaming capacity and that which takes more
time to disappear, has maximum foam stability.

The soap with maximum foaming capacity and maximum

foam stability is the best quality soap or detergent
among the samples tested.

If foaming capacity is high and foam stability is low

or foam stability is high and foaming capacity is
low, we draw the conclusion that soap with higher
foaming capacity is the better soap.
 BIBLOGRAPHY

INTERNET
1. www.google.co.in
2. www.icbse.com
3. www.youtube.com

BOOKS
1. Comprehensive practical Chemistry