DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(ME-322)

Thermo-Fluid lab

Experiment title Various orifice jet trajectories

Experiment No. 3

Experiment date 10/2/2022

Student name ID Section

1 Meshal saad alshayeb 438021516 3

2 Faisal Abdulrahman Alghamdi 440018203 3

3 Rami Abdulrahman Alhomeed 440013128 3

Instructor: Dr. Murugesan Palaniappan

 Evaluation sheet (Official use)

Marks
checklist Details Marks Remarks
Deducted

Cover Page 5
Plagiarism in results & discussion part

Table of Content 5

Introduction
10
(Experiment objectives, theory, etc.) ± 5 marks, depending
must be < 50

on the nature of
Contents

20
department/lab
Data, Results & calculations 25

Discussion and/or Conclusion 10

References, Standard, appendix, etc. 5

Subtotal 80 Min. 48
Text 12 Regular, with Spacing 1.5 4

Heading 14 Bold 2

Standard Front Type 2

Formatting

Paragraph: Justified 2

Figures/Tables/Equations:Numbered,
10
Caption & cited in text

Subtotal 20 Min. 12
Total 100

Thermo-Fluid Lab ME-322

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 Table of Contents

1.Introduction ....................................................................................................... 3

1.1.Objectives ...................................................................................................... 3

1.2.Background / Theory ...................................................................................... 3

2.Experiment Procedure and Setup .................................................................... 5

2.1.Apparatus/device description .......................................................................... 5

2.2.Procedure ...................................................................................................... 6

3.Results ................................................................................................................. 7

3.1.Observations .................................................................................................. 7

3.2.Calculations ................................................................................................... 8

3.3.Graph ............................................................................................................ 9

4.Discussion / Analysis ........................................................................................ 10

5.Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 10

6.References ......................................................................................................... 10

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 1.Introduction
We'll look at orifice and jet trajectory tests in this experiment. A hole in the side or bottom of a
tank or reservoir that permits liquids to be jetted out. The fluid's head (H) above the orifice level
will decide the discharge. The term "small orifice" refers to the size of the aperture in relation to
the flow head. Bernoulli's equation is used to calculate the amount of water that can be ejected
from an aperture in a basic and straightforward manner. On the other hand, experimental tests
frequently produce a result that is only around 65 percent of the solution given by the simple
analysis.

1.1.Objectives

To compare between theoretical and calculated jet trajectories.

1.2.Background / Theory
What precisely is an orifice? An orifice is a device that can be used to monitor a fluid's flow rate
by reducing the pressure or regulating the flow; the latter is also known as a restriction plate. An
orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it that is inserted into a pipe or a tank to let fluid to flow
through it while being forced to converge its velocity at the expense of it pressure. As showen in
the figure 1.

Figure 1: orifice device

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 The velocity is at its highest and the pressure is at its lowest at the vena contracts point. also,
Development of a free jet's flow field: Many scholars have looked at the flow structure of a free
jet. According to the experimental findings on the velocity field, there are four separate zones
associated to velocity decay along the flow direction. Initial Zone, Transition Zone, and Final
Zone are the four zones

Figure 2: Velocity projectile

The flow rate can then be computed using Bernoulli's equation with constants at the top and
bottom of the orifice level as the pressure rises. In this experiment, you'll look at a variety of
orifices, including smooth and sharp orifices, to see which has the best flow rate (velocity) and
how it impacts jet velocity. A nozzle that is used to release a high-velocity fluid into the
environment is
known as a jet.

Figure 3: Jet strike

The potential energy of the water head is turned into the kinetic energy of the water jet performed
by the orifice when the water tank filled with water is emptied via the orifice. The kinetic energy
is equivalent to the potential energy in the absence of a loss.

½𝑚. 𝑣2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ (1.1)

where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h the height of the water. This equation can be
rearranged to give an equation for the velocity v

𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ (1.2)

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 2.Experiment Procedure and Setup

2.1.Apparatus/device description

Figure 4: HM 150.09 Horizontal flow from a tank

Table 1: The parts of device:

1 tank with adjustable overflow.

2 Water supply which is connected from the pump to the

container.

3 Water overflow pipe.

4 Water outlet We can use many types of orifices, such as a

sharp or smooth output.

5 Adjustable probe rods, which help us to graph the flow.

The device consists of 5 things, including the water supply, through which water is introduced
into the device. There is also a water overflow so that the excess water goes down. And through
the water outlet the water comes out and we measure points gauge for the water jet, and we will
know through them what the y axis points are.

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 2.2.Procedure

1-Select one of the orifices and insert it into the orifice fitting device. Fit this to the bottom of the
header tank.

2-Connect the apparatus to the water supply of the basic hydraulics bench and start the pump. 3-
Adjust the water head to a specified level (say 400 mm) by means of the adjustable overflow
pipe. Make sure the level of the water remains stable. If it appears that the level of water is not
remaining stable at the desired height, adjust the main valve on the Hydraulics Bench.

4-Once the water level in the head tank is stable, adjust the probes so that they come in contact
with the jet. Start from the right-side probe so that the jet trajectory is not disturbed.

5-Read the y-positions of the jet and mark them on the graph paper located behind the probes as
well as in the observation table.

6-Repeat the experiment with a different orifice and/or different water level in the head tank. 7-
After completion, stop the HM-150 pump and allow the header tank to drain completely.

Figure 5: HM 150.09 Horizontal flow from a tank

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 3.Results

3.1.Observations

Table 1: Recordable data

Nozzle diameter: 4 mm Nozzle type: sharp Nozzle diameter: 4mm Nozzle type: smooth

Head(h) x-position y-(measured) y-(calculated) Head(h) x-position y-(measured) y-(calc.)

in (m) in (m) in (m) in (m) in (m) in (m) in (m) in (m)

0 0 0 0 0 0

0.07 0.025 0.003 0.07 0.075 0.003

0.14 0.088 0.0122 0.14 0.127 0.0122
0.21 0.146 0.0275 0.21 0.168 0.0275
0.28 0.191 0.049 0.28 0.206 0.049
0.4 0.35 0.226 0.0765 0.4 0.35 0.234 0.0765
0.42 0.252 0.110 0.42 0.254 0.110
0.49 0.266 0.150 0.49 0.266 0.150

0.56 0.304 0.196 0.56 0.302 0.196

Nozzle diameter:8mm Nozzle type: sharp Nozzle diameter:8mm Nozzle type: smooth

Head(h) X- y-(measured) Head(h) x- y-(measured) y-(calc)

y-(calculated)
in (m) position in in (m) in (m) position in (m) in (m)
in (m)
(m) in (m)
0 0 0 0 0 0

0.07 0.045 0.003 0.07 0.077 0.003

0.14 0.104 0.0122 0.14 0.130 0.0122
0.21 0.157 0.0275 0.21 0.171 0.0275
0.28 0.198 0.049 0.28 0.208 0.049
0.4 0.35 0.231 0.0765 0.4 0.35 0.236 0.0765
0.42 0.255 0.110 0.42 0.257 0.110
0.49 0.300 0.150 0.49 0.300 0.150
0.56 0.308 0.196 0.56 0.306 0.196
 3.2. Calculations
E=E (3.3)

PK=KE (3.4) 𝑚𝑔ℎ =

½𝑚 (3.5)

𝑔ℎ = ½𝑣 2 (3.6)

2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣2 (3.7)

ẋ = √2𝑔ℎ (3.8)

ẏ = 𝑔𝑡 (3.9)

y = ½ a 𝑥2/2gh (3.10)

𝑥2
y=
4ℎ

• h = 0.4, x = 0.07

0.072
ycalculated = 4×0.4= 0.03 m

• h = 0.4, x = 0.14

0.142
ycalculated = 4×0.4= 0.0122 m

• h = 0.4, x = 0.21

0.212
ycalculated = 4×0.4= 0.0275 m

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 3.3 .Graphs

Figure 6: Water Flow Diagram

Figure 7: Theoretical Diagram

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4.Discussion / Analysis

We compared theoretical and calculated jet trajectories in this experiment, and we tried to find
our calculation from the smooth and sharp for both (4mm) and (8mm). We can observe in the
theoretical diagram that the value of y-calculated is increasing in relation to the value of x. We
can also see that the smooth one is reducing slowly, whereas the sharp one is decreasing rapidly.
However, we notice that the values in our readings are close together, and we know that Jet
Velocity is the velocity of a jet that can be the fluid's exit velocity after it accelerates via bit
nozzles. Finally, we find that all the curves are approaching a point where there is no significant
difference.

5.Conclusion
In our experiment, we tried to make each sample smooth and sharp so that we could compare
theoretical and calculated results. We're seeing an increase in calculated. The initial velocity of
the jet or the initial velocity head of the flow when it leaps free into the environment should
always be used when computing the trajectory of a free jet. The initial velocity of jets overtopping
dams can be approximated with fair precision using Rouse's formulas for measuring the flow's
brink depth.

6.References

1-https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-6/

2-https://www.theprojectdefinition.com/jet-velocity/

3-Engineering Fluid Mechanics (Clayton Crow) Book Ninth Edition.

4-https://armfield.co.uk/product/f1-17-orifice-and-free-jet-flow/

5-https://www.gunt.de/en/products/fluid-mechanics/transient-flow/transient-drainage-
processes/horizontal-flow-from-a-tank/070.15009/hm150-09/glct-1:pa-148:ca-783:pr-556

Thermo-Fluid Lab ME-322