The Design of

Optimized Alphabets Joannes Richter

Fig. 1 The Schematics of 4, 5 or 6 Sources in the Human Voice

Abstract
As far as I know no communication engineer ever composed a basic schematic of the mechanisms,
which produce a human voice. A variable stream of air pressure from the lungs creates a modulated
flow of air through the trachea (windpipe). Basically there are 5 main variable obstacles which we
name places of articulation (the throat tissues, lips, tongue, palate and the teeth).
The vocal folds in the larynx vibrate, creating fluctuations in air pressure, known as sound waves.
The size of vocal cords affects the pitch of voice. Resonances in the vocal tract modify these waves
according to the position and shape of the lips, jaw, tongue, soft palate, and other speech organs,
creating formant regions and so different qualities of sonorant (voiced) sound.
The mouth radiates the sound waves into the environment. The nasal cavity adds resonance to some
sounds such as [m] and [n] to give nasal quality of the so-called nasal consonants, but we may
ignore these contributions and categorize [m] and [n] to their fundamental places of articulation.
Also the dentals (R and S), the sibilant letters (S, Z, Ś) and/or the dental sibilant (S) may have been
interpreted as passive underrated, which may have been generated at the passive teeth.
The archaic Places of articulation represent the 5 variable resistances in the stream of wind. If all 5
modulators are activated in a word this word may be defined as a special keyword for important
definitions such as divine names as DIAUS PITAR, virtues (METIS), royals (LOUIS), important
cities (ERIDU) and rivers (FIRAT)...
Although the evidence is impressive nobody seems to understand how earlier generations may have
interpreted their voices. Some of these evidences will be illustrated in this essay.
Optimized alphabets are composed as a 2-dimensional table with 5 columns with at least 3 symbols.
Each of the 5 columns which represent the articulation-points (lingual, palatal, guttural, labial,
dental) is equipped with approximately 3 symbols. These 5 categories may be identified in the
Sanskrit and the modern European alphabets, including the runic signaries Futhark and Ogham.
In the 2-dimensional table with 5 columns a 5-letter name for theonym of the sky-god may be
displayed in the second (for the Ugarit-derived alphabets), third (for the runic signary) respectively
fourth row of the table for the Ogham alphabet.
The inventor Darius I of the Old-Persian alphabet may have composed a more complex structure of
the signary. The name “DariuS”, which in cuneiform is spelled as a 7-letter word D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-
Š, seems to be enclosed in a doubled cartouche. The outer enclosure is the leading “D” and the
trailing “S” in “DariuS”. The inner enclosure contains the vowels “Ā” and “U”. The enclosed 3-
letter core contains three half-vowels: “R-Yi-Va”, which is included in a dual enclosed body D-Ā-*-
*-*-U-Š.
The evidence in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
Although I appreciate my educational lessons in archaic Greek language I remember the schooling
system as a boring institute. In retrospect I remember the classes in the gymnasium were filled with
98% wasted time, in which most pupils are aware of the annoying samples of hollow and empty
word-shells.
I remember our teacher in Greek told us Homer sung the line in which the teeth are a fence, in
which the wrong words had to be halted from catastrophic utterances. He did not tell us how often
Homer used this metaphor. Homer was quite generous in using this favorite warning, which often is
used in the communication between the gods or the gods to the human heroes.
From Athene to Telemachus:
Then the goddess, flashing-eyed Athene, spoke to him, and said: “Telemachus, what a
word has escaped the barrier of your teeth!” 1

From Circe to Odysseus:

For no man else soever hath withstood this charm, when once he has drunk it, and it has
passed the barrier of his teeth. Nay, but the mind in thy breast is one not to be beguiled.
[330]... 2

From the nurse Eurycleia to Penelope:

Then the dear nurse Eurycleia answered her: [70] “My child, what a word has escaped
the barrier of thy teeth, in that thou saidst that thy husband, ... 3. (In book 19 of the
Odyssey, the old maid Eurycleia has been charged to wash ... ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος
ὀδόντων” (“what word has escaped the barrier of your teeth?) 4

From Zeus to his daughter Athena:

"Quite a little speech you've let slip through your teeth,
Daughter. How could I forget godlike Odysseus?5

These samples may illustrate how powerful this metaphor must have been in the archaic Greek
language. Probably Homer's generation was aware of the 5 sources of the human voice.
The words started as a prepared wave of breath, which was to be modulated by vibrating vocal folds
in the larynx, then guided by the complex movements of the tongue to the palate, the jaw along the
fence of the teeth towards the lips at the end of the mouth. This interesting model may be found in
each human being. Of course we know these details, but not the impact in archaic times.
In fact the Dutch language has a proverb, in which the lips are the last barrier to stop the
catastrophic words.
Katarina showed two fingers at the doctor, she simply couldn't pass any words over her
lips. 6

1 Book 3 - HOMER, Odyssey | Loeb Classical Library

2 Homer, Odyssey, Book 10, line 302
3 Homer, Odyssey, Book 23, line 49
4 Chapter 5: Evidence from Early Greek Poetry - C.H.Beck
5 Odyssey - The New York Times (Odyssey By Homer. Translated by Stanley Lombardo. Hackett Publishing
Company, Inc. ... )
6 Katarina stak twee vingers op naar de dokter, ze kon gewoon geen woord over haar lippen krijgen. (reverso)
The dental barrier may be found near the end of the modulation chain in the schematic of the human
voice, which started as a prepared wave of breath, which was to be modulated by vibrating vocal
folds in the larynx, then guided by the complex movements of the tongue to the palate, the jaw
along the fence of the teeth towards the lips at the end of the mouth. I sketched the breath which
passes five modulation stations, which according to the communication theory in an optimally
designed encoding system each should be equipped with 3 bits.

Fig. 2 The theoretical concept for the schematic of 5 Sources in the Human Voice

The nasals (N Ńx & M) may be interpreted from the echos, which return from the nasal cavities and
are not located in the direct vocal tract. Also the dentals (R and S), the sibilant letters (S, Z, Ś) and/or
the dental sibilant (S) may have been interpreted as passive underrated, which may have been
generated at the passive teeth.
Therefore one or more of these sounds (N, Ńx, M, R, S, Z, Ś) of these categories may be considered
as secondary symbols with a underrated symbolic impact. The underrated letters may be switched
off in application of the rules for the pentagram's symbolism. Only the gutturals, the labial (except
M) and linguals (except N and Z), and palatals (except Ś and Ńx) never lost their symbolism.

Fig. 3 The Schematics of 4, 5 or 6 Sources in the Human Voice

How to interpret the switches in the schematics?

The nasal switch

The nasal switch controls the echos of the nasal sounds (M and N), which returns from the nasal
cavities. Of course the nasal echos will contribute to the sounds, which are leaving the mouth. In the
schematics the switch merely symbolizes that the echos' contributions cannot be honored with an
own category. The letters M and N will only be categorized as a labial, respectively a lingual
symbol.

The dental switch

The dental switch controls the contributions by the teeth, which de not depend on the muscles. The
teeth are passive obstacles in the mouth. Of course the dental sounds contribute to the sounds,
which are leaving the mouth.
Although they may be underrated the dental sounds definitely are categorized with an own category
for all languages. There location is often the last position in the pentagram. The last letter is often
the first symbol, which may be deleted.
In abbreviations the dental sounds may be skipped at the trailing positions in the theonyms for the
sky-gods (in French: DIÉU(S), in Italian DIO, in Latin IU-PITAR, etc.).
The 5-letter concept
The standard name-convention for keywords are pentagrams. This concept is based on the
frequently registered 5-letters words for the sky-god DIAUS, DIOUS, DIEUS and for the parents
PITAR in DIAUS PITAR, PITER in DJOUS PITER, respectively MATIR, MIThER, MÓÐIR.
Also the divine names as the virtues (METIS), royals (LOUIS), important cities (ERIDU) and rivers
(FIRAT) are 5-letter words.
Of course we should be open to accept exceptions in the 4-letter, 6-letter or even 7-letter concepts
for the deviations for the 5 Sources in the Human Voice.

The “Cartouche” of the royal name “DĀRIUŠ”

In this chapter I will investigate the categorization of the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet, whose
inventor Darius I (c. 550 – 486 BCE, spelled D-Ā-Ra-Ya-Va-U-Š) may have deviated from rules in
the elder of younger alphabets.
Of course the name Darius I may have been fixed by his parents and at his birth. The parents may
have been unaware of the naming convention of a new-born king. Often the king's name may have
been chosen or designated at the coronation of a king.
Another approach is the structure of the royal name DĀRIUŠ / D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-Š. The name of
D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-Š follow the pattern D***S of the sky-god , in which a few extra vowels are
inserted. The fundamental pattern D-<vowels>-<3 Semivocals>-<vowels>-Š is D-*-*-*-*-*-Š.
In the Sanskrit alphabet the Semivocal R may be interpreted as a vowel and consonant.
# Cuneiform actual Persian Category Triad Triad #
transcription
consonant Vocal Semivocal
1 D d(a) Dental Dentals, Alveolar T, Θ, D 4
2 Ā a Vocal Vokale (Ā), Ī, Ū 1
3 R ra Semivocal Semi-vocals Y, V, R 6
4 Y(a) ya Semivocal Semi-vocals Y, V, 6
RDIAUS
5 V(a) va Semivocal Semi-vocals Y, V, R 6
6 Ū u Vocal Vokale (Ā), Ī, Ū 1
7 Š sha Sibilant Sibilants S, Z, Š 7

Table 1: Interpretation and categorization of the Name DĀRIUŠ / D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-Š

In cuneiform spelling the name-giving for Darius is based on 7 cuneiform symbols D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-
U-Š with a 3-letter core of “R-Yi-Va”, which is included in a body D-Ā-*-*-*-U-Š.
The pentagrams in cuneiform scriptures
The body of the royal name “DĀRIUŠ” may be abbreviated to a pentagram's pattern “D-Ā-*-U-Š”,
which may be a symbolic equivalent of DIAUS.
In earlier studies I suggested the vowel core “IAU“ of the name DIAUS may have been protected
by the outer consonants D and S. This concept may be compared to the cartouches for the Egyptian
kings.
In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oval with a line at one end tangent to it,
indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name.[1] 7

The same protection (or “enclosure”) may also be indicated by the consonants “D” and “S” in the
sky-god's name DIAUS. The protected core is a vowel core IAU, which is found in the Hebrew
alphabet in which the theonym I10-Ε5-V6 is enclosed between the letter Teth T9 and Samekh S15.

lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Taw T22 Shin S21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7

Table 2 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet

The name “DariuS”, which in cuneiform is spelled as a 7-letter word D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-Š, seems to
be enclosed in a doubled cartouche. The outer enclosure is the leading “D” and the trailing “S” in
“DariuS”. The inner enclosure contains the vowels “Ā” and “U”. The enclosed 3-letter core
contains three half-vowels: “R-Yi-Va”, which is included in a dual enclosed body D-Ā-*-*-*-U-Š.

I am not sure in how far the languages had to protect the royal names. This model of the name
Darius will have to be proven by evidences we will have to investigate in other historical records.

7 Source: cartouche
The Old-Persian alphabet
In the categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet we may identify the 3-fold triads as the
encoding sets for the Guttural letters K, X, G, Palatal C, Ç, J , Alveolar T, Θ, D , Labial P, F, B. The
triad for the dentals is missing, probably because the dentals may be identified as passive elements.
Other languages (e.g. the Hebrew language) include the dentals as a valid category.

Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5 Triad 6 Triad 7

Velar Semi-
Vowels Palatal Alveolar Labial Nasal Sibilant
Guttural vowels L Glottal
(Ā), Ī, Ū C, Ç, J T, Θ, D P, F, B N&M S, Z, Ś
K, X, G Y, V, R
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Table 3 The categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
Source: A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)

The Old-Persian alphabet illustrates an optimal alphabetic structure of a number ternary codes for
the gutturals, palatals, alveolars and labials. Other groups are the vowel triads, the nasals, semi-
vowels and sibilants.
The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish ⟨ñ⟩, French
and Italian ⟨gn⟩, Catalan and Hungarian ⟨ny⟩, Czech and Slovak ⟨ň⟩, Polish ⟨ń⟩, Occitan and
Portuguese ⟨nh⟩, and (before a vowel) Modern Greek ⟨νι⟩.
The Germanic nasals are [m], [n] and [ŋ]8. Therefore we may compose a nasal triad [N, M, N] next
to the other 3 mixed vowel triads, semi-vowels and sibilants.
Generally the vowels the nasals [N, M, Ńx], the semi-vowels [Y, V, R] and Sibilants [S, Z, Ś] seem
to be composed as mixed assemblies. As a “passive” category the dentals seemed to be restricted to
R and S as members of the Triads B and C:

Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5 Triad A Triad B Triad C

Velar Semi-
Vowels Palatal Alveolar Labial Nasal Sibilant
Guttural vowels L Glottal
(Ā), Ī, Ū C, Ç, J T, Θ, D P, F, B N, M, Ńx S, Z, Ś
K, X, G Y, V, R
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 - 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Table 4 The categorization of an imaginary perfected alphabet.

In linguistics this signary seem to be interpreted as an invention of king Darius I9. He had the cliff-
face Behistun Inscription carved at Mount Behistun to record his conquests, which would later
become an important testimony of the Old Persian language.
Scholars today mostly agree that the Old Persian script was invented by about 525 BC
to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid king Darius I, to be used at
Behistun10.

For his name the inventor (D-Ā-Ra-Ya-Va-U-Š) may have chosen one Alveolar letter D, two letters
Ā and Ū from the triads vowels (Ā), Ī, Ū, and all three Semi-vocals Y, V, R and one letter Š from
the Sibilants.
8 Source: Nasal_consonant
9 Source: Darius the Great
10 Source: Old Persian cuneiform (History)
The order for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
In Wikipedia there are no specifications for a source of the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet.
Carsten Niebuhr, (1778) wrote he found three alphabets, which unfortunately are missing in
unlucky folded pages (or not printed) as alphabets:
I want to include in Plate XXXI another, or rather four inscriptions H, I, K, L, which I
found approximately in the middle of the main wall to the south [in the ruined palace at
Persepolis], all side by side. The stone on which they appear, is 26 feet long and 6 feet
high, and it's completely covered with them. One can thus judge therefrom the size of
the letters. Also here, [there] are three different alphabets.

Although based on a logo-syllabic prototype, all vowels but short /a/ are written and so the system
is essentially an alphabet. There are three vowels (a, i, u), long and short. Initially, no distinction is
made for length11.

11 Source: Old_Persian_cuneiform
The Inventor of the Old-Persian Alphabet
As an inventor Darius I (c. 550 – 486 BCE) (DĀRYUŠ) may have known the 4, 5 or more places of
articulation. The concept for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet seems to favor triads, which
represent an optimized ternary codes for the communication channels.
The vowels, gutturals, palatals, alveolars and labials are genuine triads. We do not know how the
letters in the other triads have been classified.
The inventor of the Old-Persian Old-Persian Alphabet is Darius I (c. 550 – 486 BCE) (DĀRYUŠ),
who apart from the 5 standard articulation-points (lingual, palatal, guttural, labial, dental) contains
an extra dental “R”-symbol in his name.
In cuneiform the name is spelled D-Ā-Ra-Ya-Va-U-Š, in which the sibilant Ś introduces a second
palatal symbol:

Fig. 4 The inscription at the tomb is: D-Ā-Ra-Ya-Va-U-Š

( licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 by Diego Delso )

Maybe the inventor accepted a hexagram (DĀRYUŠ) for his name-giving. In Old Persian
cuneiform the name for India is spelled as a genuine pentagram Hidūš (HIDŪŠ) in the DNa
inscription12.

# Cuneiform actual Persian Category Triad Triad #

transcription
1 D d(a) Dental Dentals, Alveolar T, Θ, D 4
2 Ā a Vocal Vokale (Ā), Ī, Ū 1
3 R ra Semivocal Semi-vocals Y, V, R 6
4 Y(a) ya Semivocal Semi-vocals Y, V, R 6
5 V(a) va Semivocal Semi-vocals Y, V, R 6
6 Ū u Vocal Vokale (Ā), Ī, Ū 1
7 Š sha Sibilant Sibilants S, Z, Š 7
Table 5: Interpretation and categorization of the Name DĀRIUŠ / D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-Š
In the spelling DĀRIUŠ or also DĀRIUŠ one symbol is superfluous for a pentagram.
In languages we never were told how the names of the gods such as DIEU had been composed. The
teacher did not explain why the vowels in the word Diéu had to be pronounced as individual
sounds. Most languages ignored these accents and turn the vowels into diphtongs.
In history and biology the teacher never taught us the human voice is generated in various places of
articulation.

12 The Dna- inscription is dated to c. 490 BCE.

The Sanskrit pentagrams
Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. It is one of the three earliest
ancient documented languages that arose from a common root language now referred to
as Proto-Indo-European language:[19][20][21]:

Language Historical period Sky-god

1 Vedic Sanskrit (c. 1500–500 BCE). dyauṣ pitā - DIAUS PITAR
2 Mycenaean Greek (c. 1450 BCE)[54] Zeus - God of the sky
(Linear B: DI-WE, DI-WO)
[14][72][73]
3 Ancient Greek (c. 750–400 BCE). DIEUS PITER
4 Hittite (c. 1750–1200 BCE). Dingir (Sumerian sky-god)
– in the emesal dialect
pronounced as DIMER
Table 6 The Indo-European family of languages

The Sanskrit alphabet

The Sanskrit alphabet was sorted according to the standard 5 points of articulation (lingual, palatal,
guttural, labial, dental), but the 14 vowels (A, Ā, I, Ī, U, Ū, Ṛ, Ṝ, Ḷ, Ḹ, E, AI, O, AU) were more
abundant than the Latin A-E-I-O-U set, and are distributed over all 5 categories (and points of
articulation).13 The 14 vowels are identified in the second column:

Fig. 5 The Sanskrit alphabet

(Source: Practical grammar of the Sanskrit language (1864.), by Monier Williams, M.A.)

The overview of the Hebrew, Old-Persian and Sanskrit letters may be listed as follows:
# Letters 22 Hebrew letters 25 Oud-Persian letters 28–47 Sanskrit letters
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Linguals D4 Th9 L12 N14 T22 T Θ D N L Z T D N L S
2 palatals G3 I10 Ch11 K19 I C Ç J Y Ś I Ī C J Ñ Y Š
3 gutturals Æ1 Ε5 H8 Gh16 A K X G H A Ā K G Ṅ H
4 labials B2 V6 M13 Ph17 U P F B M V U Ū P B Ṃ V
5 dentals Z7 S15 Ts18 R20 S21 R S Ṭ Ḍ Ṇ R Ṣ
Table 7 2-Dimensional tables for the Hebrew, Old-Persian and Sanskrit alphabets

13 The Architecture and History of the Eurasian Alphabets

The Sumerian pentagrams
Most of the Sumerian deities do not belong to the pentagrams. Instead of the divine names the sky-
god's star-shaped cuneiform ideogram Dingir and the representing consonant superscript letter "d"
is attributed to the divine names, e.g. dInanna. 14

Fig. 6: Dingir (Sumerian sky-god) – in the emesal dialect

pronounced as DIMER (Public Domain)

The cuneiform sign by itself was originally an ideogram for the Sumerian word an
("sky" or "heaven");[2] its use was then extended to a logogram for the word diĝir
("god" or "goddess")[3] and the supreme deity of the Sumerian pantheon An, and a
phonogram for the syllable /an/. Akkadian took over all these uses and added to them a
logographic reading for the native ilum and from that a syllabic reading of /il/. In Hittite
orthography, the syllabic value of the sign was again only an.

The Sumerian sign DIĜIR originated as a star-shaped ideogram indicating a god in

general, or the Sumerian god An, the supreme father of the gods. Dingir also meant sky
or heaven in contrast with ki which meant earth. Its emesal pronunciation was DIMER.
(The use of m instead of ĝ [ŋ] was a typical phonological feature in emesal dialect.) 15

Emesal (Cuneiform: Emegir "native tongue") is the language of ancient Sumer. It is one of the
oldest attested languages, dating back to at least 2900 BC.
Emesal is used exclusively by female characters in some literary texts (that may be
compared to the female languages or language varieties that exist or have existed in
some cultures, such as among the Chukchis and the Garifuna). In addition, it is
dominant in certain genres of cult songs such as the hymns sung by Gala priests.[10] 16

14 Once upon a Day the Word DINGIR (DIMER) Arose

15 Dingir
16 Once upon a day the word DINGIR (DIMER) arose...
Enki
Enki (Sumerian: DEN-KI) is the Sumerian god of water, knowledge (gestú, GESTÚ), crafts
(gašam), and creation (nudimmud), and one of the Anunnaki.
Enki was originally the patron god of the city of Eridu (ERIDU17), but later the influence of his cult
spread throughout Mesopotamia and to the Canaanites, Hittites and Hurrians.
The exact meaning of Enki's name is uncertain: the common translation is "Lord of the Earth".
The main temple to Enki was called E-abzu, meaning "abzu temple" (also E-en-gur-a, meaning
"house of the subterranean waters"), a ziggurat temple surrounded by Euphratean marshlands near
the ancient Persian Gulf coastline at Eridu. 18

Overview
The most efficient tools to understand the pentagrams are the 2-dimensional tables of the alphabets.
The earliest trace of a genuine pentagram is Dingir (Sumerian sky-god) – in emesal pronounced as:
DIMER and the latest pentagram is LOUIS.
Another Sumerian god is GESTÚ (as Enki, the god of knowledge). The theonyms DIMER and
GESTÚ are inserted as the 285th and 286th pentagram in the database at appendix 2, titled: “The
(incomplete) Overview of the (~286) Pentagrams”.

17 Eridu ("confluence" of the rivers) is the first city in the world by the ancient Sumerians
18 Enki
The European pentagrams
The European languages may have followed the earlier patterns for the name-giving of the sky-
gods.

The sky-god Zeus and his consorts

The only (incomplete) pentagram in the List of Mycenaean deities is Zeus - God of the sky
(Linear B: DI-WE, DI-WO).
The sky-god Zeus had been born on Crete, but he was married with Metis (wisdom, ΜΗΗΤΙΣ),
respectively Themis (justice, ΘΈΜΙΣ). These were two initial cardinal virtues. The abbreviations
are antipodes (ΜΗΗΤ ↔ ΘΈΜ).
The virtue wisdom had been inherited to the Etruscan and Roman mythologies and pentagrams. The
dieties (for wisdom) MENRVA and MINERVA are Etruscan & Roman names for Metis, the deity of
wisdom.

The cardinal virtues

The two virtues wisdom and justice had been inherited to the Germanic mythologies and
pentagrams Wotan (WITAZ) and Tiwaz (TIWAZ). The abbreviations are antipodes (WIT ↔ TIW).
Also the Greek and Germanic words for the virtue wisdom are antipodes: ΜΗΗΤΙΣ ↔ WITAZ.
Therefore the reconstructed word for Wotan is Witaz.
Also the Greek and Germanic words for the virtue justice are antipodes: ΘΈΜΙΣ ↔ TIWAZ.

Language Historical period Sky-god Virtue Wisdom Virtue Justice

1 Vedic Sanskrit (c. 1500–500 BCE). dyauṣ pitā -
DIAUS PITAR
2 Mycenaean Greek (c. 1450 BCE)[54] Zeus --- ---
(Linear B:
DI-WE, DI-WO)
[14][72][73]
3 Hittite (c. 1750–1200 BCE). Dingir (Sumerian)
– in the emesal
dialect pronounced
as DIMER
4 Ancient Greek (c. 750–400 BCE). Z(I)EUS PITER ΜΗΗΤΙΣ ΘΈΜΙΣ
5 Etruscan TINIA MEN(I)RVA
6 Latin (D)IOU(S) PITER MINERVA
7 French DIÉU(S)
8 Germanic TEIWS (Gothic) WITAZ TIWAZ

Table 8 The Indo-European family of languages

The pentagrams for the four cardinal virtues
The Cardinal virtues had been defined as pentagrams.
The cardinal virtues are four virtues of mind and character in both classical philosophy
and Christian theology. They are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. They
form a virtue theory of ethics. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge);[1]
virtues are so called because they are regarded as the basic virtues required for a
virtuous life. 19

1. The first and most relevant virtue is prudence (wisdom20). I noticed the Greek goddess of
wisdom is Metis, who had been defined as the first spouse (or consort) of Zeus. In fact Zeus
grew up as a child under the cover of Metis (ΜΗΗΤΙΣ).
2. The second important virtue is justice. I noticed the Greek goddess of justice is Themis
(ΘΈΜΙΣ) who is registered as the second spouse (or consort) of Zeus. Both goddesses are
listed as the first two spouse of the Hellenic sky-god Zeus21.
The prudence derives from the Latin prudentia meaning "foresight, sagacity". It is often associated
with wisdom, insight, and knowledge.
These principles derive initially from Plato in Republic Book IV, 426–435.[a] Aristotle expounded
them systematically in the Nicomachean Ethics.
The following overview suggests the sky-god is the most prominent god, followed by the first
spouse Metis and the second spouse Themis.
In the Germanic mythology these gods for wisdom and justice were defined as Wotan (Witan?, god
for the wisdom), respectively Tiwaz (god of the justice and the “Thing”).

Greek Core Pentagra Germanic God Description Personification in the

word m equivalent archaic Greek
mythology
1 Z(i)eus IEU ZIEUS Tieuws God The sky-god prudence
Thur / Donar Donar

2 Metis Μῆτ ΜΗΗΤΙΣ WIT(ES) Wotan nymph Prudence (wisdom)

Μῆτις ΜΗΗΤ (Wodan) 1st consort of Zeus (In English: “to wit”)
4 Mythos Μῦθ ΜΥΗΘΟΣ MYTh(OS) Wotan Religieuze mythen piety
μῦθος ΜΥΗΘ (TYW or (~λόγος (logos))
Tiw)

3 Themis Θέμ ΘΈΜΙΣ TIW(AS) Tiwaz Titanic child, justice (law, customs)
Θέμις ΘΈΜ (Tiw) 2nd consort of Zeus
5 Thymos Θυμ ΘΥΜΌΣ WYT(an) Wotan Courage, rage "passion", (cou-)rage
θυμός ΘΥΜ WUT
(Woden)

Table 9 The five cardinal virtues as mirrored structures in the Greek and Germanic languages

19 Cardinal virtues
20 Prudence was considered by the ancient Greeks and later on by Christian philosophers, most notably Thomas
Aquinas, as the cause, measure and form of all virtues. It is considered to be the auriga virtutum or the charioteer of
the virtues.
21 The Pentagrams in Hesiod's Theogony
Optimizing the Futhark Signary
If the letter Y may be interpreted as a palatal I, the initial letters FYThAR of the Futhark may be
identified as a pentagram, which introduced as to Futhark-alphabet.
If we man interpret F as a labial W, the pentagram FYThAR may contain the same letters (T, I, W,
A, R), which may be found in the divine names of the sky-gods and the “inventors” or “importers”
TIW and WIT :
1. [TIW] : the divine name *TĪWAZ, including the TIWAS and TIÆWS, was the Germanic
sky-god, abbreviated TIW. Tiw is also the god of justice. TEIWAZ (respectively TIWAZ) is
the first rune (ᛏ) of the third Aett. The rune (ᛏ) represents the god Týr.
2. [WIT] : the divine names WITAN of GIWOD, resp. the name (G)WODIN (the name of the
inventor of the runes and the Germanic patron of the wisdom) with an Friesian abbreviation
*WĒDA.
Similar pentagram patterns ***** may be identified in some of the words for parents VADER &
MŒDER, which in archaic languages and old spellings contain pentagrams as: VIDAR, VADIR,
PITAR, respectively MŒDIR). Maybe the runic alphabet started with the keyword “father” (spelled
like → FYThAR).

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Elder ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛟ ᛞ
Futhark F U Þ A R K G W HN I J Æ P Z S T B E M L Ŋ O D
ætts "Freyr's ætt" "Hagal's ætt" Tyr's ('Mars') ætt
Table 10 The categorization and sequence of the Elder Futhark signary (24 symbols)
The runic alphabet may be transformed to the following 2-dimensional table:
# linguaal palataal labiaal gutturaal dentaal
6 D M
5 Ŋ (Ng) B O
4 L J P E
3 T I [W] Ï of Æ S
2 N G U H Z
1 Þ K [F] A R
Table 11 2-Dimensional table of the runic alphabet on the Kylver Stone
(on the third row the alphabet displays the theonyms TĪW en TĪWÆS)
The concept of the Futhark signary is composed to display the theonym TĪWÆS at the 3rd row. This
is done by ordering the letters as follows: f u þ a r k g w; h n i j ï p z s; t b e m l ŋ o d.
In January 2023, an even older stone with runic inscriptions was found in Tyrifjorden. It dates from
between 1~250 AD and appears to include the name dedication ᛁᛞᛁᛒᛖᚱᚢᚷ IDIBERUG, perhaps
meaning "for Idibera".[4] 22
More or less the phonetic sounds seem to be distributed ad lib over the 5 independent
communications channels, e.g. in de Staveless runes: F, U, B, M, K, I, H, A, Þ, N, T, L, R, S, R.

22 Elder_Futhark
Optimizing the Ogham alphabet
The Ogham alphabet displays the name of the sky-god TIΕU at the forth row of the 2-dimensional
table of the alphabet23.
The incomplete pentagram “TIEU” of the Gaulish language may have been imported as the sky-god
“DII ĒU” to the French language. Therefore the name “TIEU” and the Gaulish alphabet may be
inherited from the Gaulish territory.
Geoffroy Tory (1480-1533) describes the inventor of the Ogham alphabet as a Gaulish Hercules24.
In this case the Ogham alphabet might be dated around the year 51 B.C.
Another importer may be the bishop Palladius, the first bishop of the Christians in Ireland,
preceding Saint Patrick. Palladius was a deacon and member of one of the prominent families in
Gaul. Pope Celestine I consecrated him a bishop and sent him in AD 431 to Ireland "to the Scotti
believing in Christ"25. The second origin of the Ogham may be dated around AD 431.
The motivation of the druids may be identified in their own god (“TIEU” ?).
Also the Gauls knew the Roman sky-god Jupiter, which had been derived from the original “father”
god (DJOUS PITER), which matches “DII ĒU”, but had been deteriorated to “II U”.
The druid, who personified the Gaulish Hercules, guessed the name “II U” would not be accepted as
a sky-god. Probably the Ogham alphabet had to display the French “TIEU” in their new alphabet,
which had to be interpreted as a “bundle of furrows”:

Orders Aicme Beithe Aicme hÚatha Aicme Muine Aicme Ailme

Goidelic B L N F/V S H D T C Q M G Ng SS R A O U Ε I
Scots B L V S N H D T K KH M G Ng ST R A O U Ε I
Medieval B L F S V H D T K Q M G Ng DD R A O U Ε I
Standard B L F S N H D T C Q M G Ng Z R A O U Ε I
Table 12 3 chronological orders (Source: Proto-Ogham (2008) and the “standard order”.
lingual palatal guttural labial dental
5 Ng
4 T I Ε U
3 D G O M R
2 N Q A F Z
1 L C H B S
Table 13 Display of the theonym TIΕU in the Ogham alphabet (for the standard order)
The concept of the Ogham signary is composed to display the theonym TIΕU at the 4th row. This is
done by ordering the symbols as follows (as standard): BLFSN HDTCQ MGNgZR AOUEI.

23 The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary
24 Champfleury (1529), Geoffroy Tory.
25 Palladius
The Ego-Pronouns
A number of Mediterranean languages seem to have derived their personal pronouns of the 1st
person singular (English: “I”) from the sky-god's theonyms26.
In order to generate a divine name we would normally have to insert a genuine personal pronoun of
the first person singular between a leading character D, Z, Th or Þ and eventually the trailing
character S. In Provencal language for instance the divine name DIÉU will be generated by D and
the pronoun IÉU.
In The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism the formulas did not illustrate the categorization of
the letters, which in the following overview are highlighted with the colors for the categories:
linguals, palatals, gutturals, labials and dentals.

Tiwaz (Luwian Sun-God)

Especially the Hittite sky-god ŠIWAT may be an evidence that the 5-letters theonyms may have
been composed in any order from the 5 letters categorized as lingual, palatal, guttural, labial and
dental.
TIWAZ (Stem: Tiwad-) was the Luwian Sun-god27. He was among the most important
gods of the Luwians. The name of the Proto-Anatolian Sun god can be reconstructed as
*DIUOD-, which derives from the Proto-Indo-European word *dei- ("shine", "glow").
This name is cognate with the Greek Zeus, Latin Jupiter, and Norse Tyr.

While Tiwaz (and the related Palaic god TIYAZ) retained a promenant role in the
pantheon, the Hittite cognate deity, ŠIWAT (Šiwat [de]) was largely eclipsed by the Sun
goddess of Arinna, becoming a god of the day, especially the day of death.

TIWAZ was the descendant of the male sky god of the Indo-European religion, Dyeus,
who was superseded among the Hittites by the Hattian Sun goddess of Arinna.

In Bronze Age texts, TIWAZ is often referred to as "Father" (cuneiform Luwian: tatis
Tiwaz) and once as "Great Tiwaz" (cuneiform Luwian: urazza- dUTU-az), and invoked
along with the "Father gods" (cuneiform Luwian: tatinzi maššaninzi).

In Luwian cuneiform of the Bronze Age, his name appears as Tiwad-. It can also be
written with the Sumerogram dUTU ("God-Sun"). In Hieroglyphic Luwian of the Iron
Age, the name can be written as Tiwad- of with the ideogram (DEUS) SOL ("God-
Sun"). 28

Troy (Wilusa)
Several scholars shared the view that Luwian was spoken—to varying degrees—across a large
portion of western Anatolia, including Troy (Wilusa, WILUSA).

26 The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)

27 Tiwaz (Luwian deity).
28 A Retrospect in My Analysis of Linguistics
A list of examples explains some of the generating mechanisms 29. Usually the original EGO-
pronouns may have contained one guttural, one labial and one palatal symbol. Normally the order
of these letters may have correlated with the vowel core ( IÁU, IÉU, IÓU, ...) of the theonym. The
accents indicate the isolated pronunciation for each vowel.
## Language Theonym Initial letter EGO-pronoun Trailer Notes
10 Hittite ŠIWAT Š (H)ÚǴ T Šiwat
30
11 Luwian TIWAZ T AMU Z
12 Lepontic ΘIVAZ Θ ? Z
13 Greek Z(I)EUS Z EGO S
14 Latin DIOUS D EGO / IOU S
15 old-German DIHS31 D IH S
16 English DIS D I S
17 Spanish DIOS D YO S
18 Portuguese DEUS D EU S
19 Sicilian dialect DIU D IU
20 Romanian ZEU Z EU
21 Provencal DIÉU D IÉU
22 Romansh DIÉU D JAU Jauer_dialect
23 Sursilvanic DIÉU D JEU
24 Sutsilvanic DIÉU D JOU
25 NIMES (France) DÏOU32 D YIOU NIMES is a pentagram
26 Italian DIÓ D IÓ
Table 14 Theonyms and personal pronouns of the 1st person singular (Ego-pronouns)
for various languages

In a few cases the leading letter “Z” for Romanian “ZEU” and Old High German “ZIU” may be
categorized as “Z” for Romanian “ZEU” and Old High German “ZIU”.
This overview illustrates the correlations between the personal pronouns of the 1st person singular
(English: “I”) and the sky-god's theonyms DIOUS, DIÉU, DIÓ, DIOS, DEUS, ZEU, DIHS, DIS,
DIU, ZIU, TIG.
Usually the personal pronouns of the 1st person singular correlate with the core of the sky-gods.
Often the ego-pronouns are displayed on one of the rows in the 2-dimensional tables for the
languages.

29 Details: The Deity Dis in the Gallic Wars and Hieroglyphs in Indo-European Languages
30 Luwian_language
31 Dis has 53 BC been described by Julius Caesar in De Bello Gallico, Book VI- chapter 18
32 Fraternita by Antoine Hippolyte Bigot (1825 – 1897)
Summary
As far as I know no communication engineer ever composed a basic schematic of the mechanisms,
which produce a human voice. A variable stream of air pressure from the lungs creates a modulated
flow of air through the trachea (windpipe). Basically there are 5 main variable obstacles which we
name places of articulation (the throat tissues, lips, tongue, palate and the teeth).
The vocal folds in the larynx vibrate, creating fluctuations in air pressure, known as sound waves.
The size of vocal cords affects the pitch of voice. Resonances in the vocal tract modify these waves
according to the position and shape of the lips, jaw, tongue, soft palate, and other speech organs,
creating formant regions and so different qualities of sonorant (voiced) sound.
The mouth radiates the sound waves into the environment. The nasal cavity adds resonance to some
sounds such as [m] and [n] to give nasal quality of the so-called nasal consonants, but we may
ignore these contributions and categorize [m] and [n] to their fundamental places of articulation.
Also the dentals (R and S), the sibilant letters (S, Z, Ś) and/or the dental sibilant (S) may have been
interpreted as passive underrated, which may have been generated at the passive teeth.
The archaic Places of articulation represent the 5 variable resistances in the stream of wind. If all 5
modulators are activated in a word this word may be defined as a special keyword for important
definitions such as divine names as DIAUS PITAR, virtues (METIS), royals (LOUIS), important
cities (ERIDU) and rivers (FIRAT)...
Although the evidence is impressive nobody seems to understand how earlier generations may have
interpreted their voices. Some of these evidences will be illustrated in this essay.
Optimized alphabets are composed as a 2-dimensional table with 5 columns with at least 3 symbols.
Each of the 5 columns which represent the articulation-points (lingual, palatal, guttural, labial,
dental) is equipped with approximately 3 symbols. These 5 categories may be identified in the
Sanskrit and the modern European alphabets, including the runic signaries Futhark and Ogham.
In the 2-dimensional table with 5 columns a 5-letter name for theonym of the sky-god may be
displayed in the second (for the Ugarit-derived alphabets), third (for the runic signary) respectively
fourth row of the table for the Ogham alphabet.
The inventor Darius I of the Old-Persian alphabet may have composed a more complex structure of
the signary. The name “DariuS”, which in cuneiform is spelled as a 7-letter word D-Ā-R-Yi-Va-U-
Š, seems to be enclosed in a doubled cartouche. The outer enclosure is the leading “D” and the
trailing “S” in “DariuS”. The inner enclosure contains the vowels “Ā” and “U”. The enclosed 3-
letter core contains three half-vowels: “R-Yi-Va”, which is included in a dual enclosed body D-Ā-*-
*-*-U-Š.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
The evidence in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey........................................................................................3
How to interpret the switches in the schematics?............................................................................5
The nasal switch..........................................................................................................................5
The dental switch........................................................................................................................5
The 5-letter concept..............................................................................................................................6
The “Cartouche” of the royal name “DĀRIUŠ”..............................................................................6
The pentagrams in cuneiform scriptures..........................................................................................7
The Old-Persian alphabet.....................................................................................................................8
The order for the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet..........................................................................9
The Inventor of the Old-Persian Alphabet.....................................................................................10
The Sanskrit pentagrams.....................................................................................................................11
The Sanskrit alphabet.....................................................................................................................11
The Sumerian pentagrams..................................................................................................................12
Enki ...............................................................................................................................................13
Overview........................................................................................................................................13
The European pentagrams..................................................................................................................14
The sky-god Zeus and his consorts................................................................................................14
The cardinal virtues.......................................................................................................................14
The pentagrams for the four cardinal virtues.................................................................................15
Optimizing the Futhark Signary....................................................................................................16
Optimizing the Ogham alphabet....................................................................................................17
The Ego-Pronouns..............................................................................................................................18
Tiwaz (Luwian Sun-God)..............................................................................................................18
Troy (Wilusa) ................................................................................................................................18
Summary.............................................................................................................................................20