Mathematics Reviewer

By: Danni Abarro

Lesson 1: Parts of a Circle

Circle
-A set of all points in a plane from a fixed point.
-The fixed point is called the center of the circle, and the constant distance is
the radius.
-A circle is named after its center.

Radius
A segment whose endpoints are the center and
a point on the circle.

It is sometimes referred as the distance from

the center of a circle to a point on the circle.

Chord
A chord of a circle is a line segment that has
endpoints in the circle.

Diameter
A diameter of a circle is a chord that passes
through the center of the circle. Its length is
twice as long as a radius.

Tangent
A line or a ray that intersects a circle at
exactly one point is called a tangent, and
the intersection is called the point of
tangency.

Secant
A line, a segment, or a ray that intersects
At exactly two points is called a secant.

Every chord being a line segment determines a secant, and every

secant being a line contains a chord.
Examples:

B and C are points on the circle A. Id AB=2x+5 and AC=x+11. Find the
lengths of the radius and diameter.

Formula: AB=AC
2x+5 = x+11
2x-x = 11-5 (Group the like terms by transposing)
X = 6

𝑋𝑌 is the diameter of circle Z. If YZ=x+4 and XY=5x-1. Find the lengths of

the radius and diameter.

Formula: 2(YZ)=XY
2(x+4) = 5x-1
2x+8 = 5x-1
2x-5x = -1-8 (Group the like terms by transposing)

Point A is the center of 2 concentric circles. C is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 and

EA=10cm. Find each length.

● AB
10 cm
● BD
5 cm
● ED
25 cm
● AD
15 cm

Find x.

2 2 2
Formula: 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
2 2 2
𝑥 = (12) + (12)
2
𝑥 = 288
𝑥 = 288
𝑥 = 12 2

Find x.

2 2 2
Formula: 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
2 2 2
(8) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
2
2𝑥 = 64
2
𝑥 = 32 (we divided both sides by 2)
𝑥= 4 2
Lesson 2: Tangents

Theorem 1
If a line in the plane of a circle
is perpendicular to a radius at its
endpoint on the circle, then the
line is tangent to the circle.

If a line is tangent to a circle then the line is perpendicular to the

radius at the point of tangency.
The Radius-Tangent Theorem
Example #1

𝐾𝑌 is tangent to T at Y. Find TY.

2 2
(𝐾𝑇) = (𝑇𝑌) + (𝑌𝐾)
2 2 2
(13) = (𝑇𝑌) + (5)
2
169 = 𝑇𝑌 + 25
2
169 − 25 = 𝑇𝑌 (We transposed 25 to the other side)
2
144 = 𝑇𝑌
𝑇𝑌 = 12𝑐𝑚
Corollary 1
Two tangent segments from a common
external point are congruent.

Corollary 2
The two tangent rays from a common
external point determine an angle
that is bisected by the ray from
the external point to the center
of the circle.

Example #2
𝐵𝐴 and 𝐶𝐴 are radii. 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐶𝐷 are tangent segments to
⊙ A. Find 𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶.
𝑚∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 116°

A polygon is inscribed in a
circle if its vertices are
points on the circle. The
circle is circumscribed
about the polygon.
ΔLET is inscribed in ⊙S and ⊙S is
circumscribed about ΔLET
A polygon is circumscribed
About a circle if each side
Is a tangent segment to the
circle. The circle is
inscribed in the polygon

ΔLET is circumscribed about ⊙S and

⊙S is inscribed in ΔLET

Example #3
⊙G is inscribed in ΔABC.
1. Find the perimeter of ΔABC
If m∠AED = 58°, then
m∠EAD=____

⊙G is inscribed in ΔABC.
1. Find the perimeter of ΔABC
𝑃 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶
𝑃 = 26 + 28 + 18 = 72
2. If m∠AED = 58°, then
m∠EAD= 64°
Lesson 3: Angles and Arcs

Central Angle
A central angle is an angle
with its vertex at the center
of a circle, with its sides
containing two radii of the
Circle. ∠ACB is a central angle of ⊙C

The circumference of the

circle is separated into
arc by the central angle. ∠ACB intercepts 𝐴𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵 is an intercepted
This is called the ∠ACB
intercepted arc of the circle.

Arcs
Just as there are ways to
classify angles according
to their measures, an arc may
be classified as minor, major
or a semicircle.

Minor Arcs
Given ⊙C with point A and B
on the circle, the union of A
and B and all the points that
are interior of ∠ACB is called
a minor arc.

Its measure is equal to the

measure of its central angle ⊙C

Major Arcs
Given ⊙C with point A and B
on the circle, the union of A
and B and all the points that
are exterior of ∠ACB is called
a major arc.

Its measure is equal to the

the difference between the
measure of its related minor
arc and 360°

Semicircle
When endpoints of an arc are
also endpoints of a diameter,
the arc is called a semicircle.
Types of Arcs
The names of three types of arc suggest their measures relative to 180°
MINOR SEMICIRCLE MAJOR
less than 180° equal to 180° greater than 180°

The measure of an arc formed

by two adjacent non overlapping
arcs. Arcs that share exactly
one point is equal to the sum
of the measures of these two
arcs.
THE ARC ADDITION THEOREM

Example #1
Given ⊙A, m𝐿𝐽 = 100°
and m𝐿𝐸 = 162°, m𝐿𝐸=
m𝐿𝐸 = m𝐿𝐽 + m𝐽𝐸
162° =100° + m𝐽𝐸
m𝐽𝐸 = 162° - 100°
m𝐽𝐸 = 62°

Inscribed Angle
An inscribed angle is an
angle formed by the
intersection of two chords
at a point on the circle. ∠ADB is an inscribed angle of ⊙C

A central angle has its

vertex at the center while
an inscribed angle has a point
on the circle.
The sides of a central angle
are radii of the circle while
the sides of an inscribed angle
are chords of the circle.

The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the measure of its

intercepted arc.
Theorem 4
m∠QPR = 110°, find
● m𝑄𝑅
m𝑄𝑅=110𝆩
● m∠QSR
m∠QSR=55°

● m∠QTR
m∠QTR=55°
 An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right triangle.

COROLLARY 3

Angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.

Corollary 4

The opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral are supplementary.

Corollary 5

Find
m∠ADC
1
m∠ADC = 2
(184°) = 92°

m∠ABC
m∠ABC= 180° - 92°= 88°

m∠DAB
1
m∠DAB = 2
(155°) = 77.5°
Lesson 4: Angles and Segments formed by Tangents,
Secants, and Chords

Tangent-Secant Theorem
Given an angle with its vertex on a
circle, formed by a secant ray and
a secant ray and a tangent ray, the
measure of the angle is half the
1
measure of the intercepted arc. m∠ABD = 2
m𝐴𝐵
Examples:
Find the following measures.
1. if m𝐴𝐸𝐵 = 210°, then
m∠ABD = 105
2. If m𝐴𝐵 = 162°, then
m∠ABD = 99°
3. If m∠ABD =123°, then
m𝐴𝐸𝐵=245°
Find the following measures.
1. m𝐴𝐷
160°
2. m∠ABD
80°

Theorem 6
If two chords intersect within
a circle, then the measure of
the angle formed is equal to
half the sum of the measures of
1
the intercepted arc. m∠EFD = 2
(m𝐴𝐵 + m𝐸𝐷)
Examples
Find the following measures.
If m𝐴𝐸 = 82° and m𝐵𝐷 = 90°, then
m∠AFE = ____
1
m∠AFE = 2
(m𝐴𝐸 + m𝐵𝐷)
1
m∠AFE = 2
(82° + 90°)
m∠AFE = 86°

If m𝐴𝐵 = 103° and m𝐸𝐷 = 42°, then

m∠EFD = ____
1
m∠EFD = 2
(m𝐴𝐵 + m𝐸𝐷)
1
m∠EFD = 2
(103° + 42°)
m∠EFD = 72.5°
Angles Formed in the Exterior of the Circle

Theorem 7
If a tangent and secant, two
secants, or two tangents
intersect in a point in the
exterior of the circle, then
the measure of the angle formed
is equal to one-half the difference
1
of the measure of the intercepted arcs m∠AFD = 2
(m𝐴𝐷 - m𝐵𝐸)
Example
Find the following measures.
If m𝐵𝐸 = 75° and m𝐴𝐸 = 144°, then
m∠D = ____
1
m∠D = 2
(m𝐴𝐸 - m𝐵𝐸)
1
m∠D = 2
(144° - 75°)
m∠D = 34.5°

If m𝐴𝐸 = 160° and m∠D = 30°, then

m𝐵𝐸 = ____
1
m∠D = 2
(m𝐴𝐸 - m𝐵𝐸)
1
30° = 2
(160° - m𝐵𝐸)

60° = 34.5° - m𝐵𝐸

m𝐵𝐸 = 100°
Segments Formed by Intersecting Chords

Theorem 8
If two chords intersect inside a
circle, then the product of the
lengths of one chord is equal to
the product of the lengths of the
segment parts of the other chord. AC • EC = DC • BC
Examples
Find x
WU • DU = LU • OU
(x+5)(4)=(3)(8)
4x+20=24
x=1
Find
● WU
WU = x+5
WU = 6
● WD
WD = WU + DU
WD = 10

Segments formed by an Exterior Intersection

Theorem 9
If two secants intersect in
the exterior of a circle,
then the product of the
lengths of the secant segment
and its external segment part
is equal to the product of
the lengths of the other
segment and its external
segment part.
Examples
Find
● x
LN • VN = RN • DN
(x+9)(9) = (15)(7)
9x + 81 = 105
9x = 105 - 81
9x = 24
8
x = 3
≈ 2.67
● LN
LN = LV + VN
8
LN + 3
+ 9
35
LN = 3
≈ 11.67

Theorem 9
If a secant and a tangent
intersect in the exterior of
a circle, the product of the
lengths of the secant segment
and its external segment part
is equal to the square of the
2
length of the tangent segment. AC • BC= (DC)

Example
Find the following measures.
● x
2
HZ • AZ = (EZ)
2
(9+x)(x)=(6)
2
𝑥 + 9x = 36
2
𝑥 + 9x - 36 = 0
(x+12)(x-3) = 0
x+12=0|x-3=0
x=-12 |x=3
● HZ
HZ = HA + AZ
HZ = 9 + 3
HZ = 12
Lesson 5: Distance Formula

Distance
The distance between two points is the length of the segment that connects them.
When the direction is important, vertical and horizontal distances, the distance
is called directed distance.

Directed Distance
If the direction from one point to another is to the right or upward, the
directed distance is positive. If the direction is to the left or downward then
the directed distance is negative.

The directed distance 𝐴𝐵 is 6 while 𝐵𝐴 is negative 6. The

directed distance 𝐶𝐷 is 3 while 𝐷𝐶 is -3/

Distance Formula

Given that there are two points, 𝑃1(𝑥1,𝑦1) and

𝑃2(𝑥2,𝑦2) , a line segment is drawn to
represent their distance. If we draw vertical
line from 𝑃1 and horizontal line from 𝑃2, it
will intersect at a point labeled as 𝑅2(𝑥1,𝑦2)
and will form a right triangle. the legs are
𝑃1𝑅 and 𝑃2𝑅, and the hypotenuse is 𝑃1𝑃2. To
find the distance of 𝑃1𝑃2 denoted by |𝑃1𝑃2|,
we will apply the Pythagorean Theorem

2 2 2
|𝑃1𝑃2| = (𝑃2𝑅) + (𝑃1𝑅)
2 2 2
|𝑃1𝑃2| = (𝑥2, 𝑥1) + (𝑦2, 𝑦1)

2 2 2
|𝑃1𝑃2| = (𝑥2, 𝑥1) + (𝑦2, 𝑦1)

The distance between points 𝑃1(𝑥1,𝑦1) and 𝑃2(𝑥2,𝑦2), denoted |𝑃1𝑃2|, is given by the
formula

2 2 2
|𝑃1𝑃2| = (𝑥2, 𝑥1) + (𝑦2, 𝑦1) or

2 2 2
|𝑃1𝑃2| = (𝑥1, 𝑥2) + (𝑦1, 𝑦2)
-Distance Formula
Lesson 6: Circles in the Cartesian Plane
A circle is the set of all points on a plane equidistant from a fixed point on
the given plane. The fixed point is called the center of the circle and the
distance from the center to any point on the circle is called the radius.

Equation of a Circle

Let P(x,y) be any P(x,y) be any point on the

circle, C(h,k) be the center of the circle,
and the r be the radius. We can obtain the
equation of the circle in standard form
using the distance formula.
|𝐶𝑃| = r
2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = r
2 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟

Standard form of the Equation of a Circle

● If the center of the circle is at the origin, then the equation is:
2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟
● If the center of the circle is at (h,k), then the equation is:
2 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟

Equation of the Circle

A point (x,y) can be one of the following depending on which equation of
inequality of the coordinates satisfy.
2 2 2
● On the circle if (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟
2 2 2
● Interior of the circle if (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) < 𝑟
2 2 2
● Exterior of circle if (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) > 𝑟

General form of the Equation of a Circle

● If the center of the circle is at origin, then the equation is
2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 −𝑟 = 0
● If the center of the circle is at (h,k), then the equation is
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑓 = 0

Examples Standard form

2 2 2
Find the standard and general form 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑟
2 2
of the equation of the circle whose 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 64
center is at the origin and whose General form
2 2 2
radius is 8. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 64 = 0
Find the standard and general form Standard form
2 2 2
equation of the circle whose center (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟
2 2 2
is at (7,3) and whose radius is 11 (𝑥 − 7) + (𝑦 − 3) = (11)
2 2
` (𝑥 − 7) + (𝑦 − 3) = 121
General Form
2 2
𝑥 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 9 − 121 = 0
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 14𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 63 = 0
Express the General Form to Standard Form
2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 5 = 0
2 2
(𝑥 − 6𝑥) + (𝑦 − 2𝑦) = 5 (we group the like terms so that we can proceed)
2 2
(𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 9) + (𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 5 + 9 + 1 (to get the third term, what we need to do is
divide the second term then square it. After you have done all of that you need
to add the third term to the last part eg. =5+9+1)
2 2
(𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 + 1) = 15 (to get the standard form, you need to find the square root
of the third term.)
Identify the center and Radius of the Circle.

C(-3,2)
r=5

C(2,6)
2 2
r= (2 − 0) + (6 − 1)
r= 29

Goodluck on our exams! Bear with me as it is my first time making a reviewer and this took me 4 solid days to finish. But now that
you’ve finished analyzing this reviewer, try getting/borrowing a math book and answer the exercises related to this lesson so that
you can have a bit of mastery and grasp.