CONNECTIVES

1. AND-TYPE CONNECTIVES- are similar in meaning with the conjunction and

 Connectives of listing:
FIRSTLY, FINALLY, ABOVE ALL, LAST BUT NOT LEAST
ALSO, FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, IN ADDITION,LIKEWISE,
SIMILARLY, IN THE SAME WAY
 Connectives of transition:
WITH REFERENCE TO, WITH REGARD TO, WITH RESPECT TO,
REGARDING, AS FOR.
 Connectives of summation:
TO CONCLUDE, TO SUM UP, IN BRIEF, THEREFORE, IN
SUMMATION
 Connectives of apposition:
THAT IS TO SAY, VIZ ( =NAMELY), IN OTHER WORDS,
RATHER.
 Connectives of result:
SO, THEREFORE, AS A RESULT, CONSEQUENTLY, THUS,
HENCE
 Connectives of reference:
THEN, IN OTHER WORDS, THAT IMPLIES, ELSE, IN THAT
CASE.

2. OR – TYPE CONNECTIVES-are similar in meaning with the conjunction or

 Connectives of reformulation:
BETTER, RATHER, IN OTHER WORDS, TO PUT IT MORE
SIMPLY
 Connectives of replacement
ALTERNATIVELY, RATHER, BETTER WORSE, ON THE OTHER
HAND.

3. BUT – TYPE CONNECTIVES-are similar in meaning with the conjunction but

 Connectives of contrast:
INSTEAD, ON THE CONTRARY, BY (WAY) OF CONTRAST, IN
COMPARISON, ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HAND,
CONVERSELY.
 Connectives of concession:
BESIDES, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, STILL, ALTHOUGH ,
THOUGH, YET, IN ANY CASE, AT ANY RATE, FOR ALL THAT, IN
SPITE OF/ DESPITE OF, ALL THE SAME, EVEN IF, EVEN THOUGH

EXEMPLIFICATION
FOR EXAMPLE
SUCH AS
FOR INSTANCE
X IS A CASE IN POINT
AN EXAMPLE IS/MAY BE/BEING…
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
SIMILARITIES: BOTH X AND Y HAVE/ ARE
X AND Y ARE SIMILAR/ ALIKE IN THAT THEY BOTH…
X IS SIMILAR TO Y IN THAT…
 X IS SIMILAR TO Y IN…
X AND Y BOTH….. THE SAME KIND OF….
X LIKE Y…..
X IS…. SO/ TOO IS Y.
DISSIMILARITIES: A AND B ARE DISSIMILAR IN THAT A HAS MUCH
SMALLER….THAN B
A IS DIFFERENT FROM B IN THAT…..
A IS…. WHEREAS / WHILE B IS….
WITH REGARD TO…..A IS…..THAN B.
ON THE ONE HAND A IS/ HAS…. ON THE OTHER HAND B IS/
HAS….
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE/ ONE OF THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN A AND B IS THAT…..
ARGUMENT
INTRODUCING A POINT OF VIEW: PROS
o THE FIRST THING TO BE CONSIDERED IS THAT….
o IT IS A FACT THAT….
o I BELIEVE WITH X THAT….
o YHE POINT TO BE MADE CLEAR IS THAT….
INTRODUCING CONS
o I DISAGREE WITH X WHO MAINTAINS THAT…
o BUT-TYPE CONNECTIVES
STYLISTIC INVERSION
 UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES…
 ON NO ACCOUNT…
 SELDOM DID….
 NEITHER DID…
 LITTLE DID SHE/HE+ VERB….
 NEVER DID…
 NO SOONER.. THAT…
 HARDLY… WHEN…
 NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO….
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS:
 SUMMARISING – IN SHORT
- IN BRIEF
- IN A WORD
- TO SUM UP
 CONCLUDING –IN CONCLUSION…
- ON THE WHOLE
- ALTOGETHER
- IN ALL
 IT IS GENERALLY/ WIDELY ACCPTED/ ARGUED/ HELD/BELIEVED
THAT….
 THEREFORE/THUS/ON THIS BASIS/ GIVEN THIS IT CAN/ MAY BE
CONCLUDED/DEDUCED/INFERRED THAT….
 FROM TABLE 1 /THE TABLE/FIGURES/DATA/RESULTS/INFORMATION
IT CAN/MAY BE DEDUCED/SEEN/ CONCLUDED/SHOWN/ESTIMATED/
CALCULATED/ INFERED THAT…
 IN CONCLUSION/ FINALLY WE CAN/ MAY SAY/BE SAID THAT…
CAUSE AND EFFECT
THE CAUSE/ EFFECT/ CONSEQUENCE/ RESULT/ REASON FOR/WHY
(+CLAUSE) OF….IS
CAUSE THEREFORE/SO / AS A RESULT/ AS A
CONSEQUENCE/ACCORDINGLY/THUS/HENCE/ FOR THIS REASON EFFECT
 BECAUSE OF THIS…
BECAUSE/AS /SINCE/NOW THAT….
CAUSE CAUSATIVE VERB EFFECT
= TO CAUSE/RESULT IN /LEAD TO/ PRODUCE/ BRING ABOUT
EFFECT BECAUSE OF/AS A RESULT OF/ ON ACCOUNT OF/ OWING TO/ DUE
TO…
IF CLAUSE THEN MAIN CLAUSE
Essay writing:
introduction
TO BEGIN WITH
development
WITH REFERENCE TO
IN THE SAME WAY
IN OTHER WORDS
THAT IMPLIES
TO PUT IT MORE SIMPLY
ON THE OTHER HAND
IN COMPARISON
BESIDES
conclusion
TO CONCLUDE
TO SUM UP
THE FORMAL STYLE
Contracted verbal forms are to be avoided
Familiar language should be replaced by formal vocabulary
FORMAL IN FORMAL
SIMPLE VERBS PHRASAL VERBS

CONDUCT CARRY OUT

DISCOVER FIND OUT
INVESTIGATE LOOK INTO

Impersonality is recommended. It may be achieved by using:

Introductory it
There is –type of predicates
Impersonal one
The passive voice
Tentativeness and caution are recommended. It should be achieved like this:
Basic meaning verbs adverbs
1. not definitely true to appear to, to seem to apparently, seemingly
2. not definitely certain to tend to, to be likely to, ( very) probably
may well
3. possible might, may, could, can maybe, perhaps, possibly

CLASIFICATION
TO CLASSIFY
TO GROUP
TO DIVIDE
TO ORGANIZE
TO FALL INTO= TO CLASSIFY YOURSELF INTO
VOCABULARY
CRITERION/CRITERIA
BASIS/ BASES
FEATURES
CHARACTERISTICS
TO CATEGORISE
TO ARRANGE
TO PUT INTO
TO PLACE IN
TO DISTINGUISH
TO DIFFERENTIATE
TO SUB-CLASSIFY
TO SUB-CATEGORISE
TO SUB-GROUP
TO SUB-DIVIDE
CATEGORIES, SUB-CATEGORIES
SORTS
SPECIES
BREEDS
ORDERS
DIVISIONS
FAMILIES
MEMBERS
CLASSES, SUB-CLASSES
GROUPS, SUB-GROUPS
TYPES , SUB-ORDER
KINDS, SUB-DIVISIONS
X CONSISTS OF/ COMPRISES……ACCORDING TO….
WHETHER OR NOT….THERE IS X….
WHETHER THERE IS X OR NOT….
X MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO/ON THE BASIS OF/ DEPENDING
(UP)ON…
THE CLASSIFICATION IS BASED (UP)ON
……. MAY BE DIVIDED….
……..MAY BE FURTHER SUB-DIVIDED….