Group 1

Forced
Vibration
Lesson Learning Outcome:
Discuss Forced vibration and its methods of solution.
Identify, explain, and understand what is forced vibration and different types of forced
vibration.
Apply the methods of solution to be able to solve problems regarding Forced
vibrations.
To be able to understand different parameters that influences forced vibration.
What is Forced Vibration?

Vibrations of a body under the constant influence of an external periodic force acting
on it.
Vibrations of body in presence of external driving force.
Forced vibration is the term used to describe when an external periodic force causes
a body to vibrate.
In forced vibration energy gets added to the vibrating body.
The forced vibration is either damped or undamped.
The motion of the system which occurs in response to a continuing excitation whose
magnitude varies sinusoidally with time.
Resonance

Resonance is simple to understand if you view the spring and mass as energy
storage elements with the mass storing kinetic energy and the spring storing
potential energy.
When the mass and spring have no force acting on them they transfer energy
back and forth at a rate equal to the natural frequency. In other words, if
energy is to be efficiently pumped into both the mass and spring the energy
source needs to feed the energy in at a rate equal to the natural frequency.
Resonance is a condition that takes place when the natural frequency of the
system becomes equal to the excitation frequency.
Resonance
 FORCED VIBRATION OF A SINGLE DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM SYSTEM

1. External Forcing - models the behavior of a

system which has a time varying force acting
on it. An example might be an offshore
structure subjected to wave loading.

2. Base Excitation - models the behavior of a

vibration isolation system. The base of the
spring is given a prescribed motion, causing
the mass to vibrate. This system can be used
to model a vehicle suspension system, or the
earthquake response of a structure.

3. Rotor Excitation - models the effect of a

rotating machine mounted on a flexible
floor. The crank with small mass rotates at
constant angular velocity, causing the mass
m to vibrate.
Equations of Motion for Forced
Spring Mass Systems

Equation of Motion for External Forcing

The external force applied to the first

system is given by: The list of solutions to standard ODEs. We find that if we set

F = Fo sin wt

Newton’s law of motion gives:

our equation can be reduced to the form
Fnet = ma
F(t) – kx – cv = ma
F(t) = ma + cv + kx

Rearranging the equation to differential

equation
F(t) = mẍ + cẋ + kx
F(t) = m + c + kx
Substitute the F to F(t)
Fo sin wt = m + c + kx
Equation of Motion for Base Excitation Make the following substitutions

Exactly the same approach works for this system.

The free body diagram is shown in the figure. and the equation reduces to the standard form
Note that the force in the spring is now k(x-y)
because the length of the spring is . Similarly, the
rate of change of length of the dashpot is d(x-
y)/dt.
Given the initial conditions

and the base motion

Newton’s second law t

hen tells us that
Equation of motion for Rotor Excitation

Finally, we will derive the equation of motion for the

third case. Free body diagrams are shown below for
Add these two equations to eliminate H and rearrange
both the rotor and the mass

To arrange this into standard form, make the following

substitutions

Note that the horizontal acceleration of the mass is

whereupon the equation of motion reduces to

Finally, look at the picture to convince yourself that

if the crank rotates with angular velocity , then
Hence, applying Newton’s second law in the horizontal
direction for both masses:

Equation of motion for Rotor Excitation

Sample problem solving and

scenarios
 Question #`1 For the present problem:

A structure is idealized as a damped Substituting numbers into the expression for the
springmass system with stiffness 10 kN/m; mass vibration amplitude shows that
2Mg; and dashpot coefficient 2 kNs/m. It is
subjected to a harmonic force of amplitude
500N at frequency 0.5Hz. Calculate the
steady state amplitude of vibration. Therefore, the steady state amplitude of
vibration is equal to 43mm

Start by calculating the properties of the system:

Let:

Now, the list of solutions to forced vibration problems gives

 Question #`2
A car and its suspension system are idealized
as a damped springmass system, with natural
frequency 0.5Hz and damping coefficient 0.2.
Suppose the car drives at speed V over a road
with sinusoidal roughness. Assume the
roughness wavelength is 10m, and its
amplitude is 20cm. At what speed does the
maximum amplitude of vibration occur, and
what is the corresponding vibration
amplitude?
FBD:
Let s denote the distance traveled by the car, and let L
denote the wavelength of the roughness and H the
roughness amplitude. Then, the height of the wheel
above the mean road height may be expressed as:
Noting that ,we have that
i.e., the wheel oscillates vertically with harmonic
motion, at frequency
Now, the suspension has been idealized as a spring
mass system subjected to base excitation. The steady-
state vibration is:
 Question #`2

For light damping, the maximum amplitude of vibration

occurs at around the natural frequency. Therefore, the
critical speed follows from:

Note that K=1 for base excitation, so that the amplitude of

vibration at

Note that at this speed, the suspension system is making the

vibration worse. The amplitude of the car’s vibration is
Therefore, the speed that the maximum
greater than the roughness of the road. Suspensions work
amplitude occur is 18km/hr or 5m/s and the
best if they are excited at frequencies well above their
corresponding vibration amplitude is 50cm
resonant frequencies.
Scenarios

The vibration of the floor caused by

running of heaving machinery

The vibration of the car when running on

an uneven road surface

Vibration in reciprocating engines due to

periodic reciprocating of the piston
 Scenarios

Structural vibrations. Most buildings are

mounted on top of special rubber pads,
which are intended to isolate the building
from ground vibrations.

This bridge, constructed in the 1940s, was at

the time the longest suspension bridge in the
world. It suffered from an unforseen source of
vibrations. In high wind, the roadway would
exhibit violent torsional vibrations.
Scenarios

Vehicle suspension systems to improve

vehicle handling, ride, and
comfortabilities of automobiles.

Precision Machinery, a typical

transmission electron microscope is
designed to resolve features of
materials down to atomic length
scales. If the specimen vibrates by
more than a few atomic spacings, it
will be impossible to see.
Scenarios

Musical instruments and loudspeakers

are a second example of systems which
put vibrations to good use.

Most mechanical clocks used vibrations

to measure time.
Simulation https://teaching.smp.uq.edu.au/scims/Appl_
analysis/Forced_vibration_damping.html
 Group 1
Leaders:
Atienza, Benard
Abuan, Harold
Members:
Abesamis, Allen
Aguila, James Wedgie
Anglo, Ray Mark
Calapit, Christian
Calingasan, Julio Cesar
Cantara, Rudje
Caringal, Ivan
Constantino, Miro Azren