MODULE 6

Chapter 6
HORIZONTAL CURVES

RAILROAD AND HIGHWAY CURVES

In highway or railroad construction, the curves most generally used presently are circular curves
although parabolic and other curves are sometimes used. These types of curves are classified as
Simple, Compound, Reversed or Spiral curves.

SIMPLE CURVES
A simple curve is a circular arc, extending from one tangent to the next. The point where the curve
leaves the first tangent is called the “Point of Curvature” (P.C.) and the point where the curve joins
the second tangent is called the “Point of Tangency”(P.T.). The P.C. and P.T. are often called the
tangent points. If the tangent be produced, they will meet in a point of intersection called the
“vertex”. The distance from the vertex to the P.C. or P.T. is called the “tangent distance”. The
distance from the vertex to the curve is called the “external distance” (measure towards the center
of curvature). While the line joining the middle of the curve and middle of the chord line joining P.C.
and P.T. is called the “middle ordinate”.

I. GEOMETRY OF CIRCULAR CURVES

In the study of curves, the following geometric principles should be emphasized:
1. An inscribed angle is measured by one-half its intercepted arc.

2. Inscribed angles having the same or equal intercepted arcs are equal.

3. An angle formed by a tangent and a chord is measured by one half its intercepted arc.

4. Tangents from an external point a circle are equal.

1
 5. Angles whose sides are perpendicular each to each are either equal or supplementary.

II. SHARPNESS OF CURVES

Sharpness of the curve is expressed in any of the three ways:
1. Degree of Curve: (Arc Basis)
Degree of curve is the angle at the center subtended by an arc of 20m is the metric of 100
ft. in the English System. This is the method generally used in Highway practice.
a. Metric System

By ratio and proportion:

20 2𝜋𝑅
=
𝐷 360
360(20)
𝐷=
2𝜋𝑅

1145.916
𝐷=
𝑅

b. English System

By ratio and proportion:

100 2𝜋𝑅
𝐷
= 360
360(100)
𝐷= 2𝜋𝑅

5729.58
𝐷=
𝑅

2
 2. Degree of Curve: (Chord Basis)
Degree of curve is the angle subtended by a chord of 20 meters in Metric System or 100 ft
in English System.

a. Metric System

𝐷 10
sin =
2 𝑅

10
𝑅=
𝐷
sin
2

b. English System

𝐷 50
sin 2 = 𝑅

50
𝑅=
𝐷
sin 2

3. Radius = Length of radius is stated

ELEMENTS OF A SIMPLE CURVE

P.C. = Point of Curvature

P.T. = Point of Tangency
P.I. = Point of Intersection
R = Radius of the curve
D = Degree of the curve
T = Tangent Distance
I = Angle of Intersection
E = External Distance
M = Middle Ordinate
Lc = Length of Curve
C = Long Chord

1. Tangent Distance

3
 𝐼 𝑇
tan 2 = 𝑅

𝐼
𝑇 = 𝑅 tan
2

2. External Distance

𝐼 𝑅
cos 2 = 𝑂𝑉
𝐼
𝑂𝑉 = 𝑅 sec
2
𝐸 = 𝑂𝑉 − 𝑅
𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅 sec − 𝑅
2

𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅 (sec − 1)
2

3. Middle Ordinate

𝐼 𝐴𝑂
cos 2 = R
𝐼
𝐴𝑂 = 𝑅 cos 2
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝐴𝑂
𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 cos 2

𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 (1 − cos )
2

4. Length of Chord

𝐶
𝐼 2
sin 2 = 𝑅

𝐼
𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin
2

4
5. Length of Curve

a. Using Degree of Curve (for Arc Basis only)

𝐿𝑐 20
𝐼
= 𝐷

20𝐼
𝐿𝑐 = (𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐)
𝐷

𝐿𝑐 100
𝐼
= 𝐷

100𝐼
𝐿𝑐 = (𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ)
𝐷

b. General Formula for Lc (for Both Arc Basis and Chord Basis)

𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼 𝑥
180

5
Example Problem 1:

A simple curve has a central angle of 360 and a degree of curve of 60 .

a. Find the nearest distance from the mid-point of the curve to the point of
intersection of the tangents
b. Compute the distance from the mid-point of the curve to the mid-point of the
long chord joining the point of curvature and point of tangency
c. If the stationing of the point of curvature is at 11+020, compute the stationing of
a point on the curve which intersects with the line making a deflection angle of
80 with the tangent through the P.C.

Solution:

a. Distance from mid-point of curve to P.I.

1145.916
𝑅=
6
𝑅 = 190.99𝑚
𝐼
𝐸 = 𝑅 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 − 1)
𝐸 = 190.99(𝑠𝑒𝑐 180 − 1)
𝑬 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟑𝒎

b. Distance from mid-point of curve to the

mid-point of long chord
𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑅 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2)
𝑀 = 190.99(1 − cos 180 )
𝑴 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝒎

c. Stationing of B
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑃. 𝐶 + 𝑆
𝑆 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃. 𝐶. 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵
𝜋
𝑆 = 𝑅𝐼 𝑥 180
190.99(16)𝜋
𝑆= 180
𝑆 = 53.33𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = (11 + 020) + (53.33)
𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝒐𝒇 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟑

6
Example Problem 2:

The tangent distance of a 3.50 simple curve is only ½ of its radius.

a. Compute the angle of intersection of the curve

b. Compute the length of curve
c. Compute the area of the fillet of a curve

Solution:

a. Angle of Intersection
𝐼
𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2

1 𝐼
2
𝑅 = 𝑅 tan 2
𝐼 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 2
𝑰 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎 answer

b. Length of Curve
𝐿𝐶 20
𝐼
=
𝐷
20(53.13)
𝐿𝑐 =
3.5
𝑳𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟎𝒎 answer

c. Area of fillet of a curve

𝑇𝑅(2) 𝜋𝑅2 (𝐼)

𝐴= 2
− 3600
1145.916
𝑅= 3.5
𝑅 = 327.4046 𝑚
1
𝑇 = 2 (327.4046)
𝑇 = 163.702
163.702(327.4046 )(2) 𝜋(327.4046 2 )(53.13˚)
𝐴= 2
− 3600
𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟕 𝒎 answer

7
Example Problem 3:

Three tangent lines AB, BC, and CD of a traverse have azimuths of 228˚15’,
253˚30’and 315˚18’ respectively. The stationing of B is (12 + 585) and that of C is (12 + 885).
A proposed highway curve is to connect these three tangents.

a. Compute the radius of the simple curve that connects these tangents.
b. Compute the stationing of the P.C.
c. Compute the length of the curve from P.C. to P.T.

Solution:

a. Radius of curve

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 300
𝑅 tan 12°37.5′ + 𝑅 tan 30°54′ = 300
𝑹 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒. 𝟕𝟓𝒎 answer

b. Stationing of the P.C.

𝑆𝑇𝐴. 𝑃. 𝐶. = (12 + 585) − 𝑇1
𝑇1 = 364.75 tan 12°37.5′
𝑇1 = 81.70𝑚
𝑆𝑇𝐴. 𝑃. 𝐶. = (12 + 585) − 81.70
𝑺𝑻𝑨. 𝑷. 𝑪. = (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟑) answer

c. Length of Curve
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼𝑥
180°
𝜋(364.75)(87°03′ )
𝐿𝑐 = 180°

𝑳𝒄 = 𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝒎 answer

8
COMPOUND CURVES
Compound Curve consists of two or more consecutive simple curves having different radius, but
whose centers lie on the same side of the curve. Likewise, any two consecutive curves must have a
common tangent at their meeting point. When two such curves lie upon opposite sides of the
common tangent, the two curves then turn a reversed curve. In a Compound Curve, the point of the
common tangent where the two curves join is called the point of compound curvature (P.C.C.).

ELEMENTS OF A COMPOUND CURVE

𝑅1 = Radius of the curve AE

𝑅2 = Radius of the curve EF
𝑇1 = Tangent of the curve AE
𝑇2 = Tangent of the curve EF
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = Common Tangent
𝐼1 = Central angle of curve AE
𝐼2 = Central angle of curve EF
𝐼 = Angle of Intersection of
tangents AC and CF

𝐼
T1 = 𝑅1 tan 21
𝐼
T2 = 𝑅2 tan 22

9
Example Problem 1:

The common tangent AB of a compound curve is 75.75 m with an azimuth of

268˚30’. The vertex V being inaccessible. The azimuth of the tangents AV and VB was
measured to be 247˚50’ and 282˚50’, respectively. If the stationing of A is 23 + 010.46 and
the degree of the first curve was fixed at 4˚ based on the 20m chord. Using Chord Basis.

a. Determine the stationing of P.C.

b. Determine the stationing of P.C.C.
c. Determine the stationing of P.T.

Solution:

a. Stationing of P.C.
𝐼1 = 268°30′ − 247°50′
𝐼1 = 20°40′
𝐼2 = 282°50′ − 268°30′
𝐼2 = 14°20′
𝐷1 = 4°
𝐷 10
sin 21 = 𝑅
1

10
sin 2˚ =
𝑅1
𝑅1 = 286.537
𝐼
𝑇1 = 𝑅1 tan 1
2
20°40′
𝑇1 = 286.537 tan
2
𝑇1 = 52.245
𝑃. 𝐶. = (23 + 010.46) − 52.245
𝑷. 𝑪. = (𝟐𝟐 + 𝟗𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟓) answer

b. Stationing of P.C.C.

𝑅1 𝐼1 𝜋
𝐿𝐶1 = 180°
286.537(20°40′)𝜋
𝐿𝐶1 = 180°
𝐿𝐶1 = 103.354𝑚
𝑃. 𝐶. 𝐶. = (22 + 958.215) + 103.354
𝑷. 𝑪. 𝑪. = (𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟗) answer

c. Stationing of P.T.
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 75.75
𝑇2 = 75.75 − 52.245
𝑇2 = 23.505
𝐼
𝑇2 = 𝑅2 tan 22

10
 14°20′
23.505 = 𝑅2 tan 2
𝑅2 = 186.936𝑚

𝑅2 𝐼2 𝜋
𝐿𝐶2 = 180°
186.936(14°20′ )𝜋
𝐿𝐶2 = 180°
𝐿𝐶2 = 46.765𝑚
𝑃. 𝑇. = (23 + 061.569) + 46.765
𝑷. 𝑻. = (𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟒) answer

11
Example Problem 2:

The long chord from the P.C. to P.T. of a compound curve is 300 meters long and the
angle it makes with the longer and shorter tangents are 12˚ and 15˚ respectively. If the
common tangent is parallel to the long chord:

a. Find the radius of the first curve

b. Find the radius of the second curve
c. If the stationing of P.C. is 7+204.30, find the stationing of P.T.

Solution:

a. Radius of the first curve

𝐼1 = 12˚
𝐼2 = 15˚
Considering triangle ABC:
300 𝐵𝐶
=
sin 166°30′ sin 6°
300 sin 6°
𝐵𝐶 =
sin 166°30′
𝐵𝐶 = 134.329
300 𝐴𝐶
sin 166°30′
= sin 7°30′
300 sin 7°30′
𝐴𝐶 = sin 166°30′
𝐴𝐶 = 167.739𝑚
𝐼
𝐶1 = 2𝑅1 sin 1⁄2 ; 𝐶1 = 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶
𝑅1 = 𝐼1
2 sin ⁄2
167.739
𝑅1 = 2 sin 6°
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎𝟐. 𝟑𝟔𝒎 answer

12
b. Radius of the second curve
𝐼
𝐶2 = 2𝑅2 sin 2⁄2 ; 𝐶2 = 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶
𝑅2 = 𝐼2
2 sin ⁄2
134.329
𝑅2 = 2 sin 7°30′
𝑹𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝒎 answer

c. Stationing of P.T.

𝑅1 𝐼1 𝜋
𝐿𝐶1 = 180°
802.36(12°)𝜋
𝐿𝐶1 = 180°
𝐿𝐶1 = 168.046𝑚
𝑅2 𝐼2 𝜋
𝐿𝐶2 =
180°
514.567(15°)𝜋
𝐿𝐶2 = 180°
𝐿𝐶2 = 134.713𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃. 𝑇. = (7 + 204.30) + 168.046 + 134.713

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝒐𝒇 𝑷. 𝑻. = (𝟕 + 𝟓𝟎𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝟗) answer

13
 Example Problem 3:

A turn around pattern which fits with the topography is provided in a highway by
connecting four tangents with a compound curve consisting of three simple curves. The
azimuths of AB = 220˚15’, BC = 264˚30’, CD = 320˚24’, DE = 32˚58’. The radius of the last
curve is four times sharper than the first curve. The distance BC = 303m and CD = 200m.

a. Compute the radius of the third curve

b. Compute the radius of the second curve
c. If the stationing of P.C. is 13+152.60, what is the stationing of P.T.

Solution:

a. Radius of the third curve

𝐼1 = 264°30′ − 220°15′
𝐼1 = 44°15′
𝐼2 = 320°24′ − 264°30′
𝐼2 = 55°54′
𝐼3 = 360° − 320°24′ + 32°58′
𝐼3 = 72°34′
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 303
𝑅1 tan 22°7.5′ + 𝑅2 tan 27°57′ = 303

14
0.407𝑅1 + 0.530𝑅2 = 303 ①

𝑇2 + 𝑇3 = 200
𝑅2 tan 27°57′ + 𝑅3 tan 36°17′ = 200
0.530𝑅2 + 0.734𝑅3 = 200 ②

In ①, 𝑅1 = 4𝑅3

0.407(4𝑅3 ) + 0.530𝑅2 = 303

1.628𝑅3 + 0.530𝑅2 = 303 ①a

−(0.734𝑅3 + 0.530𝑅2 = 200) ②

0.894𝑅3 = 103
𝑹𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝒎 answer

b. Radius of the second curve

𝑅1 = 4(115.213)
𝑅1 = 460.852𝑚
In ①, Substitute value of 𝑅1

0.407𝑅1 + 0.530𝑅2 = 303

0.407(460.852) + 0.530𝑅2 = 303
𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝒎 answer

c. Stationing of the P.T.

𝑅1 𝐼1 𝜋
𝐿𝐶1 = 180°

460.852(44°15′)𝜋
𝐿𝐶1 = 180°

𝐿𝐶1 = 355.92𝑚
𝑅2 𝐼2 𝜋
𝐿𝐶2 = 180°

217.799(55°54′)𝜋
𝐿𝐶2 =
180°

𝐿𝐶2 = 212.493𝑚
𝑅3 𝐼3 𝜋
𝐿𝐶3 = 180°

115.213(72°34′)𝜋
𝐿𝐶3 = 180°

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𝐿𝐶3 = 145.92𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃. 𝑇. = (13 + 152.60) + 355.92 + 212.493 + 145.92

𝑺𝒕𝒂. 𝒐𝒇 𝑷. 𝑻. = (𝟏𝟑 + 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝟑) answer

16
REVERSED CURVE
A reversed curve is formed by two circular simple curves having a common tangent
but lies on opposite sides. The method of laying out a reversed curve is just the same as the
deflection angle method of laying out simple curves. At the point where the curve reversed
in its direction is called the Point of Reversed Curvature (P.R.C.).

ELEMENTS OF A REVERSED CURVE

𝑅1 &𝑅2 = Radii of the curvature

𝐷1 &𝐷2 = Degree of curve
𝑉1 &𝑉2 = Points of Intersection of tangents
𝜃 = Angle between converging tangents
𝜃 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼1
𝑃𝐶 = Point of Curvature
𝑃𝑇 = Point of Tangency
𝑃𝑅𝐶 = Point of Reversed Curvature
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿𝐶1 + 𝐿𝐶2 = Length of reversed curve

𝑃 = Perpendicular distance between P.C. and P.T.

FOUR TYPES OF REVERSED CURVE PROBLEMS

1. Reversed curve with equal radii and parallel tangents.

2. Reversed curve with unequal radii and parallel tangents.
3. Reversed curve with equal radii and converging tangents.
4. Reversed curve with unequal radii and converging tangents.

17
 Example Problem 1:

Two parallel tangents 10 m apart are connected by a reversed curve. The chord
length from the P.C. to the P.T. equals 120m. Compute the following.

a. The length of tangent with common direction.

b. Equal radius of the reversed curve.
c. The stationing of the P.R.C. if the stationing of A at the beginning of the tangent
with common direction is 4 + 420.

Solution:

a. Length of tangent with common direction:

𝐼 10
sin 2 = 120
𝐼
2
= 4°46.812′

𝐼 = 9°33.623′
10
sin 9°33.623′ = 𝐴𝐵

𝑨𝑩 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗 𝒎 answer

b. Radius of reversed curve:

2𝑇 = 𝐴𝐵

18
2𝑇 = 60.209
𝑇 = 30.105
𝐼
𝑇 = 𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛 2

30.105 = 𝑅 tan 4°46.812′

𝑹 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝒎 answer

c. Stationing of P.R.C.
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑅𝐼 𝑥 180

360.003(9°33.623′)𝜋
𝐿𝑐 = 180°

𝐿𝑐 = 60.07𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝐶. = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 − 𝑇
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝐶. = (4 + 420) − 30.105
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝐶. = 4 + 389.895
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝑅. 𝐶. = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝐶. +𝐿𝑐
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝑅. 𝐶. = (4 + 389.895) + 60.07
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷. 𝑹. 𝑪. = (𝟒 + 𝟒𝟒𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝟓) answer

19
 Example Problem 2:

In a railroad layout, the centerline of the two parallel tracks are connected with a
reversed curve of unequal radii. The central angle of the first curve is 16˚ and the distance
between parallel tracks is 27.60m. Stationing of the P.C. is 13+420 and the radius of the
second curve is 290m. Compute the following.

a. The length of the Long Chord from the P.C. to the P.T.
b. Radius of the first curve
c. The stationing of the P.T.

Solution:

a. Length of the Long Chord from the P.C. to the P.T.:

27.60
sin 8° =
𝐶

𝑪 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒎 answer

b. Radius of the first curve

27.60
sin 16° = 𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 = 100.132𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝐼
𝑇2 = 𝑅2 tan 2

𝑇2 = 290 tan 8°

20
𝑇2 = 40.757𝑚
𝑇1 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝑇2
𝑇1 = 100.132 − 40.757
𝑇1 = 59.375𝑚
𝐼
𝑇1 = 𝑅1 tan 2
𝑇1
𝑅1 = 𝐼
tan
2

59.375
𝑅1 = tan 8

𝑹𝟏 = 𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒎 answer

c. Stationing of the P.T.

𝜋
𝐿𝑐 1 = 𝑅1 𝐼 𝑥 180
422.475(16°)𝜋
𝐿𝑐 1 = 180°

𝐿𝑐 1 = 117.977 𝑚
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 2 = 𝑅2 𝐼 𝑥 180
290(16°)𝜋
𝐿𝑐 2 =
180°

𝐿𝑐 2 = 80.983 𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝑇. = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝐶. +𝐿𝑐 1 + 𝐿𝑐 2

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝑇. = (13 + 420) + 117.977 + 80.983

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷. 𝑻. = 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟔 answer

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 Example Problem 3:

Two tangents converge at an angle of 30˚. The direction of the second tangent is due
east. The distance of the P.C. from the second tangent is 120m. The bearing of the common
tangent is S 40˚ E. Compute the following.

a. Central angle of the first curve

b. If a reversed curve is to connect these two tangents, determine the common
radius of the curve.
c. The stationing of the P.T. if P.C. is at sta. 11+820

Solution:

a. Central angle of the first curve

𝐼1 = 50° − 30°
𝑰𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎° answer

b. Common radius of the curve

𝑎 + 𝑏 = 120
𝑎 = 𝑅 cos 30 − 𝑅 cos 50
𝑏 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 cos 50
(𝑅 cos 30 − 𝑅 cos 50) + (𝑅 − 𝑅 cos 50) = 120

𝑅(cos 30 − cos 50) + 𝑅(1 − cos 50) = 120

120
𝑅 = (cos 30−cos 50)+(1−cos 50)

𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟑𝟔 𝒎 answer

c. Stationing of the P.T.

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 𝜋
𝐿𝑐 1 = 𝑅𝐼1 𝑥 180
206.736(20°)𝜋
𝐿𝑐 1 = 180°

𝐿𝑐 1 = 72.164 𝑚
𝜋
𝐿𝑐 2 = 𝑅𝐼2 𝑥 180
206.736(50°)𝜋
𝐿𝑐 2 = 180°

𝐿𝑐 2 = 180.411 𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝑇. = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝐶. +𝐿𝑐 1 + 𝐿𝑐 2

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃. 𝑇. = (11 + 820) + 72.164 + 180.411

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷. 𝑻. = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 answer

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