Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment

CC01, CC02, CC03, CC04

CH2043

English Program
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya and Shafirah Samsuri 2022

INTRODUCTION TO HEAT TRANSFER

▪ Heat Transfer Mechanisms

▪ Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction.

▪ Newton’s Law of Cooling for Heat Convection

▪ Stefan–Boltzmann's Law of Heat Radiation

 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
▪ Two objects at different temperatures in contact:
➢ heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to
the object at the lower temperature.

▪ Heat, Q, is thermal energy in transit.

 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
▪ Heat can be transferred in THREE different ways:
➢ Conduction
➢ Convection
➢ Radiation.

▪ All mechanisms of heat transfer require the existence

of a temperature difference
(Temperature driving force).

▪ All mechanism of heat transfer are from the higher-

temperature to a lower temperature
(2nd Law Thermodynamic).
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Experience of heat transfer mechanism in daily life:
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Experience of heat transfer mechanism in daily life:

From the sun:

• 2x1017 W
• 400 W/m2
 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
1. Heat Conduction
▪ Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions
between the particles.

▪ Conduction can take place

in solids, liquids, or gases.

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
▪ Heat Conduction in gas and liquid
i. Collisions between molecules
ii. Diffusion of molecules in random motion.

iii. During molecules collision, kinetic energy of the more energetic (higher
temperature) molecule is transferred to the less energetic (lower
temperature) molecule. 8
 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
▪ Heat Conduction in solids
heat conduction is due to:
i. Lattice vibrations
ii. Flow of free electrons

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
▪ Observations

▪ The constant of proportionality k is thermal

conductivity of the material
▪ Thermal conductivity defines the ability of a
material to conduct heat
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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
▪ The rate of heat conduction through a solid is directly proportional to
its thermal conductivity.

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
▪ Heat flux

▪ dT/dx is the temperature gradient.

(i.e. slope of a T-x diagram)
▪ Heat transfer area A is always normal
to the direction of heat transfer.
▪ The negative sign ensures that heat transfer
in the positive x direction is a positive quantity.
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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
▪ Thermal Conductivity

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
Example 1: Heat Loss through Roof
The roof of an air-conditioned room is 6m long, 8m wide, and 0.25m thick, and is
made of a flat layer of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.8 W/m∙K. The
temperature of the inner and the outer surfaces of the roof are measured to be
20°C and 34 °C, respectively, for a period of 8 hours.
Determine:
a) The rate of heat loss through the roof during the 8 hour period, and
b) The cost of that heat loss to the home owner if the cost of the electricity is
$0.08/kWh.

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
Example 1: Heat Loss through Roof
Solutions:
Given: k = 0.8 W/m∙K , A = 6 m x 8 m = 48 m2, thickness, Dx = 0.25 m
T1 = 20oC and T2 = 34oC.
To be found: The rate of heat transfer from outside to inside room, QLoss.

a) The steady rate of heat transfer through the roof is:

𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇2∆𝑥
−𝑇1

𝑊 34 −20 𝐾
= 0.8𝑚∙𝐾 × 48 𝑚 2 × 0.25 𝑚

= 2150 𝑊 #answer
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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
Example 1: Heat Loss through Roof
b) The cost of that heat loss

For 8 hours period, the amount of heat lost and it cost:

Cost = amount of heat energy × unit cost of energy

= 2.150 kW x 8 h x $ 0.08/kWh
= $1.38. #answer

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
Example 2: Heat flux through glass window
Determine the heat flux q across a 3-mm thick glass panel with thermal conductivity
k = 0.78 W/m٠K at steady-state:
T2 T3
Double panel glass panel
T4
5-cm apart with air filling the T1
gap between the two glass panels. Air

T1 = 40oC, T4 = 20oC.

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 Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction
Example 2: Heat flux through glass window T2 T3
Solutions:
T4
Heat flux across double glass panel: T1
Air
kair = 0.026 W/m∙oC
T2 and T3 are unknown.
Heat flux is constant at steady-state.
𝑞12 = 𝑞23 = 𝑞34

40 − 𝑇2 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −20
0.78× = 0.026× 2 3 = 0.78× 3
0.003 0.05 0.003

Solving simultaneously
T2 = 39.96 oC and T3 = 19.96 oC 𝑞12 = 𝑞23 = 𝑞34 = 10.4 W/m2
#answer 18
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
2. Heat Convection

▪ Conduction and convection both require the

presence of a material medium but convection
requires fluid motion (i.e. velocity of fluid flow).

▪ Heat transfer through a fluid is by convection in

the presence of bulk fluid flow.

▪ Heat conduction through a fluid does not have

fluid flow, i.e. fluid is stagnant.

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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Heat Convection
▪ Convection is the transfer of heat that is associated with
the movement of a fluid.
▪ The rate of heat transfer is affected by:
i. Temperature difference DT
ii. Fluid velocity V

Heat transfer from a hot surface to air by convection.

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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Heat Convection
▪ Forced convection
▪ The convective fluid is forced to flow by a fan, a pump, or wind blow.

External Forced Convection Internal Forced Convection

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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
▪ Definition: The rate of heat convection is proportional to the
difference between the surface temperature and the fluid
temperature.
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
where Qconv = rate of heat convection,
As = surface area of heat transfer,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2∙K),
𝑇𝑠 = temperature of heat transfer surface
𝑇∞ = temperature of the fluid

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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
▪ Typical values of convection heat transfer coefficient

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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Example 3: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
A 2 m long, 0.3 cm diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C. Heat is
generated in the wire as a result of electrical resistance, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the
voltage drop and the electric current through the wire are measured to be 60 V and
1.5 A, respectively.

Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine:

the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface
of the wire and the air in the room. 24
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Example 3: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
Solutions:
Given: electrical wire
L = 2 m, D = 0.3 cm
DV = 60V, I = 1.5 A
Troom = 15 °C, Ts =152 °C.
Determine convection heat transfer coefficient, h.

At steady operating conditions, the rate of heat loss from the wire equals the
rate of heat generation in the wire as a result of resistance heating.
That is:
𝑄 = 𝐸𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼 = 60 𝑉 × 1.5 𝐴 = 90 W
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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Example 3: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient

The surface area of the wire is:

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 0.01885 𝑚2

Applying Newton’s law of cooling,

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

Solving for h:

#answer
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 Newton’s Law of Cooling
Example 3: Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient

Discussions:
In this example, it is possible to calculate the heat transfer coefficient for heat
convection because the heat source is conveniently calculated from energy
generated by the electrical wire resistance.

However, in the process industries, it is more common to find heat source in

flowing liquids or gases. Then heat generated may not be conveniently
calculated. Because of this situation, heat transfer coefficients are most
commonly determined by correlations of fluid flow and heat transfer
phenomena.

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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
3. Heat Radiation
▪ Radiation is the energy emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves.
▪ Heat transfer by radiation does not require a medium → heat may transfer
in vacuum.
▪ Heat transfer by radiation also does not require the flow of fluid.

Thermal radiation
between two objects
A hot object inside even when the
a vacuum chamber medium between
loses heat by the objects is at a
radiation only. lower temperature.

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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Heat Radiation
▪ Blackbody radiation
▪ Blackbody is a concept of an ideal surface.
▪ Absorbs all heat radiation that falls on
surface of blackbody.
▪ Emits all heat radiation perfectly at the
same rate it absorbs.
▪ No heat radiation passes through the
blackbody.
▪ No heat radiation reflected from the surface
of blackbody.

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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
▪ Definition: The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from
a surface at a thermodynamic temperature 𝑇𝑠 (unit of K or R)
is given by:
𝑄𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4

where 𝜎 = 5.670×108 W/m2·K4 is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant,

As = surface area of blackbody,
𝑇𝑠 = temperature of blackbody surface

▪ The Stefan–Boltzmann law is for blackbody radiation because only

blackbody emits maximum rate of heat radiation.
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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Example 4: Blackbody radiation power
A 20-cm-diameter spherical steel ball at 800 K is suspended in air.
Assuming the ball closely approximates a blackbody, determine the
total blackbody emissive power.

Solutions:
The surface area of blackbody emission
𝐴𝑠 = 4𝜋𝐷 2 = 0.503 𝑚2
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law for blackbody radiation
𝑄 = 𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4
= 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4 × 0.503 𝑚2 × 800 𝐾 4
= 11.7 𝑘𝑊 #answer 31
 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Heat Radiation
▪ Real surfaces
▪ Objects whose surfaces have emissivity less than 1.
▪ Radiation emitted by all Real surfaces is:

𝑄𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4

where e is the emissivity of the surface, ( 0 ≤ e ≤ 1).

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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Heat Radiation
▪ Emissivity
▪ The emissivity of a surface
varies with wavelength.

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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Example 5: Radiation furnace view-glass
A square glass plate 30 cm height is used to view radiation from a
furnace. The emissivity of the glass varies at different wavelengths
but averages at 0.39 over the whole wavelength. Assuming that the
inside temperature of the furnace is at 2000°C, determine the rate
of heat radiation from the glass plate if the surrounding
temperature is 30°C.
Solutions:
The surface area of glass plate
𝐴𝑠 = 0.09 𝑚2

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 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law
Example 5: Radiation furnace view-glass
Solutions:
Rate of heat radiation
𝑄 = 𝜀𝜎𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇∞4
= 0.39 × 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4 × 0.09 𝑚2
× 22734 − 3034 𝐾 4

= 53.1 𝑘𝑊 #answer

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Summary

▪ Heat Transfer Mechanisms

▪ Fourier’s Law of Heat conduction.

▪ Newton’s Law of Cooling for Heat Convection

▪ Stefan–Boltzmann's Law of Heat Radiation

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