Private Pilot Workbook (Practice)

PRIVATE PILOT
WORKBOOK
Practice Copy
Workbook Introduction
This is the Practice Copy of the Private Pilot Workbook. It does not teach any topics in
depth but provides tools for helping students to memorize important items needed
to fly safely and to pass their FAA Written Test and Checkride Exams.
Do your best to fill out all of the blanks in the lessons below! Then compare your
answers to the Master Workbook found at the link below:
https://www.wificfi.com/post/private-pilot-workbook
Table of Contents
Below you will find all of the applicable ACS Subject Areas.
Risk Management - Page 2

Certificates and Documents - Page 4
Runway Incursion Avoidance - Page 5
Visual Scanning and Collision Avoidance - Page 7
14 CFR and Publications - Page 8
Aeromedical Factors - Page 9
Aircraft Systems - Page 11
Airplane Flight Controls - Page 14
Weather Theory - Page 16
Weather Reports - Page 18
Airplane Weight and Balance - Page 21
Performance and Limitations - Page 22
National Airspace System - Page 23
Navigation Aids: VOR - Page 27
Navigation Aids: DME - Page 28
Navigation Aids: GPS - Page 28
VFR Flight Planning - Page 29
Night Operations - Page 30
High Altitude Operations - Page 31
Principles of Flight - Page 33
Airworthiness Requirements - Page 34
wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 2

RISK MANAGEMENT
Types of Risk
1. Total Risk = The sum of ________________ and ____________________ risks.
2. Identified Risk = Risk that has been identified and determined.
3. Unidentified Risk = Risk that has not yet been identified.
4. Acceptable Risk = Risk that can be __________________________________.
5. Unacceptable Risk = Risk that cannot be allowed to persist.
6. Residual Risk = Risk remaining after _______________ have been fully employed.
Hazardous Attitudes
Name of Attitude Definition Antidote
Anti-Authority “Don’t tell me.”
Impulsivity “Do it quickly.”
Invulnerability “It won’t happen to me.”
Macho “I can do it.”
Resignation “What’s the use?”
Checklists and Models

The PAVE Checklist The 3P Model
P = ___________________________________ P = Perceive
A = ___________________________________ P = Process
V = ___________________________________ P = Perform
E = ___________________________________
The IMSAFE Checklist The DECIDE Model
I = ___________________________________ D = ___________________________________
M = ___________________________________ E = ___________________________________
S = ___________________________________ C = ___________________________________
A = ___________________________________ I = ___________________________________
F = ___________________________________ D = ___________________________________
E = ___________________________________ E = ___________________________________
The 5P Model
Plan - Plane - Pilot - Passengers - Programming

CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
Eligibility Requirements
● _______ Years Old.
● Read, write, speak, and understand English.
● Pass Written Test.
● Pass Checkride Exam.
● Hold Student Pilot, Sport Pilot, or Recreational Pilot Certificate.
Aeronautical Experience
● ________ hours Total Time that includes:
○ ________ hours Dual Instruction that includes:
■ ______ hours Cross Country
■ ______ hours Night Flight that includes:
● 1 Cross Country over ________
● ________ Takeoffs and Landings to a Full Stop
■ ______ hours Simulated Instrument
■ ______ hours in previous 2 Calendar Months
○ ______ hours Solo Flight Time that includes:
■ ______ hours Solo Cross Country
■ One Solo Cross Country over 150nm Total Distance with Full Stop
Landings at 3 points. One segment of flight must be greater than
________.
■ Three Takeoffs and Landings to a Full Stop at a Towered Airport.
Recency Requirements
● To Act as PIC:
○ Flight Review every ______ Calendar Months.
● To Act as PIC Carrying Passengers (Day):
○ ______ Takeoffs and Landings in preceding ______ days in Category,
Class, and Type.
● To Act as PIC Carrying Passengers (Night):

○ ______ Takeoffs and Landings in preceding ______ days in Category,
Class, and Type. Landings must be at Night and to a ________________.
Medical Certificates
Class Privileges Durations
First Class Exercise ATP Certificate <40 = __________________

>40 = __________________
Second Class Exercise CAX Certificate <40 = __________________

>40 = __________________
Third Class All Other Operations <40 = __________________

>40 = __________________
RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE
LAHSO - Land and Hold Short Operations

● Must a pilot accept a LAHSO Clearance? = _______.
● Must a pilot adhere to an accepted LAHSO Clearance? = _______.
● Can a pilot still perform a Go-Around if needed? = _______.
Sterile Cockpit Principle

Means no unnecessary conversations or duties during critical phases of flight:
● Taxi, Takeoff, Approach, Landing.
Hot Spots
Spots on the airport indicating congestion or confusion.
Situational Awareness
Always knowing your current position, future plan, and paying attention to what is
going on around you.

Airport Signs
Airport Markings

VISUAL SCANNING AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE
Right of Way Rules

1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________
Situation Right of Way
Aircraft Converging Aircraft to the ________ has the Right of Way.
Approaching Head On Each aircraft should alter course to the __________.
Overtaking an Aircraft Overtake to the __________. Aircraft being overtaken has

the Right of Way.
Approaching to Land Aircraft at the __________ Altitude has the Right of Way.
Vestibular Illusions
Illusion Sensation/Cause
The Leans Feeling as if you are in a turn.
Coriolis Illusion Rapid head movement in a prolonged turn.
Graveyard Spiral Extended condition of the leans, gradual descent.
Somatogravic Illusion Acceleration and Deceleration feel as if you are climbing

or descending.
Inversion Illusion Rapid level off from steep climb feels like tumbling
backward.
Elevator Illusion Updrafts and Downdrafts feel like nose high and nose low
attitudes.
Visual Illusions
Illusion Sensation/Cause
False Horizon Lights obscure the natural horizon.
Autokinesis Stationary lights appear to move.

Runway Width Wider runways make pilots feel lower. Narrower runways
make pilots feel higher.
Runway Slope Upsloping runways make pilots feel higher. Downsloping

runways make pilots feel lower.
Featureless Terrain Makes pilots feel further from terrain.
Haze Makes pilots feel higher.
Fog Can create the illusion of pitching up.
Proper Scanning Technique
Aircraft Blind Spots

High Wing Aircraft = Blind spots __________ the pilot.
Low Wing Aircraft = Blind spots __________ the pilot.
14 CFR AND PUBLICATIONS
Publication Acronym Contents
Code of Federal All the rules and laws of the United States.
Regulations
Federal Aviation Rules and laws that apply to pilots and

Regulations aircraft.
Aeronautical Information Knowledge information published by the

Manual FAA.
National Transportation Rules regarding aircraft accidents and

Safety Board incidents.
Advisory Circulars Additional topic circulars by the FAA.

Airmen Certification Standards set forth to achieve a pilot
Standards license.
Pilot Operating Handbook Aircraft specific manual covering its

procedures.
Pilot’s Handbook of Ground school study topics and

Aeronautical Knowledge information.
Airplane Flying Handbook Flight maneuver study information.
AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
Types of Hypoxia
Type Description
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Hypemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Symptoms of Hypoxia
● Cyanosis (blue fingernails and lips)
● Headache
● Decreased Response Times
● Impaired Judgement
● Euphoria
● Visual Impairment
● Drowsiness
● Dizzy Sensations
● Numbness
● Tingling in Fingers and Toes
Hypoxia Corrective Actions

● Descend to lower altitude
● Put on an oxygen mask
● Stop pulling G-forces

Hyperventilation
Too much __________. Not enough ____________________ to regulate the breathing rate.
● Breathe into a paper bag
● Talk or sing aloud
● Reduce breathing rate
Middle Ear and Sinus Congestion

● Traps air pressure in sinuses.
● Pilots experience an ease of pain during ________________________.
● Pilots experience increased pain during ________________________.
Motion Sickness
Caused by the brain receiving conflicting messages about the state of the body.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

● Colorless and odorless gas.
● Attaches to blood cells _______________ times faster than oxygen.
● Most commonly from the _______________________________.
Symptoms:
● Headache
● Blurred Vision
● Dizziness
● Drowsiness
● Loss of Muscle Power
● Death
Stress and Fatigue

Stress Fatigue
Acute Stress Acute Fatigue

Immediate threat. Short term exhaustion.
Chronic Stress Chronic Fatigue
Accumulated/long term stress. Long term exhaustion.
Alcohol Rules
1. ________ hours from bottle to throttle.
2. ________ BAC max.
3. No flying while hungover or under the influence.

Scuba Diving Wait Times
Flight Altitude Controlled Dive Uncontrolled Dive
< 8,000’ MSL ______ hours ______ hours
> 8,000’ MSL ______ hours ______ hours
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Reciprocating Engines
Back and forth motion of the pistons.
Spark vs Compression Ignition

● Spark - Provided by spark plugs
● Compression - Provided by high compression in the cylinders
Cylinder Arrangements
Name Arrangement Pros/Cons
Radial Engine Radial arrangement ● High power to weight ratio
In-Line Engine Straight line ● Small frontal area

arrangement ● Lower power to weight
ratio
● Less cooling for rear
cylinders
V-Type Engine V formation ● More horsepower than

arrangement in-line engines
● Small frontal area
Horizontally Cylinders oppose each ● Most popular in aviation

Opposed other ● Lightweight and compact
The 4 Stroke Cycle

1. Intake Stroke = ____________.
2. Compression Stroke = ____________.
3. PowerStroke = ____________.
4. Exhaust Stroke = ____________.

Types of Propellers
1. Fixed Pitch Prop
a. Blade angles are set and do not vary.
b. Climb Prop = Good at ____________ not at ____________.
c. Cruise Prop = Good at ____________ not at ____________.
2. Adjustable Pitch
a. Blade angles can be varied on the ground with the engine not running.
3. Constant Speed Prop
a. Blade angles vary in flight to maintain a constant RPM.
b. High Blade Pitch = ____________ RPM (more drag).
c. Low Blade Pitch = ____________ RPM (less drag).
Induction Systems
Type Description Pros/Cons
Carburetor Mixes fuel and air in the ● _________ throttle response.

carburetor before being ● Subject to _________ icing.
sent to cylinders.
Fuel Injection Mixes fuel and air just prior ● Better fuel flow.
to cylinder intake. ● _________ throttle response.
● Precise mixture control.
● Better fuel distribution.
● Subject to ______________.
Types of Oil Systems

____________ System = Oil is located in a sump that is integral with the engine.
____________ System = Oil is contained in a separate tank not integral with the engine.
Cowl Flap Operation

____________ = Releases hot air from engine cowling and cools the engine.

____________ = Traps hot air in engine cowling to keep the engine warmer.
Combustion Issues
____________ = Uncontrolled/explosive ignition of fuel/air mixture (not a smooth burn).
____________ = Fuel/air mixture detonates ahead of the ignition stroke.
Fuel System Types

Gravity Feed System
Gravity moves fuel from tanks to the engine (____________).
Fuel Pump System
Fuel is transferred to the engine from fuel tanks via fuel pumps (l____________).
Fuel Grades and Colors
Generators vs Alternators
Generators
● Produce _____ power.
● May not produce enough power at low RPM settings.
Alternators
● Produce _____ power.
● Can output enough power through a large range of RPM settings.
Fuses vs Circuit Breakers

Fuses = When blown, must be ________________.
Circuit Breakers = When popped, may be ________________.
Ammeter vs Loadmeter
Ammeter

● Shows if the alternator/generator is producing an adequate supply of electrical
power. ________________. indications mean there is not enough power and that
the system is drawing off the battery.
Loadmeter
● Shows the electrical load being placed on the alternator/generator.
Types of Landing Gear

Type Pros/Cons
Tricycle Type ● ________________ braking at higher speeds.

● ________________ forward visibility.
● Prevents ground looping.
Tailwheel Type ● Keeps prop higher off the ground (off airport operations).
● Susceptible to ___________________________.
Anti-Ice and De-Ice Systems

● De-Ice Boots = Inflatable boots on the leading edge of the wing to break ice.
● Heated Wing = Wing is heated to melt ice. Typically from the engine bleed air.
● Weeping Wing = Leaks TKS fluid over wing to prevent ice build up.
AIRPLANE FLIGHT CONTROLS
Primary Flight Controls Secondary Flight Controls
________________ Wing Flaps

________________ Leading Edge Devices
________________ Spoilers and Trim
Ailerons
Control roll about the ________________ axis.
Type Description
Differential Ailerons Up-going aileron travels further than down-going aileron.
Frise-Type Ailerons Aileron pivots on an off-set hinge.
Coupled Ailerons Ailerons and rudder are linked controls.
Flaperons Ailerons and flaps are linked controls.

Elevator
Controls pitch about the ________________ axis.
Type Description
Elevator Connected to the horizontal stabilizer.
T-Tail Elevator at the top of the vertical stabilizer.
Stabilator Elevator and horizontal stabilizer are a single moving piece.
Canard Elevator at the front of an aircraft.
Rudder
Controls yaw about the ________________ axis.
Type Description
Rudder Left rudder pedal moves rudder to the left and aircraft nose to
the right and vice-versa.
V-Tail Design Rudder and elevator are linked controls.
Flaps
Attached to the ________________________ of the wing and provides both lift and drag.
Type Description
Plain Flap ● Splits off the trailing edge of the wing.

● High lift and high drag.
Split Flap ● Splits off the lower surface of the wing.

● More lift than plain flap.
Slotted ● Pivots off trailing edge on an off-set hinge.

● Further increases lift.
Fowler ● Slides back and pivots downward off the trailing edge of
the wing.
● Allows a pilot to select settings for either high lift or high
drag or both.
Leading Edge Devices

Creates lift at the leading edge of the wing.
Type Description
Fixed Do not move. Direct airflow over upper surface of wing.

Movable Move on tracks. Direct airflow over upper surface of wing.
Leading Edge Flaps Increase both the lift and camber of the wing.
Cuffs Increase both the lift and camber of the wing.
WEATHER THEORY
Atmospheric Composition
______% Nitrogen and ______% Oxygen.
Troposphere Tropopapuse
● Where we live and fly (most of the ● Thin layer about the Troposphere.
time). ● Temperature remains fairly
● 4-12 miles high over the poles. constant regardless of altitude
● 48,000 over the Equator. changes.
● Temperature decreases 2C per
__________’ of altitude gain.
Global Circulation Pattern

● Air at the Poles cools and sinks then flows toward the Equator.
● Air at the Equator heats and rises and flows toward the Poles.
Coriolis Force
The spinning of the Earth deflects the airflow in the Global Circulation Pattern.
● Northern Hemisphere = Air deflected to the ________________.
● Southern Hemisphere = Air deflected to the ________________.
● Within 2,000’ of the surface = Friction slows air speed and deflects its direction.
Standard Atmosphere
Standard Pressure at Sea Level = ________________.
● Decreases 1 inch per ________’ of altitude gain.
Standard Temperature at Sea Level = ________________C.
● Decreases 2C per ________’ of altitude gain.
Wind and Currents

● Horizontally moving air = ________________.
● Vertically moving air = ________________.
● _________ Pressure Systems = Air flows clockwise, downward, and outward.

● _________ Pressure Systems = Air flows counterclockwise, inward, and upward.
Windshear and Microbursts

● ________________ = A sudden drastic change in wind direction or velocity over a
short distance.
● Low Level Windshear (LLWS) = Windshear that occurs near the surface.
● Microburst = The most severe type of Windshear.
○ Lifespan = __________ minutes.
○ Downdraft Strength = Up to __________ FPM.
○ Headwind Losses = __________ knots.
Atmospheric Stability
Stable Atmosphere Unstable Atmosphere
Resists vertical movement of air. More vertical movement of air.
● __________ visibility. ● __________ visibility.

● __________ turbulence. ● __________ turbulence.
● Showery precipitation. ● Hazardous stormy weather.
Inversions
Occur when air temperature increases with an increase in altitude (up to a certain
point, which is the top of the inversion layer).
Fog Types
Radiation Fog Clear nights with little to no __________ present.
Advection Fog Warm moist air moves over colder surface. Winds up to ________.
Upslope Fog Moist air forced up sloping terrain and cooled.
Steam Fog Cold dry air moves over warmer water.
Ice Fog Water vapor forms directly into ice crystals. _________ or colder.
Cloud Families
Strato Clouds Surface to __________’ AGL.
Alto Clouds __________’ AGL to __________’ AGL.
Cirrus Clouds __________’ AGL and up.
Vertical Development Begin in low cloud range and extend to high cloud range.

Front Types
Warm Front Warm air moves in and replaces colder air.
Cold Front Cold air moves in and replaces warmer air.
Stationary Front Two fronts ______________________________ and not moving.
Occluded Front Two fronts ____________________________ in the same direction.
Stages of a Thunderstorm
Cumulus Stage Mature Stage Dissipating Stage
● Mostly __________. ● Up and ___________. ● Mostly ___________.

● Storm is building. ● Precipitation falls. ● Storm is dying out.
Types of Icing
Clear Ice Rime Ice Mixed Ice
● Clear in color. ● Milky in color. ● Mixture of Clear

● ___________________ ● ___________________ and Rime Ice.
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
● Freezes as it runs ● Freezes on impact
back along the with the wing.
wing.
WEATHER REPORTS
Weather Briefings
Can be obtained by calling 1(800) WX-BRIEF.
Standard Briefing Abbreviated Briefing Outlook Briefing
Should always be Should be requested Should be requested

obtained prior to a when original departure when departure time is
_________________________ time has been delayed. _________ hours away.
METARs and TAFs

METAR

● METAR stands for: Aviation Routine Weather Report.
● ___________________ surface weather observations.
● Updated _________________.
TAF
● TAF stands for: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.
● Forecasted weather for a ______ NM radius around airport.
● Issued 4 times per day at: 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.
METAR and TAF Reports
KOGD Station Identifier.
091753Z Time and Date of Report.
VRB05KT/13015 Wind Direction and Velocity.
10SM Reported Visibility.
CLR/SCT/BKN/OVC Sky Condition.
09/M02 Temperature and Dewpoint.
RMK Remarks.
PIREPs
● Stands for: ________________________.
● Weather conditions reported by pilots in flight.
UA/UUA Routine Report/Urgent Report.
TM Time of Report.
FL Flight Level.
TP Type of Aircraft.
SK Cloud Coverage (Sky Coverage).
WX Weather.
TA Air Temperature.
WV Wind Direction and Velocity.
TB Turbulence.

IC Icing.
RM Remarks.
AIRMETs and SIGMETs

● AIRMETs = Significant weather reports pertinent to _______________ aircraft.
● SIGMETs = Significant weather reports pertinent to _______________ aircraft.
Types of AIRMETS
Sierra
Tango
Zulu
Winds and Temperatures Aloft

● Give wind directions, velocities, and temperature for particular altitudes.
● Any code beginning with a 6 or higher indicates winds are > 100 knots at that
altitude.
Example #1 Example #2
2532-08 761912
Winds = __________________ Winds = __________________
Temperature = __________________ Temperature = __________________
Low Level Prognostic Charts

● Forecasted weather covering the 48 Contiguous United States from the
Surface to __________________’ MSL.
● They are issued 4 times daily at: 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, 1800Z.
Depiction Meaning
Red Circles
Blue Circles
Orange Circles
Dashed Turquoise Lines

Jagged Turquoise Lines
Radar Summary vs Satellite Imagery Charts
Chart Type Depict Do Not Depict
Radar Summary Charts
Satellite Imagery
AIRPLANE WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Terms and Definitions

● Arm = The horizontal distance from the reference datum to the CG of an item.
● Ballast = Weight carried in the aircraft to shift the CG within allowable limits.
● Center of Gravity (CG) = The point at which an airplane would balance if
suspended.
● Center of Lift (CL) = The point at which the lift is concentrated on the wing.
● CG Limits = The extreme locations within which the CG must land.
● Datum = An imaginary vertical plane from which all measurements of Arms
are taken.
● Moment = The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its Arm.
● Station = A location along the airplane fuselage usually given in terms of
distance.
Effects of Being Overweight

● ________________ takeoff run.
● ________________ rate and angle of climb.
● Service ceiling ________________.
● Cruise speed ________________.
● Cruise range ________________.
● Maneuverability is ________________.
● ________________ landing roll.
● Excessive loads on landing gear.
Effects of CG Locations
Forward CG Aft CG

● ________________ takeoff roll ● ________________ stall speed
● ________________ landing roll ● ______________ elevator authority
● ________________ stall speed ● ________________ stall recovery
● ________________ stall recovery ● ________________ cruise speed
● ________________ cruise speed
The Weight Shift Formula

● Weight Shifted/Total Weight = Change of CG/Distance Weight is Shifted
The Weight and Balance Formula

● Weight X ________________ = Moment
PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Types of Altitude
Type Description
Indicated
True
Absolute
Pressure
Density
Effects on Density Altitude

Atmospheric Condition Effect on Density Altitude
Hotter Temperatures ____________ Density Altitude (worse performance)
Cooler Temperatures ____________ Density Altitude (better performance)
Increased Humidity ____________ Aircraft Performance
Decreased Humidity ____________ Aircraft Performance
Higher Pressure ____________ Aircraft Performance
Lower Pressure ____________ Aircraft Performance

Types of Airspeed
Type Description Application
Indicated ● Speed Limits

● ATC Speed
Restrictions
● Aircraft V-Speeds
Calibrated ● To calculate True

Airspeed
True ● To calculate
Groundspeed
Groundspeed ● Time and Distance

calculations
V-Speed Definitions
V-Speed Definition
Vso Power off stalling speed in the _______________ configuration.
Vs (Vs1) Power off stalling speed in a specified configuration.
Vy _____________ of climb speed. Max increase per unit of time.
Vx _____________ of climb speed. Max increase per horizontal distance unit.
Vle Max speed with the landing gear _______________
Vlo Max speed to _______________ or _______________ the landing gear.
Vfe Max speed with the flaps _______________ to a specified degree.
Va Design maneuvering speed.
Vno Max structural cruising speed.
Vne The speed that should never be exceeded in flight.
NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

Class A Airspace
Dimensions Entry Requirements VFR Weather Minimums

● ________ MSL up to ● All operations are ● NA (IFR)
and including conducted under
________ Instrument Flight
Rules (IFR)
Class B Airspace
● Customizable ● ________________ Visibility

● Surrounds big ● Minimum Private ● ____ SM
(international) Pilot License or Cloud Clearance
airports proper Student ● Clear of Clouds
● Shaped like an Pilot Endorsement
upside down ● ___________________
wedding cake ___________________
● ADS-B Out
Class C Airspace
● Customizable ● Establish 2-Way Visibility

● Surrounds Communications ● ____ SM
congested airports ● ___________________ Cloud Clearance
● Typically the upper ___________________ ● ______’ Above
shelf has a ____ NM ● ADS-B Out ● ______’ Below
radius and reaches ● ______’ Horizontal
up to ______’ AGL
● Typically the lower
shelf has a ____ NM
radius and reaches
up to ______’ AGL
Class D Airspace
● Customizable ● Establish 2-Way Visibility

● Surrounds small Communications ● ____ SM
towered airports Cloud Clearance
● Typically reaches ● ______’ Above
up to _______’ AGL ● ______’ Below
with a __ NM radius ● ______’ Horizontal
Class E Airspace

● Everywhere Else ● None for VFR Below 10,000’ MSL

(sort of) ● ADS-B Out Above Visibility
● Can start at 1 of 3 _____________’ MSL ● ____ SM
different floors and Cloud Clearance
reaches up to ● ______’ Above
overlying airspace ● ______’ Below
● Surface ● ______’ Horizontal
● ______’ AGL
● ______’ AGL Above 10,000’MSL
Visibility
● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● ____ SM Horizontal
Class G Airspace
● Uncontrolled ● None for VFR ● Covered in the

Airspace ● ADS-B Out Above chart below
● Essentially _____________’ MSL
anything that is not
classified as A, B, C,
D, or E
● From the surface to
the overlying
airspace
Class G VFR Weather Minimums

Altitude Daytime Nighttime
Above 10,000’ MSL Visibility Visibility

● ____ SM ● ____ SM
Cloud Clearance Cloud Clearance
● ______’ Above ● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below ● ______’ Below
● _____ SM Horizontal ● _____ SM Horizontal
1,200’ AGL to 10,000’ MSL Visibility Visibility

● ____ SM ● ____ SM
● ______’ Above ● ______’ Above

● 500’ Below ● ______’ Below
● 2.000’ Horizontal ● ______’ Horizontal
Below 1,200’ AGL Visibility Visibility

● ____ SM ● ____ SM
● Clear of Clouds ● ______’ Above
● ______’ Below
● ______’ Horizontal
Special VFR Rules

● Must have an ATC Clearance (pilot requested, cannot be assigned by ATC).
● Must remain clear of _________.
● Flight visibility must be at least ____ SM.
● To takeoff, ground visibility must be at least ____ SM.
● Special VFR at ________ = Pilot and plane must be Instrument Rated and
Equipped.
Aircraft Speed Limits

Location Speed Limit
Below 10,000’ MSL ______ KIAS
Below 2,500’ AGL and within 4 NM of a Class C or Class D Airport ______ KIAS
Below Class B or through a Class B Corridor ______ KIAS
Other Airspace Areas

Airspace Description
Prohibited Flight of aircraft is ____________________.
Restricted Aircraft need a _______________ to enter.
Military Operating Area (MOA) No ___________________ needed to enter.
Military Training Routes (MTR) Aircraft operating >250 KIAS below

10,000’ MSL.
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) Temporarily restricted airspace.
Wildlife/Wilderness Areas ________’ terrain clearance requested.

NAVIGATION AIDS: VOR
Types of VORs
● VOR = Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range
● VOR/DME = VOR with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
● VORTAC = VOR with TACAN (military use only)
VOR Service Volumes

● Line of _________.
Terminology
● ______ = Omnibearing Selector
● ______ = Course Deflection Indicator
● Cone of Confusion = Area near the VOR where the signal is unreliable
● Reverse Sensing = Pilot induced error giving erroneous information
Time and Distance Calculations

● Time in Seconds between Bearings/Degrees of Bearing Change = Minutes to
the Station

Types of VOR Checks
Type Error Tolerance
VOT (VOR Test Facility) ___________ degrees.
Ground Check ___________ degrees.
Airborne Check ___________ degrees.
Dual VOR Check _______ degree difference between the two.
Signing off a VOR Check

● Use the acronym “SLED.”
● Can be signed off by a pilot.
○ S = ___________
○ L = ___________
○ E = ___________
○ D = ___________
NAVIGATION AIDS: DME
DME Basics
● DME = Distance Measuring Equipment
Slant Range Distance

● Less accurate when ______________ VOR and at ___________ Altitudes.
● More accurate when _____________ VOR and at ___________ Altitudes.
Straight Line Distance

● GPS distance is given in “Straight Line Distance” and does not have the
inherent errors of “Slant Range Distance.”
NAVIGATION AIDS: GPS
The Numbers
● ______ (or more) Satellites in Orbit.
● They orbit around ______ Orbital Planes.

Information Relayed by GPS Satellites
1. ID (name/number)
2. Position (lat/long)
3. Time Code
Number of Satellites Required

Operation/Feature Satellites Required
2 Dimensional Positioning (lat/long)
3 Dimensional Positioning (lat/long and altitude)
RAIM
Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE)
RAIM and FDE

● RAIM = Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
● FDE = Fault Detection and Exclusion
GPS Sensitivity Modes

Mode Where Sensitivity
En-Route More than ____ NM from Departure or Destination
Terminal Within ____ NM of Departure or Destination
Approach Within ____ NM of Final Approach Fix (FAF)
WAAS and LAAS

● WAAS = Wide Area Augmentation System
● LAAS = Local Area Augmentation System
VFR FLIGHT PLANNING
Terminology and Definitions

● ______________ = Navigation by reference to landmark checkpoints.
● ______________ = Navigation by means of time and distance calculations.
● _____________ = The course measured on the chart (in reference to True North).
● ______________ = Adjusting heading for wind direction and velocity.

● ______________ = The angular difference between True and Magnetic North.
● ______________ = Correcting the True Heading for Magnetic Variation.
● ______________ = Electromagnetic fields that cause erroneous compass
indications.
VFR Cruising Altitudes

Course Heading Altitude to Fly
000-179 _________ Altitude + 500’
180-359 _________ Altitude + 500’
VFR Fuel Requirements

During the Day At Night
Destination + ______ Minutes Destination + ______ Minutes
Lost Procedures
Remember the 5 C’s
1. C = ______________
2. C = ______________
3. C = ______________
4. C = ______________
5. C = ______________
NIGHT OPERATIONS
Anatomy of the Eye

Cones ● Located in the center of the Retina.
● Detect color, details, and far away objects.
● Best for ______________ object viewing.
Rods ● Concentrated in a ring around the Cones.

● Make _________________________ possible.
● Best for _________________ viewing.
The Night Blind Spot
● Located in the ______________ of the Field of Vision at Night.
Night Adaptation

● Take the eyes ______ minutes to fully adjust to night lighting.
Pilot Flashlight
● _________ Light = Used for preflighting the aircraft.
● _________ Light = Used for in-flight chart reading (considered “non-glaring”).
Airport Beacon Lights

Airport Type Light Flashes
Civilian Land Airport ___ white, ___ green
Water Airport ___ white, ___ yellow
Heliport ___ white, ___ yellow, ___ green
Military Airport ___ white, ___ green
PAPI Light Indications

Light Sequence Indication
4 White Lights
3 White Lights, 1 Red Light
2 White Lights, 2 Red Lights
1 White Light, 3 Red Lights
4 Red Lights
HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS
Training Requirement
● A High Altitude Endorsement is needed to PIC an aircraft with a Service
Ceiling or Maximum Operating Altitude above ____________’ MSL.
Supplemental Oxygen Use Requirements

Altitude Requirement
Above ________’ MSL Anytime in excess of _____ minutes by the flight crew.

Above ________’ MSL Flight crew must use oxygen for entire duration.
Above ________’ MSL Each occupant provided with oxygen (optional to use).
Types of Supplemental Oxygen

Type Description
Continuous Flow Continuously supplies 100% oxygen.
Diluter and Pressure Provide more oxygen at higher altitudes and less at
Demand lower altitudes. Provide oxygen when user inhales.
Quick Donning Masks Can be placed on the face with one hand in under
________ seconds.
Types of Decompression
Type Description
Rapid ● Lungs decompress ________ than the cabin.

● Caused by a small leak.
Explosive ● Cabin decompresses ________ than the lungs.

● Caused by a large/fast leak.
Times of Useful Consciousness

Altitude Consciousness
45,000’ MSL
40,000’ MSL
35,000’ MSL
30,000’ MSL
28,000’ MSL
25,000’ MSL
22,000’ MSL
20,000’ MSL

PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
The 4 Forces of Flight

1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
The 4 Left Turning Tendencies

1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
The Production of Lift

● Bernoulli’s Principle = An increase in the speed of a fluid (air) is accompanied
by _______________________ in its pressure.
● Downwash Principle = Air deflected downward off the _______________________
of the wing.
Types of Drag
Type Description
Induced Drag It is a by-product of lift.
Parasite Drag In no way functions to aid flight.
● Sub-Type: ______________________ Shape of the aircraft.
● Sub-Type: ______________________ Intersections of aircraft components.
● Sub-Type: ______________________ Skin is not perfectly smooth.
Ground Effect
Caused by the surface of the Earth upsetting the flow of Wingtip Vortices. Results in:
1. _____________ in Lift and Airspeed
2. _____________ in Drag
Wake Turbulence Avoidance

Flight Regime Avoidance Techniques
Takeoff ● Rotate prior to preceding aircraft.

● Stay __________ preceding aircraft flight-path or side-step.

Cruise ● Avoid close flight when _______’ below preceding aircraft.
Landing ● Stay _____________ preceding aircraft flight-path.

● Land _____________________ the runway.
Airplane Axes
1. An airplane Pitches about its _____________ Axis.
a. Wingtip to wingtip.
2. An airplane Rolls about its _____________ Axis.
a. Nose to tail.
3. An airplane Yaws about its _____________ Axis.
a. Top to bottom.
Aircraft Stability
Stability Positive Neutral Negative
Static
Dynamic
Slipping Vs Skidding Turns

● Slipping Turn = Ball goes to the_____________ of the turn.
● Skidding Turn = Ball goes to _____________ of the turn.
● Coordinated Turn = Ball stays _____________ in the cage.
Va - Maneuvering Speed
● Below Va Speed = The aircraft will _____________.
● Above Va Speed = The aircraft may ____________________________________.
● Heavier Aircraft = Get a _____________ Maneuvering Speed.
● Lighter Aircraft = Get a _____________ Maneuvering Speed.
AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
Required Aircraft Documents
Remember the acronym “ARROW.”
● A = ____________________________________________________.
● R = ____________________________________________________.
● R = ____________________________________________________.
● O = ____________________________________________________.

● W = ____________________________________________________.
Required Aircraft Inspections

Inspection Timeframe Requirement
Annual _____ Calendar Months
VOR _____ Days
100 Hour _____ Hours Tach Time
Altimeter _____ Calendar Months
Transponder _____ Calendar Months
ELT _____ Calendar Months
Static/Encoder _____ Calendar Months
Airworthiness Directives (ADs)

● Required to be complied with and may not be overflown.
Form 337’s
● Major Alterations or Repairs.
● Any change not on the Aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS).
Required VFR Day Equipment

Remember the acronym “ATOMATOFLAMES.”
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● T = _____________________________________________________.
● O = _____________________________________________________.
● M = _____________________________________________________.
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● T = _____________________________________________________.
● O = _____________________________________________________.
● F = _____________________________________________________.
● L = _____________________________________________________.
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● M = _____________________________________________________.
● E = _____________________________________________________.
● S = _____________________________________________________.
Required VFR Night Equipment

Remember the acronym “FLAPS.”

● All Day VFR Equipment plus the following:
● F = _____________________________________________________.
● L = _____________________________________________________.
● A = _____________________________________________________.
● P = _____________________________________________________.
● S = _____________________________________________________.

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PRIVATE PILOT

Risk Management - Page 2

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 2

Anti-Authority “Don’t tell me.”

Impulsivity “Do it quickly.”

Invulnerability “It won’t happen to me.”

Macho “I can do it.”

Resignation “What’s the use?”

Checklists and Models

The IMSAFE Checklist The DECIDE Model

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 3

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 4

Class Privileges Durations

First Class Exercise ATP Certificate <40 = __________________

Second Class Exercise CAX Certificate <40 = __________________

Third Class All Other Operations <40 = __________________

RUNWAY INCURSION AVOIDANCE

LAHSO - Land and Hold Short Operations

Sterile Cockpit Principle

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 5

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 6

Right of Way Rules

Situation Right of Way

Aircraft Converging Aircraft to the ________ has the Right of Way.

Approaching Head On Each aircraft should alter course to the __________.

Overtaking an Aircraft Overtake to the __________. Aircraft being overtaken has

The Leans Feeling as if you are in a turn.

Coriolis Illusion Rapid head movement in a prolonged turn.

Graveyard Spiral Extended condition of the leans, gradual descent.

Somatogravic Illusion Acceleration and Deceleration feel as if you are climbing

False Horizon Lights obscure the natural horizon.

Autokinesis Stationary lights appear to move.

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 7

Runway Slope Upsloping runways make pilots feel higher. Downsloping

Featureless Terrain Makes pilots feel further from terrain.

Haze Makes pilots feel higher.

Fog Can create the illusion of pitching up.

Proper Scanning Technique

Aircraft Blind Spots

14 CFR AND PUBLICATIONS

Publication Acronym Contents

Federal Aviation Rules and laws that apply to pilots and

Aeronautical Information Knowledge information published by the

National Transportation Rules regarding aircraft accidents and

Advisory Circulars Additional topic circulars by the FAA.

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 8

Pilot Operating Handbook Aircraft specific manual covering its

Pilot’s Handbook of Ground school study topics and

Airplane Flying Handbook Flight maneuver study information.

Hypoxia Corrective Actions

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 9

Middle Ear and Sinus Congestion

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning

Stress and Fatigue

Acute Stress Acute Fatigue

wifiCFI by Axiom Aviation - Page: 10

< 8,000’ MSL ______ hours ______ hours

> 8,000’ MSL ______ hours ______ hours

Spark vs Compression Ignition

Radial Engine Radial arrangement ● High power to weight ratio

In-Line Engine Straight line ● Small frontal area

V-Type Engine V formation ● More horsepower than

Horizontally Cylinders oppose each ● Most popular in aviation

The 4 Stroke Cycle

< 8,000’ MSL hours hours

> 8,000’ MSL hours hours

● visibility. ● visibility.

Alto Clouds ’ AGL to ’ AGL.

● Mostly ____. ● Up and _. ● Mostly _______.

Winds = Winds =

Temperature = Temperature =