KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

NO.2, BALANGIR

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM

STABILITY OF SOAPS

SUBMITTED BY: NITUL NAG

XII-A
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT NITUL NAG OF CLASS XII A HAS

SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED THE CHEMISTRY PROJECT ENTITLED
‘STUDY OF FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS’
PRESCRIBED BY THE CENTRAL BOARD OF SECOND0ARY EDUCATION
FOR THE AISSCE DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23.

SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL :

SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER IN CHARGE :

SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER :

 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the annual project report entitled STUDY OF

FOAMING CAPACITY AND FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
submitted to Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 , Balangir is a record of annual
project work done by me during the period of study in the school
under the supervision of Mr.G.D Rana.

Signature of the candidate :

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I place my record, my profound gratitude to the principal of Kendriya

Vidyalaya No.2, Balangir for granting me all the facilities for
completion of my project.
It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our
chemistry teacher Mr.G.D Rana for guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help, successful completion of this project would not
have been possible.
Above all, I express my thankfulness and praise the almighty for his
blessings throughout his work.
 INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION
2.AIM
3.OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
4.MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
5.THEORY
6.PROCEDURE
7.OBSERVATION
8.CALCULATIONS
8.RESULT
9.CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM
TO STUDY THE FOAMING CAPACITY AND
FOAM STABILITY OF SOAPS
 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The objective of this project is to compare the foaming capacities and

foam stability of different samples of soaps and hence to determine the
best brand among them.
 INTRODUCTION

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. The higher
fatty acids may be such as stearic acid (C17H35COOH), palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH). A soap molecule has a lipophilic (oil soluble) part and a
hydrophilic (water soluble) part. Soaps are used for washing purposes.
When soap is shaken with water, it produces foam which is responsible
for removal of dirt. A soap which produces more foam is more effective
in cleaning.
The cleaning action of soap can be explained by keeping in mind that a
soap molecule contains a non-polar lipophilic group and a polar
hydrophilic group. The dirt is held on the surface of clothes by the oil or
grease which is present there. When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl
group dissolves in oil droplets while the polar –COO-Na+ group remains
dissolved in water. In this way, each oil droplet is surrounded by
negative charge. These negatively charged oil droplets cannot coalesce
and a stable emulsion is formed. These oil droplets containing dirt
particles can be washed away with water.

Long Hydrocarbon Chain (Hydrophobic end) Hydrophilic end

 MATERIALS AND REQUIREMENTS

To do this experiment we will need the following materials and

equipments:

 200 ml beaker
 Watch glass
 Weighing machine
 250 ml measuring cylinder
 Stop-watch
 Different samples of soaps
 Distilled water
 Glass rod
 THEORY

There is no quantitative method for the determination of foaming

capacity of soap. However, the foaming capacity of different soaps can
be compared qualitatively by the following way.
Solutions of different soapsare prepared by dissolving their equal
weights in equal volumes of distilled water. These solutions are shaken
vigorously to produce foam and then they are allowed to stand. The
volume of the foam produced initially is noted and compared as well as
volume of foam remaining after a specific amount of time for each
solution is also noted.The greater the quantity of foam produced in a
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity and longer the
time taken for disappearance of foam, greater is its foam stability.

Foaming capacity = (Foam volume/initial sample volume)*100%

Foam stability = (Foam volume after 30min/initial foam volume)*100%

 PROCEDURE

1. Weigh 1g of each of the different samples of soapsprovided to

you in a watch glass.
2. Dissolve each of these weighed samples in distilled water
separately, in different beakers to form a total of 200ml solution.
Label the solutions as 1,2,3,4 etc.
3. Stir the sample thoroughly with a glass rod to produce foam.
4. Pour the solution into a 250 ml measuring cylinder.
5. Measure the amount of foam present in the measuring cylinder
and note down the readings.
6. After 30 minutes, note down the final readings in a tabular form.
7. Repeat the above steps for all the samples provided to you.
 OBSERVATION

Weight of the each soap sample taken = 1g

Volume of the solution after mixing the soap sample to the water = 200mL,
for each sample taken
Observation Table:

S. Brand of Initial reading Initial volume of Final reading Final volume of Decrease in
No. soap Lower Upper foam Lower Upper foam volume of foam
(after 30 min) after 30 min
Liquid dishwasher
1. Vim 200 232 32ml 200 224 24ml 8ml
2. Pril 200 240 40ml 200 232 32ml 8ml
3. Bizz 200 270 70ml 200 240 40ml 30ml
Hand wash soap
1. Wonderspa 200 222.5 22.5ml 200 207.5 7.5ml 15ml
2. Dettol 200 262.5 62.5ml 200 215 15ml 47.5ml
3. Lifebuoy 200 230 30ml 200 212.5 12.5ml 17.5ml
Shampoo
1. Himalaya 200 250 50ml 200 242.5 42.5ml 7.5ml
2. Sunsilk 200 242.5 42.5ml 200 235 35ml 7.5ml
3. Dheedhi 200 232.5 32.5ml 200 227.5 27.5ml 5ml
 CALCULATIONS
Foaming capacity =
(initial volume of foam/ initial volume of sample solution)*100
Foam stability =
(final volume of foam/ initial volume of foam)*100
Foaming capacity of –
1.Vim = 16 6.Lifebuoy = 15
2.Pril = 20 7.Himalaya = 25
3.Bizz = 35 8.Sunsilk = 21.25
4.Wonderspa = 11.25 9.Dheedhi = 16.25
5.Dettol = 31.25
Foam stability of –
1.Vim = 75 6.Lifebuoy = 41.67
2.Pril = 80 7.Himalaya = 85
3. Bizz = 57.14 8.Sunsilk = 82.35
4.Wonderspa = 33.33 9.Dheedhi = 84.61
5.Dettol = 24
 RESULT

Among liquid dishwashers, Pril has maximum foaming capacity and

Pril has maximum foam stability.
Best liquid dishwasher brand among these is Pril.

Among hand wash soaps, Dettol has maximum foaming capacity and
Lifebuoy has maximum foam stability.
Best hand wash soap brand among these is Dettol.

Among shampoos, Himalaya has maximum foaming capacity and

Himalaya has maximum foam stability.
Best shampoo brand among these is Himalaya.
 CONCLUSION
The soap that makes more volume of foam has the highest
foaming capacity and that which takes more time to disappear, has
maximum foam stability.
The soap with maximum foaming capacity and maximum foam
stability is the best quality soap or detergent among the samples
tested.
If foaming capacity is high and foam stability is low or foam
stability is high and foaming capacity is low, we draw the
conclusion that soap with higher foaming capacity is the better
soap.
 BIBLOGRAPHY

INTERNET
1.www.google.co.in
2.www.icbse.com
3.www.youtube.com

BOOKS
1. Comprehensive practical chemistry