IIT JEE Formulas

Maths Formulas

Part 1

Circle Formula
The formula for circle are as stated below

Description Formula
2
Area of a Circle ● In terms of radius: π𝑟
π 2
● In terms of diameter: 4
×𝑑

Surface Area of a Circle 2

π𝑟

General Equation of a The general equation of a circle with coordinates of a centre(ℎ, 𝑘),
Circle 2 2
and radius 𝑟 is given as: (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟
Standard Equation of a The Standard equation of a circle with centre (𝑎, 𝑏), and radius 𝑟 is
Circle 2 2 2
given as: (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑟
Diameter of a Circle 2 × radius

Circumference of a Circle 2π𝑟

Intercepts made by Circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
2
i. On 𝑥 −axis: 2 𝑔 − 𝑐
2
ii. On 𝑦 −axis: 2 𝑓 − 𝑐

Parametric Equations of 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ ; 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

a Circle
Tangent 2
● Slope form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥±𝑎 1 + 𝑚
2
● Point form: 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎 or 𝑇 = 0
● Parametric form: 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 α + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 α = 𝑎

Pair of Tangents from a 2

𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇
Point:
Length of a Tangent 𝑆1

Director Circle 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎 for 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎

Chord of Contact 𝑇= 0
2𝐿𝑅
i. Length of chord of contact= 2 2
𝑅 +𝐿
ii. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the
3
𝑅𝐿
tangents and its chord of contact = 2 2
𝑅 +𝐿
iii. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents
(
from 𝑥1, 𝑦1 = ) ( )
𝐿 −𝑅
2𝑅𝐿
2 2

iv. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle

𝑃𝑇1, 𝑇2 is:
(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 + 𝑔) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1)(𝑦 + 𝑓) = 0
Condition of 2𝑔1𝑔2 + 2𝑓1𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
orthogonality of Two
Circles
Radical Axis ( )
𝑆1 − 𝑆2 = 0 i.e. 2 𝑔1 − 𝑔2 𝑥 + 2 𝑓1 − 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 = 0. ( ) ( )
Family of Circles 𝑆1 + 𝐾𝑆2 = 0, 𝑆 + 𝐾𝐿 = 0

Quadratic Equation Formula

The formula for quadratic equation are as stated below

Description Formula
General form of 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants and 𝑎≠0.
Quadratic Equation
Roots of equations −𝑏+ 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
2 2
−𝑏− 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
α= 2𝑎
, β= 2𝑎
Sum and Product of If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation
Roots 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then
𝑏
Sum of roots, α + β =− 𝑎
𝑐
Product of roots, αβ = 𝑎

Discriminant of 2
The Discriminant of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is
Quadratic equation 2
given by 𝐷 = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐.

Nature of Roots 𝑏
● If 𝐷 = 0, the roots are real and equalα = β =− 2𝑎
.
 ● If 𝐷≠0, The roots are real and unequal.
● If 𝐷 < 0, the roots are imaginary and unequal.
● If 𝐷 > 0 and D is a perfect square, the roots are rational
and unequal.
● If 𝐷 > 0 and 𝐷 is not a perfect square, the roots are
irrational and unequal.

Formation of Quadratic If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, then
Equation with given 2
(𝑥 − α)(𝑥 − β) = 0; 𝑥 − (α + β)𝑥 + αβ = 0;
roots 2
● 𝑥 − (𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥+ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡s=0
Common Roots 2
● If two quadratic equations 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑥 + 𝑐1 = 0 &
2
𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑥 + 𝑐2 = 0 have both roots common, then
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2
= 𝑏2
= 𝑐2
.
● If only one root α is common, then
𝑐1𝑎2−𝑐2𝑎1 𝑏1𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1
α= 𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2𝑏1
= 𝑐1𝑎2−𝑐2𝑎1

Range of Quadratic 𝑏
● If − 2𝑎
not belong to [𝑥1, 𝑥2] then,
Expression
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in
[{ ( ) }
𝑓(𝑥)∈ 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓(𝑥2) , 𝑚𝑎𝑥⁡{𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓(𝑥2)} ( ) ]
𝑏
restricted domain ● If− 2𝑎
∈[𝑥1, 𝑥2] then,
𝑥∈[𝑥1, 𝑥2]
{( ) ( )
𝑓(𝑥)∈⎡⎢ 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
⎣
𝐷
4𝑎 }, ( ) ( )
𝑚𝑎𝑥⁡{𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
𝐷
4𝑎
}⎤⎥
⎦
2
Consider the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Roots under special 𝑏
● If 𝑐 = 0, then one root is zero. Other root is− 𝑎
.
cases
● If 𝑏 = 0The roots are equal but in opposite signs.
● If 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0, then both roots are zero.
● If 𝑎 = 𝑐, then the roots are reciprocal to each other.
● If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, then one root is 1 and the second root is
𝑐
𝑎
.
● If 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0, then the equation will become an
identity and will satisfy every value of 𝑥.

Graph of Quadratic 2
The graph of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is a
equation parabola.
● If 𝑎 > 0, then the graph of a quadratic equation will be
concave upwards.
● If 𝑎 < 0, then the graph of a quadratic equation will be
concave downwards.
Maximum and Minimum 2
Consider the quadratic expression 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
value ● If 𝑎 < 0, then the expression has the greatest value at
𝑏 𝐷
𝑥 =− 2𝑎 . The maximum value is − 4𝑎 .
● If 𝑎 > 0, then the expression has the least value at
𝑏 𝐷
𝑥 =− 2𝑎 . The minimum value is − 4𝑎 .

Quadratic Expression in
Two Variables
The general form of a quadratic equation in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 is
2 2
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐.
To solve the expression into two linear rational factors, the
condition is ∆ = 0
[a h g]
∆= [ h b f ] =0
[g f c]

2 2 2 2
𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔 − 𝑐ℎ = 0 And ℎ − 𝑎𝑏 > 0. This is
called the Discriminant of the given expression.

Binomial Theorem Formula

Quick formula revision for jee mains and advanced.

Description Formula
Binomial Theorem for 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑎) =nC0𝑥𝑛𝑎0 + nC1𝑥𝑛−1𝑎 + nC2𝑥𝑛−2𝑎2 + … + nCr𝑥𝑛−𝑟𝑎𝑟 + … + nCn.𝑥𝑎
positive Integral Index General terms = 𝑇𝑟+1 =nCr𝑥𝑛−𝑟𝑎𝑟

Deductions of Binomial 𝑛
● (1 + 𝑥) =nC0+ nC1𝑥 + nC2𝑥2 +nC3𝑥3 + … +nCr𝑥𝑟 + … +nCn𝑥𝑛 which is
Theorem the standard form of binomial expansion.
𝑡ℎ
General Term= (𝑟 + 1) term: 𝑇𝑟+1 =nCr
𝑟 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)……(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
𝑥 = 𝑟!
.𝑥

● 𝑛 n n
C n
C2 n 3 C
(1 − 𝑥) = 0− 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + … + (− 1)
𝑟nC 𝑟
r𝑥 + … + (− 1)
𝑛n
n𝑥
𝑛C C
𝑡ℎ 𝑟n
General Term= (𝑟 + 1) term: 𝑇𝑟+1 = (− 1) . Cr
𝑟 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)……(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
𝑥 = 𝑟!
.𝑥

Middle Term in the 𝑡ℎ

expansion of(𝑥 + 𝑎)
𝑛 ● If 𝑛 is even then middle term = ( + 1) term. 𝑛
2
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 𝑛+3 𝑡ℎ
● If 𝑛 is odd then middle terms are ( ) and ( ) 2 2
term.
● Binomial coefficients of middle term is the greatest Binomial
coefficients
To determine a particular 𝑛

term in the expansion

α
In the expansion of 𝑥 ± ( 1
β
𝑥 ) , if 𝑥 𝑚
occurs in 𝑇𝑟+1, then 𝑟 is given
𝑛α−𝑚
by 𝑛α − 𝑟(α + β) = 𝑚 => 𝑟 = α+β
and the term
which is independent of 𝑥 then
𝑛α
𝑛α − 𝑟(α + β) = 0 => 𝑟 = α+β
.

To find a term from the 𝑇𝑟(𝐸) = 𝑇𝑛−𝑟+2(𝐵)

end in the expansion of
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑎)
Binomial Coefficients In the expansion of
and their properties 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑛
(1 + 𝑥) = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥 + … + 𝐶𝑟𝑥 + … + 𝐶𝑛𝑥
𝑛(𝑛−1)
Where 𝐶0 = 1, 𝐶1 = 𝑛, 𝐶2 = 2!

𝑛
i. 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 +……+ 𝐶𝑛 = 2

ii. 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − 𝐶3 +……= 0

𝑛−1
iii. 𝐶0 + 𝐶2 +……= 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 +……= 2

2 2 2 2 2𝑛!
iv. 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 +……+ 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛!𝑛!

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 𝑛+1
2 −1
v. 𝐶0 + 2
+ 3
+……+ 𝑛+1
= 𝑛+1

𝑛
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 (−1) .𝐶𝑛 1
vi. 𝐶0 − 2
+ 3
− 4
+……+ 𝑛+1
= 𝑛+1

Greatest term in the 𝑛

● The term in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑎) of greatest
𝑛
expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑎) : coefficients
= {𝑇 (𝑛+2) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑇 (𝑛+1) , 𝑇 (𝑛+3)
2
, 2 2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
● The greatest term
(𝑛+1)𝑎
= {𝑇𝑝 , 𝑇𝑝+1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥+𝑎
= 𝑝∈𝑍 𝑇𝑞+1,
(𝑛+1)𝑎 (𝑛+1)𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥+1
𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 < 𝑥+𝑎
<𝑞+1
Multinomial Expansion If 𝑛∈𝑁 then the general terms of multinomial expansion
𝑟
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + … + 𝑥𝑘)𝑛 is ∑
𝑟1+𝑟2+…+𝑟𝑘=𝑛
𝑛!
𝑟1!𝑟2!…𝑟𝑘!
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑥1 . 𝑥2 ... 𝑥𝑘𝑘
Binomial Theorem for 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 3
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 2!
𝑥 + 3!
𝑥 + …
Negative Integer Or 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…….(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
Fractional Indices + 𝑟!
𝑥 + …, |𝑥|< 1
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…….(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑟!
𝑥

Part 2

Vectors Formula
The formula for vectors are as stated below

Description Formula
→ →
Position Vector If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive vectors of two points A and B, then
of a Point → → →
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎

→
● Distance Formula: Distance between the two points 𝐴( 𝑎 ) and
→
𝐵( 𝑏) is
→ →

→
|
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 .
→ →
| → →
𝑛 𝑎 +𝑚 𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏
● Section Formula: 𝑟 = 𝑚+𝑛
, Midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 = 2

→ → → → → → → →
Scalar Product
of Two vectors
| || | | |||
𝑎 . 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ , where 𝑎 , 𝑏 are the magnitude of 𝑎 and 𝑏
→ →
respectively and θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏
→
● 𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑗. 𝑗 = 𝑘. 𝑘 = 1; 𝑖. 𝑗 = 𝑗. 𝑘 = 𝑘. 𝑖 = 0 , projection of 𝑎
→ →
→ 𝑎 .𝑏
on 𝑏 = → .
→
|𝑏| →
● If 𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖 + 𝑎2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑘 & 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖 + 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑏3𝑘 then
→ →
𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝑎1𝑏1 + 𝑎2𝑏2 + 𝑎3𝑏3.
→ →
● The angle ∅ between 𝑎 & 𝑏 is given by
→→
−1 𝑎. 𝑏
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 → → , 0≤∅≤π.
→ →
| 𝑎 || →𝑏 | → → →
● 𝑎 . 𝑏 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 Perpendicular to 𝑏 (𝑎≠0, 𝑏 ≠0).
 → →
Vector Product ● If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two vectors and θ is the angle between them then
of Two vectors → → → → ^ ^
● 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑛 , where | || | → →
𝑛 is the unit vector
→ → ^
perpendicular to both 𝑎 & 𝑏 such that 𝑎, 𝑏& 𝑛 form a right
handed screw system.

→ →
|
● Geometrically 𝑎 × 𝑏 =area of the parallelogram whose two | → →
adjacents sides are represented by 𝑎 & 𝑏 .
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
● 𝑖 × 𝑖 = 𝑗 × 𝑗 = 𝑘 × 𝑘 = 0; 𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑗 × 𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘 × 𝑖 = 𝑗
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^ ^ ^
● If 𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖 + 𝑎2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑘 & 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖 + 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑏3𝑘 then

→ →
𝑎× 𝑏=
→ → → → → → →
● 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑜↔ 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel (collinear) (𝑎≠0, 𝑏≠0) i.e.
→ →
𝑎 = 𝐾 𝑏 where K is a scalar.

→ →
● Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑎 & 𝑏 is
→ →
^ 𝑎× 𝑏
𝑛= ± → → .
→ →
| 𝑎→× 𝑏|
● If 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 are the position vectors of 3 points A, B & C then the
1 → → → → → →
vector area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2[𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑏 × 𝑐 + 𝑐 × 𝑎 ]. The
points A, B & C are collinear if
→ → → → → → →
▪ 𝑎×𝑏+𝑏×𝑐+𝑐×𝑎=0

→ →
● Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are 𝑑1 & 𝑑2 is

given by
1 ||𝑑→ × 𝑑→ ||.
2 | 1 2|

● Lagrange’sIdentity:
→ →2 →2 →2 → →2 → → → → → → →
( 𝑎×𝑏 ) = 𝑎 | || | 𝑏 ( )
− 𝑎. 𝑏 = [(𝑎 × 𝑎 ) (𝑎 × 𝑏) ( 𝑏 × 𝑎) ( 𝑏

→ → →
Scalar Triple ● The scalar triple product of three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 is defined as:
Product → → → → → →
𝑎 × 𝑏. 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅| || || |
→ → →
● Volume of tetrahedron 𝑉 = 𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑐 [ ]
● In a scalar triple product the position of dot and cross can be
interchanged i.e.
 → → → → → → → →→ →→ → →→→
( →) ( → → ) → [ → →]→ [ →]→ → [
𝑎. 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 . 𝑐 Or 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
→ →
]
𝑎. (𝑏 × 𝑐) =− 𝑎. (𝑐 × 𝑏) i.e. [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] =− [𝑎 𝑐 𝑏]

→ →
● If 𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖 + 𝑎2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑘; 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖 + 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑏3𝑘 &
→
𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑖 + 𝑐2𝑗 + 𝑐3𝑘 then

→ → →
[𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑐] =
→ →→ → →→
● If 𝑎, 𝑏,𝑐 are coplanar↔ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 0. [ ]
→ →
● Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & A(𝑎), B(𝑏) and
→ 1 → →→
C(𝑐) be the vertices = ||| 6 [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐]|||.

● The position vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv’s

→ → → → 1 → → → →
of its vertices are 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 & 𝑑 are given by 4
[ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑].
●
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
Vector Triple
Product
( )→ ( → ) → (→ ) → ( → )
𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎. 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑎. 𝑏 𝑐, 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎. 𝑐 𝑏 − (𝑏. 𝑐) 𝑎 ( )
In general:(𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)

Parabola Formula
The formula for parabola are as stated below

Description Formula
Equation of The equation of parabola with focus at (𝑎, 0), 𝑎 > 0 and directrix
standard 𝑥 = − 𝑎 is given as
parabola: 2
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
When vertex is (0, 0) then axis is given as
𝑦 = 0
Length of latus rectum is equals to 4𝑎
Ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) and L’(a, -2a).
Parametric The point (𝑥, 𝑦1) lies outside, on or inside the parabola which is given as
representation 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
Therefore, equation of parabola now becomes,
2
𝑦1 − 4𝑎𝑥≥0
Or
2
𝑦1 − 4𝑎𝑥 < 0
Line and a 2
Length of the chord intercepted by the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 on the line
parabola 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is given as
 2
4
𝑚
2 ( )
( 𝑎 1 + 𝑚 (𝑎 − 𝑚𝑐)
Tangents to the 2
Tangent of the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 is given as T = 0
parabola
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑎
𝑚
, 𝑚≠0 is the tangent of parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 at
2
2
( 𝑎
2
𝑚
,
2𝑎
𝑚 )
Normal to the Normal to the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 is given as
parabola −𝑦1
2
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 2𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑥1) at (𝑥1, 𝑦1)
A chord with a 2
The equation of the chord of parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 with midpoint (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is
given middle
point given as 𝑇 = 𝑆1.
Here,
𝑆1 = 𝑦1 − 4𝑎𝑥

Definite Integration Formula

The formula for definite integration are as stated below

Description Formula
Definite Integral 𝑏 𝑛

as Limit Sum ∫ 𝑓( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∑ ℎ𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

𝑎 𝑟=1
𝑏−𝑎
Here ℎ = 𝑛
is the length of each subinterval
Definite Integral 𝑏 '
Formula Using ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎), where 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
the
Fundamental
theorem of
calculus

Properties of 𝑏 𝑏

Definite Integral ● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡

𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 =− ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)±𝑔(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
 𝑎 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥). 𝑑𝑡 This is a formula derived from
0 0
the above formula.
2𝑎 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 0
2𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 0 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) =− 𝑓(𝑥)
0
𝑎 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function (i.e.,
−𝑎 0
𝑓(− 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)).
𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 0 if 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function (i.e.,
−𝑎
𝑓(− 𝑥) =− 𝑓(𝑥)).

Definite ∞
𝑑𝑥 π
Integrals ● ∫ 2 2 = 2𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎
involving
Rational or
∞ 𝑚 𝑚−𝑛+1
irrational 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 π𝑎
Expression ● ∫ 𝑛 𝑛 = (𝑚+1)π , 0<𝑚+1<𝑛
𝑛 )
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑛

∞ 𝑝−1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 π
● ∫ 1+𝑥 = sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝π)
, 0<𝑝<1
𝑎

∞
𝑑𝑥 π
● ∫ 2 2
= 2
𝑎 𝑎 −𝑥

∞ 2
2 2 π𝑎
● ∫ 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑎
●
Definite π
π
Integrals ● ∫ 𝑚𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = {0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚≠𝑛 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑚, 𝑛 positive
0
involving
integers
Trigonometric π
Functions π
● ∫ 𝑚𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚≠𝑛 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑚, 𝑛 positive
0
integers

π
2𝑚
● ∫ 𝑚𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 2 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛
0 𝑚 −𝑛

integers
 π π
2 2
π
● ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
0 0

π π
2 2
1.3.5…….2𝑚−1 π
● ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2.4.6……2𝑚
. 2
, 𝑚 = 1, 2, …
0 0

π π
2 2
2.4.6….2𝑚
● ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 1.3.5…2𝑚+1
, 𝑚 = 1, 2, …
0 0
●
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a 𝑛𝑇 𝑇 𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑇

periodic ● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑛∈𝑧, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑛∈𝑧

0 0 𝑎 0
function
with period T 𝑛𝑇 𝑇 𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛 − 𝑚) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑚, 𝑛∈𝑧, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥
𝑚𝑇 0 𝑛𝑇 0

𝑏+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑛∈𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏∈𝑅
𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
●
Leibnitz ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝐹(𝑥) ' '
Theorem If 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, then 𝑑𝑥
= ℎ (𝑥)𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) − 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑔(𝑥)

Ellipse Formula
The formula for ellipse are as stated below

Description Formula
2 2
𝑥 𝑦 2 2 2
+ = 1, where 𝑎 > & 𝑏 = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 )
Standard 𝑎
2 2
𝑏
Equation
2
𝑏
● Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 1 − 2 ,(0 < 𝑒 < 1), Directrices:
𝑎
𝑎
𝑥= ± 𝑒

● Foci: 𝑆 = (±𝑎 𝑒, 0). Length of major axes = 2𝑎 and minor axes

= 2𝑏

'
● Vertices: 𝐴 = (− 𝑎, 0) & 𝐴 = (𝑎, 0).
2
2𝑏 2
● Latus Rectum: = 𝑎
= 2𝑎(1 − 𝑒 )
 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑎
Auxiliary circle
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ & 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
Parametric
Representation
The point P(𝑥1, 𝑦1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse
Position of a
according as;
Point w.r.t. an
Ellipse 2 2
𝑥1 𝑦1
2 + 2 − 1 >< 𝑜𝑟 = 0.
𝑎 𝑏

2 2
𝑥 𝑦
The line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 meets the ellipse + = 1 in two points
Line and an 𝑎
2 2
𝑏
Ellipse 2 2 2 2
real, coincident or imaginary according as 𝑐 is < =or > 𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑏 .

2 2 2
Tangents ● Slope form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥± 𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑏 , point form:
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
● Parametric form: 𝑎
+ 𝑏
= 1

2 2
2 2 2 2
Normal
𝑎𝑥
𝑥1
–
𝑏𝑦
𝑦1
= 𝑎 − 𝑏 , 𝑎𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑏𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 𝑎 − 𝑏 , ( )
2 2
(𝑎 −𝑏 )𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑚

2 2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑎 +𝑏
Director Circle

Part 3

Inverse Trigonometric Functions Formula

The formula for inverse trigonometric functions are as stated below

Description Formula
Arcsine Function Arcsine function is an inverse of sine function which is denoted by
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛
The formula for arcsin is given as
−1 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥), 𝑥∈[− 1, 1]
 Domain of arcsin is − 1≤𝑥≤1
π π
Range of arcsin is − 2 ≤𝑦≤ 2

−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) is 2
1−𝑥
Arccosine Function Arccosine function is an inverse of cosine function which is denoted
−1
by 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−1 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝑥) = π − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥), 𝑥∈[− 1, 1]
Domain of arccos is − 1≤𝑥≤1
Range of arccos is 0≤𝑦≤π

−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) is − 2
1−𝑥
Arctangent Function Arctangent function is an inverse of tangent function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑡𝑎𝑛
−1 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− 𝑥) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥), 𝑥∈𝑅
Domain of Arctangent is − ∞≤𝑥≤∞
π π
Range of Arctangent is − 2 ≤𝑦≤ 2
 −1 1
Differentiation of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) is 2
1+𝑥
Arc cotangent (Arc cot) Function Arc cotangent function is an inverse of cotangent function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡
−1 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 (− 𝑥) = π− 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥), 𝑥∈𝑅
Domain of Arc cotangent is − ∞≤𝑥≤∞
Range of Arc cotangent is 0≤𝑦≤π

−1 −1
Differentiation of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥) is 2
1+𝑥
Arc secant Function Arc secant function is an inverse of cosine function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡
−1 −1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− 𝑥) = π − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥), |𝑥|≥ 1
Domain of Arc secant is − ∞≤𝑥≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 1 − ∞≤𝑥≤ − ∞
π
Range of Arc secant is 0≤𝑦≤π, 𝑦 ≠ 2
 −1 −1
Differentiation of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥) is 2
|𝑥| 𝑥 −1
Arc cosecant Function Arc cosecant function is an inverse of sine function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
−1 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥), 𝑥≥ 1
Domain of Arc cosecant is − ∞≤𝑥≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 1 − ∞≤𝑥≤ − ∞
π π
Range of Arc cosecant is − 2 ≤𝑦≤ 2 , 𝑦 ≠0

−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥) is 2
|𝑥| 𝑥 −1

Straight Line Formula

The formula for straight line are as stated below

Description Formulas
Distance Formula
𝑑= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2)2 − (𝑦1 − 𝑦2)2
Section Formula 𝑚𝑥2±𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2±𝑛𝑦1
𝑥= 𝑚±𝑛
;𝑦 = 𝑚±𝑛

Centroid, Incentre and Excenter

Centroid 𝐺 ( 𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3
3
,
𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
3 )
 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1+𝑏𝑦2+𝑐𝑦3
In center 𝐼( 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
)

Excentre 𝐼1 ( −𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3
−𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
,
−𝑎𝑦1+𝑏𝑦2+𝑐𝑦3
−𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 )
Area of Triangle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
1
2 |𝑥1 𝑦1 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 𝑥3 𝑦3 1 |

Slope formula (
Line Joining two points 𝑥1𝑦1 &(𝑥2𝑦2) )
𝑦1−𝑦2
𝑚= 𝑥1−𝑥2

Condition of collinearity of three |𝑥1 𝑦1 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 𝑥3 𝑦3 1 | = 0

points

Angle between two straight lines | 𝑚1−𝑚2 |

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = | 1+𝑚 |
| 1 2 |
𝑚

| | |
Bisector of the angles between two 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦+𝑐
=±
(𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦+𝑐 )
lines 2
𝑎 +𝑏
2
𝑎 +𝑏
'2 '2

Condition of Concurrency For three lines 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎2𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0, 𝑖 = 123 is

|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 | = 0
A pair of straight lines through origin 2 2
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
If θ is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ
| 2 ℎ2−𝑎𝑏 |
= | (𝑎+𝑏 ) |
| |

Two Lines: ' ' '

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Two lines
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
a. Parallel if ' = 𝑏' ≠ 𝑐'
𝑎
| 𝐶1−𝐶2 |
b. Distance between two parallel lines= | |
| 𝑎 +𝑏 |
2 2

' '
c. Perpendicular: 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 0

A point and line | 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦 +𝑐 |

a. Distance between point and line=| 1 2 1 2 |
| 𝑎 +𝑏 |
b. Reflection of a point about a line:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑦1+𝑐
𝑎
= 𝑏
=− 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏
c. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑦1+𝑐
𝑎
= 𝑏
=− 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏
 Indefinite Integration formula
The formula for indefinite integration are as stated below

If f & g are functions of x such that 𝑑

' ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑐⟺ 𝑑𝑥
{𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑐} = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then,
Here, c is called the constant of integration

Standard Formula: 𝑛 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)

𝑛+1
● ∫ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑛+1)
+ 𝑐, 𝑛≠ − 1

𝑑𝑥 1
● ∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
= 𝑎
ln 𝑙𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

𝑎𝑥+𝑏 1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
● ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑒 +𝑐

𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 1 𝑎
● ∫𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃 ln𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+ 𝑐, Here 𝑎 > 0

1
● ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑎
cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
● ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
● ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
ln 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
● ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
ln 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
● ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

1
● ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐

● ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) + 𝑐

or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( π
4
+
𝑥
2 )+ 𝑐
 𝑥
● ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
+ 𝑐

or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) + 𝑐

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
● ∫ 2 2
= 𝑎
+𝑐
𝑎 −𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
● ∫ 2 2 =− 𝑎 𝑎
+𝑐
𝑎 +𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
● ∫ 2 2
=− 𝑎 𝑎
+𝑐
|𝑥| 𝑥 +𝑎

= 𝑙𝑛 ⎡⎢𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑎 ⎤⎥ + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 2
● ∫ 2 2
𝑥 +𝑎 ⎣ ⎦

= 𝑙𝑛 ⎡⎢𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑎 ⎤⎥ + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 2
● ∫ 2 2
𝑥 −𝑎 ⎣ ⎦

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
● ∫ 2 2 = 2𝑎
𝑙𝑛 || 𝑎−𝑥 || + 𝑐
𝑎 −𝑥

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
● ∫ 2 2 = 2𝑎
𝑙𝑛 || 𝑥+𝑎 || + 𝑐
𝑥 −𝑎

2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑎 𝑥
● ∫ 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +𝑎 + 2 𝑎
+𝑐

( )
2 2 2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑎 𝑥+ 𝑥 +𝑎
● ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +𝑎 + 2
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+𝑐

( )
2 2 2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑎 𝑥+ 𝑥 −𝑎
● ∫ 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −𝑎 − 2
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+𝑐

Integration by substitutions '

If we substitute 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡, then 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

Integration by part
∫(𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∫(𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 − ∫
( 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑓(𝑥))∫(𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
)
Integration of type 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
∫ 2 ,∫ 2
, ∫ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

𝑏
Make the substitute 𝑥 + 2𝑎
=𝑡

Integration of trigonometric 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑥
𝑜𝑟∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑥
𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +𝑐𝑥
functions
Here we put tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎+𝑏sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑜𝑟∫ 𝑑𝑥/(𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑜𝑟∫ 𝑎+𝑏sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑥
Here we put tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
=𝑡

Integration of type 2
𝑥 +1
∫ 4 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝐾𝑥 +1

Here 𝑘 is any constant

2 1
So, we divide numerator and denominator by 𝑥 and put 𝑥∓ 𝑥
=𝑡

Application of Derivatives Formula

The formula for application of derivatives are as stated below

Description Formula
'
Equation of tangent and normal ● (
Tangent at (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is given by 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑓 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 , ) ( )( )
here the 𝑓'(𝑥1) should be real
● And normal at (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is given by 𝑦 − 𝑦1 =− ( ) 𝑓 𝑥1
'
( )
1
(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
'
( )
, here the 𝑓 𝑥1 should be non-zero and real.

Tangent from an external point
Given a point 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) which does not lie on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
then the equation of possible tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
passing through (𝑎, 𝑏) can be found by solving for the point of
contact Q.
' 𝑓(ℎ)−𝑏
𝑓 (ℎ) = ℎ−𝑎
 And equation of the tangent is
𝑓(ℎ)−𝑏
𝑦−𝑏= ℎ−𝑎
(𝑥 − 𝑎)

Length of tangent, normal, 1

● 𝑃𝑇 = |𝑘| 1+ is the length of the tangent
subtangent, subnormal 𝑚
2

2
● 𝑃𝑁 = |𝑘| 1 + 𝑚 is the length of normal
𝑘
● 𝑇𝑀 = || 𝑚 || is the length of the subtangent
● 𝑀𝑁 = |𝑘𝑚| is the length of subnormal

Angle between the curves Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute
angle between their tangents (or normal) at the point of
intersection of two curves. So,
| 𝑚1−𝑚2 |
tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = | 1+𝑚 |
| 1 2 |
𝑚

Rolle’s Theorem: If a function f defined on [a, b] is

● continuous on [a, b]
● derivable on (a, b) and
● f(a) = f(b),
● then there exists at least one real number c between a and b
(a < c < b) such that f’(c) = 0

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem If a function f defined on [a, b] is

(LMVT): (i) Continuous on [a, b] and (ii) derivable on (a, b)
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a < c
< b) such that
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑏−𝑎
= 𝑓'(𝑐)

Formulae of Mensuration ● Volume of a cuboid = 𝑙𝑏ℎ

● Surface area of cuboid = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)

3
● Volume of cube = 𝑎

2
● Surface area of cube = 6𝑎

1 2
● Volume of a cone = 3
π𝑟 ℎ
 ● Curved surface area of cone = π𝑟𝑙 (𝑙 = 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

● Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2π𝑟ℎ

2
● Total surface area of a cylinder = 2π𝑟ℎ + 2π𝑟

4 3
● Volume of a sphere = 3
π𝑟

2
● Surface area of a sphere = 4π𝑟

1 2
● Area of a circular sector = 2
𝑟 θ, here θ is in radian

● Volume of a prism = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)×(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

● Lateral surface area of a prism

= (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) × (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

● Total surface area of a prism

= (𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)×2(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)

1
● Volume of a pyramid = 3
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)×(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

● Curved surface area of a pyramid

1
= 2
(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)×(𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

Part 4

Sequence & Series

The formula for sequence and series are as stated below

Description Formula
An arithmetic progression (A. P) 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, …, 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 is an
A. P.
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of
an A. P.,
𝑡ℎ
then 𝑛 term = 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
The sum of first 𝑛 terms of A. P. 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = 2
[𝑎 + 𝑙]
𝑡ℎ
𝑟 term of an A. P. when sum of first r terms is given is
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑆𝑟 − 𝑆𝑟 − 1

Properties of A. P. ● If a, b, c are in A. P. ⇒2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 & if a, b, c, d

are in A. P. ⇒𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
● Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the
beginning & end = sum of first & last term.

Arithmetic Mean If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the
A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, c are in A.P., b is
A.M. of a & c.
n – Arithmetic Means between two number
If a, b are any two given numbers & 𝑎, 𝐴1, 𝐴2,...., 𝐴𝑛, 𝑏 are
in A.P. then 𝐴1, 𝐴2,... 𝐴𝑛 are the
n A.M.’s between a & b.
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴1 = 𝑎 + 𝑛+1
2(𝑏−𝑎) 𝑛(𝑏−𝑎)
𝐴2 = 𝑎 + 𝑛+1
, …, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛+1
𝑛
∑ 𝐴𝑟 = 𝑛𝐴 where 𝐴 is the single A.M. between 𝑎 & 𝑏.
𝑟=1

Geometric Progression 2 3 4
𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟 , …, is a G.P. with a as the first term & 𝑟
as a common ratio.
𝑡ℎ 𝑛−1
● 𝑛 term = 𝑎𝑟
● Sum of the first 𝑛 terms i.e.,
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = { (𝑟−1 ) , 𝑟≠1 𝑛𝑎,
𝑎 𝑟 −1
𝑟=1

Harmonic Mean ● If a, b, c are in H.P., b is the H.M. between a & c,

2𝑎𝑐
then 𝑏 = 𝑎+𝑐

● H.M. of 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ... 𝑎𝑛 is given by

1
=
1 ⎡1 + 1
+…+
1 ⎤
𝐻 𝑛 ⎢𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦

Relation between means: 2

𝐺 = 𝐴𝐻, 𝐴. 𝑀. ≥𝐺. 𝑀. ≥𝐻. 𝑀.
● 𝐴. 𝑀. = 𝐺. 𝑀. = 𝐻. 𝑀. if 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = … = 𝑎𝑛

Important Results 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
● ∑ (𝑎𝑟 ± 𝑏𝑟) = ∑ 𝑎𝑟 ± ∑ 𝑏𝑟
𝑟−1 𝑟−1 𝑟−1
 𝑛 𝑛
● ∑ 𝑘 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑘 ∑ 𝑎𝑟
𝑟−1 𝑟−1

𝑛
● ∑ 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘 where 𝑘 is constant
𝑟−1

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛+1)
● ∑ 𝑟=1+2+3+…+𝑛= 2
𝑟−1

𝑛
2 2 2 2 2 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
● ∑ 𝑟 =1 +2 +3 + … +𝑛 = 6
𝑟−1

𝑛 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 𝑛 (𝑛+1)
● ∑ 𝑟 =1 +2 +3 + … +𝑛 = 4
𝑟−1

Hyperbola Formula

The formula for hyperbola are as stated below

Description Formula
2 2
Standard Equation 𝑥 𝑦 2 2 2
2 − 2 = 1 where 𝑏 = 𝑎 (𝑒 − 1)
𝑎 𝑏
Foci: 𝑆≡(±𝑎𝑒, 0)
𝑎
Directrices: 𝑥 = ± 𝑒
Vertices: 𝐴≡(±𝑎, 0)
2
2
Latus Rectum 𝑙 =
2𝑏
𝑎
= 2𝑎 𝑒 − 1 ( )

2 2
Conjugate Hyperbola 𝑥
−
𝑦
=1
2 2
𝑎 𝑏
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
2 + 2 =1
𝑎 𝑏
Are conjugate hyperbolas of each

Auxiliary Circle 2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑎
Parametric Representation 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ and 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
2 2
Position of A point w.r.t hyperbola 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑠1 ≡ 2 − 2 − 1≥𝑜𝑟 < 0
𝑎 𝑏
(
According to the point 𝑥1, 𝑦1 lies inside on or outside the curve )
Tangents 2 2 2
Slope form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥± 𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑏
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
Point Form: at the point 𝑥1, 𝑦1 is ( ) 𝑎
2 − 2
𝑏
=1
𝑥sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑦tan𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
Parametric form: 𝑎
− 𝑏
=1
 2 2
Normal: 2 2 2 2
● At the point 𝑃 𝑥1, 𝑦1 is ( ) 𝑎𝑥
𝑥1
+
𝑏𝑦
𝑦1
=𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑎 𝑒
● At the point 𝑃(𝑎 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ , 𝑏 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ ) is
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 2 2 2 2
sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
+ tan𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
=𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑎 𝑒
● Equation of normal in term of its slope 𝑚 is
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥± ( 2 2) 2
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑚

𝑎 −𝑏 𝑚

Asymptotes 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏
= 0 and 𝑎
− 𝑏
=0
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
Pair of asymptotes: 2 − 2 =0
𝑎 𝑏
●
Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola 2
● 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 eccentricity is 2
● Vertices: (±𝑐±𝑐)
● Foci: ± 2𝑐, ± 2𝑐
● Directrices: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = ± 2𝑐
● Latus Rectum 𝑙 = 2 2𝑐 = 𝑇. 𝐴. = 𝐶. 𝐴.
𝑐
● Parametric equation 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑡ϵ𝑅 − {0}
● Equation of the tangent at 𝑃 𝑥1, 𝑦1 = ( ) 𝑥
𝑥1
+
𝑦
𝑦1
=2
𝑥
● Equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑡
+ 𝑡𝑦 = 2𝑐
● Equation of the normal at
3
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑡 − 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 − 1 (4 )
● Chord with a given middle point as
(ℎ, 𝑘) = 𝑘𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 = 2ℎ𝑘