Circles

At the end of the module the students learn to:

1. differentiate a circle and a sphere and the lines having a relationship
to a sphere or a circle list down the theorems about circles and
2. prove theorems concerning spheres and circles
3. solve areas of a circle and/or polygons having relations with a circle
or a sphere
4. use geometric software in solving areas of a circle and/or polygons

CIRCLE

✓ set of all points in the plane that

are a fixed distance (the radius)
from a fixed point (the centre).
✓ Any interval joining a point on
the circle to the centre is called
a radius.
✓ An interval joining two points on
the circle is called a chord.
✓ A chord that passes through the
centre is called a diameter. Since
a diameter consists of two radii
joined at their endpoints, every
diameter has length equal to
twice the radius.
✓ A line that cuts a circle at two
distinct points is called a secant.

TANGENT LINES

✓ The tangent line to a circle is

defined as a straight line which
touches the circle at a single
point.
✓ The point where the tangent
touches a circle is known as the
point of tangency or point of
contact.
✓ A tangent never intersects the
circle at two points.

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•The tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of a circle.

The radius of the circle DX is

perpendicular to the tangent line IE.

Example 1.
In the circle O, PT is a tangent and OP is the radius.
If PT is a tangent, then OP is perpendicular
to PT. For example, suppose OP =3 cm
and PT =4 cm. Find the length of OT.
Because the radius is perpendicular to the
tangent at the point of tangency, OP⊥PT.
This makes the angle P a right angle in the
triangle OPT and triangle OPT a right
triangle.

Now use the Pythagorean Theorem to find OT.

(OP)² + (PT)² = (OT)²
3² + 4² = (OT)²
9 + 16 = (OT)²
25= (OT)²
√25 = √(OT)²
the length of OT is 5 cm.
5 = OT

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Example 2
BA and BC are tangent segment
AD = 12 cm BD = 20 cm Find: AB = ?
BC = ?
Using PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
a² + b² = c²
12² + b² = 20²
144 + b² = 400
400- 144 = b²
256 = b²

BA = BC AB = 16cm √256 = √b²

BC = 16cm 16 = b

ARCS OF A CIRCLES
An arc is a part of a circle. The symbol for arc is
How to Find the Length of an Arc?

The formula for calculating the arc states that:

Arc length = 2πr (θ/360)

Where, r = the radius of the circle,

π = pi = 3.14

θ = the angle (in degrees) subtended by an arc at the center of the circle.

360 = the angle of one complete rotation.

Example:

Given that arc AB subtends an angle of 40 degrees to the center of a

circle whose radius is 7 cm. Calculate the length of arc AB.

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Solution

Given r = 7 cm

θ = 40 degrees.

Length=?

By substitution,

The length of an arc = 2πr(θ/360)

Length = 2 ( 3.14 ) (7) (40/360)

= 2( 21.98) (0.1111)

= 2( 2.441978)

= 4.884 cm.

Example:

The length of an arc is 35 m. If the radius of the circle is 14 m, find the angle
subtended by the arc.

Given:
Length of an arc = 35m
r= 14m
θ =?
Solution
The length of an arc = 2πr(θ/360)
35 m = 2 ( 3.14 ) ( 14 ) (θ/360)
35= 2( 43.96) (θ/360)
35m 35 = 87.92(θ/360)
Multiply both sides by 360 to remove
the fraction.
(35) 360 = 87.92 [ (θ/360) ] 360
12,600 = 87.92 θ
Divide both sides by 87.92

θ = 143.3 degrees.

Inscribed Angle and Intercepted Arc

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Inscribed Angle is an angle whose vertex is on the circle.

Intercepted Arc is an arc formed when
one or two different chords cut across
the circle and meet a common point
called a vertex.

THREE CASES OF INSCRIBED ANGLE

First Case.
One of the sides of the inscribed
angle passes through the center.
Consider inscribed angle BAC
whose side AC passes through the
center O. We join BO. Thus we form an
isosceles triangle OAB whose angles A
and B are equal. The exterior angle BOC,
equal to the sum A + B, is therefore
twice A. Since the measure of BOC is
precisely that of arc BC, the measure of
BAC is one half of this arc.

Second Case
The center is inside the
inscribed angle.
Consider inscribed angle BAD.
Joining AO, which intersects the circle
in C, we decompose the inscribed angle
into two parts BAC, CAD for which the
theorem has already been proved (first
case).

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Third Case
The center is outside the inscribed
angle.

Congruent Arcs
If two circles have
congruent radii, then they’re
congruent circles. If two arcs are
both equal in measure and they’re
segments of congruent circles, then
they’re congruent arcs.

We can relate central angles to arcs using the Angle-Arc Theorem: In

congruent circles, two central angles are congruent if and only if their
intercepted arcs are congruent.
The first way: If two arcs are congruent, then the two central angles
that intercept them are congruent. The second way: If two central angles are
congruent, then the arcs they intercept are congruent.
To prove a biconditional statement, we have to prove the statement in
both directions. In other words, we have to prove two statements.
T

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We're given that ⊙O is congruent to ⊙R and arc AB is congruent to arc

TX. To prove that ∠AOB is congruent to ∠TRX, we can say that by the definition
of congruence of arc, mAB = mTX. By definition of arc measure, m∠AOB =
m∠TRX. By definition of congruence of angle, ∠AOB is congruent to ∠TRX.
With biconditional statements, we can't always just reverse the argument to
get the reverse implication, but in this case we can.

Theorems of Circle

1. Inscribed Angle Theorem

The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the central
angle or its intercepted arc.
That is, m ∠ABC= ½ m ∠AOC.

Example:
Find the measure of the inscribed angle ∠PQR.
By the inscribed angle theorem, the
measure of an inscribed angle is half the
measure of the intercepted arc. The
measure of the central angle POR of the
intercepted arc PR is 90°.
Therefore,
m ∠PQR = ½ m ∠POR
= ½ (90°)
= 45°

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2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. The intercepted arc

is a semicircle and therefore has a measure of equivalent to two right
angles. Since the inscribe angle has measure of one-half of the

intercepted arc, it is a right angle.

3. The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and chord is equal to one-

half the measure of its intercepted arc.

4. Alternate Segment Theorem

The alternate segment theorem states that an angle between a tangent and a
chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate
segment. In the diagram, the alternate segment theorem tells hat angle CEA
and angle CDE are equal.

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5. Angles of Intersecting Chords Theorem. If two chords intersect inside a

circle, then the measure of the angle formed is one half the sum of the
measure of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.

PR and ̅̅̅̅
In the circle, the two chords ̅̅̅̅ QS
Intersect inside the circle.

̂ + m 𝑅𝑆
m ∠1 = ½ (m 𝑃𝑄 ̂ )and
̂ +m 𝑃𝑆
m ∠1 = ½ (m 𝑄𝑅 ̂)

Since vertical angles are congruent

m ∠1 ≅ m ∠2 and m ∠3 ≅ m ∠4

̂ = 92° and m 𝑅𝑆
In the circle shown, if m 𝑃𝑄 ̂ = 110°, then find m ∠3.
Substitute
m ∠3 = ½ (m 𝑃𝑄 ̂ + m 𝑅𝑆̂)
= ½ (92° + 110°)
= ½ (202°)
= 101°
Therefore, m ∠3 = 101°

6. Angle of Intersecting Secants Theorem

If two lines intersect outside a circle, then the measure of an angle

formed by the two lines is one half the positive difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.

In the circle, the two lines ⃡𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐸

⃡
Intersect outside the circle at the point A.
m ∠CAE = ½ (m 𝐶𝐸 ̂ − m 𝐵𝐷 ̂ )

̂ =
̂ = 28° and m 𝐶𝐸
In the circle shown, if m 𝐵𝐷
88°, then find m ∠CAE.
Substitute the angle measures.
m ∠CAE = ½ (m 𝐶𝐸 ̂ − m 𝐵𝐷 ̂)
= ½ (88° − 28°)
= ½ (60°)
= 30°
Therefore, m ∠CAE = 30°

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7. If inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc then they are
congruent. This follows from the Inscribed Angle Theorem.

Here, ∠ADC ≅ ∠ABC ≅ ∠AFC

8. Intersecting Chords Theorem

If two chords or secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the

product of the lengths of the segments of one chord is equal to the
product of the lengths of the segments of the other chord.

Example1:

Use the Intersecting Chords Theorem.

15•4 = 5•x
60=5x
X= 12

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Example 2:

8• 24= (3x +1) • 12

192 = 36x + 12
180= 36x
5= x
9. Secant Secant Theorem
When two secant segments have a common endpoint outside a circle,
the product of the measures of one secant segment and its external part
is equal to the product of the measures of the other secant and its
external part.

Example:
̅̅̅̅̅ and MQ
In the circle, MO ̅̅̅̅̅ are secants that intersect at point M

So, MN • MO = MP • MQ

In the circle shown, if

MN= 10, NO = 17, MP = 9, then find
the length of PQ.

Substitute.
MN•MO = MP•MQ
(MN) (MN+ NO) = (MP) (MP+ PQ)
(10) (10+17) = (9) (9+ PQ)
(10) (27) = (9) (9 + PQ)
270 = 81 + 9PQ

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189 = 9PQ
21 = PQ
Therefore, PQ = 21 units.
10. Tangent Secant Theorem
If a secant segment and a tangent segment share an endpoint outside a
circle, then the product of the length of the secant segment and the
length of its external segment equals the square of the length of the
tangent segment.

Example:
In the circle, ̅̅̅̅
UV is a tangent and
̅̅̅̅ is a secant.
UY
They intersect at point U.
So, UV 2 = UX • UY

In the circle shown, if UX = 8 and

XY = 10, then find the length of
UV,
Substitute.
UV 2 = UX • UY
= (UX) (UX + XY)
= (8) (8 + 10)
= (8) (18)
= 144
Take the square root on each side.
UV 2 = 144
UV =12

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Activity No. 9
CIRCLES

Name : ___________________________________________________ Score : ______________

Section :_________________________________Class Schedule : ______________________

I. Direction: Write T if the statement is True but if it’s False change the
underlined word to make the statement True.
1. A tangent is a line that touches the circle at two points.
2. The tangent is perpendicular to the radius of a circle.
3. Intercepted arc formed when one or two different chords cut across
a circle and meet a common point called a vertex.
4. A major arc is an arc that is smaller than a semi-circle.
5. An inscribed angle is an angle whose the vertex is on the center.
6. If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle
equals one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.
7. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then the opposite angles are
complementary.
8. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is an acute angle.
9. If inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc then they are
congruent.
10. If two lines intersect outside a circle, then the measure of an angle
formed by the two lines is one half the positive difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs.

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I. Directions: Solve the following:

1.

2.

3.

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