GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY REVIEWER

By: Mikaela Shayne E. Aguirre

Circles
- Definition:
o Set on all points in plane that are at a given distance form a given point
- Diameter:
o Line segment that connects 2 points on the circle goes through its center
- Central Angle:
o An angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle
o Measure of an arc is equal to the angle of the central angle
formed by its end points

- Arc:
o Part of a circle connecting two points on a circl
o Types:
 Major  more than 180⁰  name with 3 letters
 Minor  less than 180⁰  name with 2 letters
 Semicircle  equals to 180⁰  name with 3 letters
- Sector:
o Region contained by 2 radii and an arc
- Chord:
o A segment whose end points lie on the circle

Angles with Vertices on a Circle

- Inscribed Angle:
o An angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides are on the chords of the circle
o 2(∠𝐵) = 𝐴𝐶
- Inscribed Quadrilateral Theorem:
o Quadrilateral can be inscribed if its opposite sides are supplementary
o 𝑚∠𝐴 + 𝑚∠𝐶 = 180 ; 𝑚∠𝐵 + 𝑚∠𝐷 = 180
- Inscribed Angles Intercepting the Same Arc:
o If 2 inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc, then the angles are congruent
o ∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝐷
- Chord Bisector Theorem:
o A line drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the center of a circle, bisects the chord

OC = 3 ; AB = 8 m∠BOC = 22
Find OA: Find m∠OAC:
42+32= OA2 22+90 = 112
25 = OA2 180 – 112 = 68⁰
5 = OA

- The Perpendicular Bisector Chord to Central Angle Theorem:

o The perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle bisects the central angle subtended by the chord
- Tangent Line Theorem:
o If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of tangency

- Tangents:
o If 2 tangent segments are drawn to a circle from an external point, then
 The 2 tangent segments are congruent
 Angles between tangent segments and the line joining the external point to the center of the circle
are congruent
- Tangent – Chord Angle:
o Angle whose vertex is on a circle whose sides are determined by a tangent
and chord that intersects at the tangent point of contact
- Theorem 86:
o The measure of an inscribed angle or tangent-chord angle
(vertex on the circle) is 1⁄2 the measure of its intercepted arc

Angles with Vertices Inside a Circle (but is not at the center of the circle)
- Definition:
o A chord-chord angle is an angle formed by 2 chords that intersect
inside a circle but not at the center
- Theorem 87:
o Measure of a chord-chord angle is 1⁄2 the sum of the
measures of the arcs intercepted by the chord-chord angle and its vertical angle
Angles with Vertices Outside a Circle
- Secant – Secant Angle:
o An angle whose vertex is outside a circle whose sides are determined by 2 secants
o Bigger Arc = exit arc ; Smaller arc = entry arc
- Secant – Tangent Angle:
o An angle whose vertex is outside a circle and whose sides are
determined by a secant and a tangent
- Tangent – Tangent Angle:
o An angle whose vertex is outside a circle and whose sides are determined by 2 tangents
- Theorem 88:
o The measure of a secant-secant, secant-tangent, tangent-tangent (vertex outside the circle) is 1⁄
2 the
difference of the measure of the intercepted arc

Coordinate Geometry
- René Descartes:
o Father of Modern Philosophy (-,+)
o Mathematician (+,+)
- Coordinates: )
o (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎, 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒)
o Question: (1,0) lies in which quadrant?
Answer: None. Points which lie on the axis are not part of any quadrant (-,-) (+,-)
- Slopes or Gradients:
o Slopes
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 Δ𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
 = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
o Types of Slopes
 Vertical – no slope
 Horizontal – 0 slope because there is no rate of change
 Positive – rises from left to right
 Negative – falls from left to right

o Example
1) Points: A (-3, -2) ; B (4, y) Slope: - 6
𝑦−(−2)
−6 = 4−(−3)
−42 = 𝑦 + 2
−44 = 𝑦
- Theorems:
o On a non-vertical line, all segments have the same slope (y=mx+b)
o 2 non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same slope (1 = 1)
o 2 non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only their slopes are negative recopricals of each other (1 = -1)
o Examples
a. Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram b. Prove that SPQR is a parallelogram
2−(−2) 4 2 −3−6
−9
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 4−(−2) = =3 𝑚𝑆𝑃 = −4−5 = −9
=1
6
−3−1 −4 2 −12−(−3) −9
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = = −6 = 3 𝑚𝑅𝑄 = −2−7 = −9 = 1
3−9
1−2 1 −3−(−12) 9
𝑚𝐵𝐶 = = − 𝑚𝑆𝑅 = = −
9−4 5 −4−(−2) 2
−3−(−2) 1 −3−6 9
𝑚𝐴𝐷 = 3−(−2)
= −5 𝑚𝑃𝑄 = 7−5 = − 2

- Length of Line Segment:

o Distance Formula
 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
o Midpoint Formula
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
 𝑀=( , )
2 2

- Analytic Proofs:
To Prove: You need to show:
𝑦 −𝑦
2 lines are Parallel m1 = m2, using 𝑚 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
2 1
2 lines are perpendicular m1 × 𝑚2 = −1
2 lines are congruent Lengths are the same using 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
A point is a midpoint 𝑀=( , )
2 2

- Example:
o Distance Formula
 A (x,1) ; B (-1,3) ; d = 2√2  2√2 = √1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4
 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2  (2√2)2 = (√1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4)2
 2√2 = √(−1 − 𝑥)2 + (3 − 1)2  4 × 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
  8 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5  (x+3)(x-1)  x = 1
 0 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
o Midpoint Formula
 (10,8) ; (-3,-10)  Endpoint: (0,-5) ; Midpoint: (-4,-5)
−3+10 −10+8 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
 𝑀= ( 2 , 2 )  𝑀𝑥 = ( 2
) , 𝑀𝑦 =( 2
)
7 0+𝑥2 −5+𝑦2
 𝑀= ( , −1 )  −4 = ( ) , −5 =( )
2 2 2
 −8 = 𝑥2 , −5 = 𝑦2
o Slope
 (5,16) ; (7,20)
20−(−16) 20+16
 𝑚= = = 18
7−5 2
o Parallel and Perpendicular
 (6,5) ; (20,-10)  (-7,-16) ; (11,-16)
−10−5 15 −16−(−16)
 Parallel: 𝑚 = = −  Parallel: 𝑚 = =0
20−6 14 11−(−7)
14
 Perpendicular:  Perpendicular: undefined
15
o Proving
 Prove that ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right triangle
 Distance Formula
 𝐴𝐵 = √(4 − 1)2 + (4 − 1)2  𝐶𝐴 = √(6 − 1)2 + (2 − 1)2
𝐴𝐵 = √(3)2 + (3)2 𝐶𝐴 = √25 + 1
𝐴𝐵 = √18 𝐶𝐴 = √26
 𝐵𝐶 = √(6 − 4)2 + (2 − 4)2  𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐴2
𝐵𝐶 = √4 + 4 (√18)2 + (√8)2 = (√26)2
18 + 8 = 26  26=26
𝐵𝐶 = √8
 Conclusion: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right triangle because the sides length satisfy the Pythagorean theorem

 Slope
4−1 3
𝐴  𝑚̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = = =1
4−1 3
1  𝑚𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅ =
2−4
=
−2
= −1
6−4 2
5 2−1 1
−1  𝑚𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ = =
6−1 5
 Conclusion: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right triangle because ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 which means that ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right
𝐵 𝐶 angle
1

PRACTICE TESTS CAN BE FOUND IN THE DRIVE