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 ! #$%&'! &() *+ ,$-&)$.&$/
! "#$%$&$# () !(* +#(,- "(* )("$%!.* / .) 0.).#$! () !$ 1-!"2+!2 $ 23) ,. +(!2)(12(*4
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>$ "(#.* ,. 12 +(#A-. 12 = 2 · 66 CD31( ,.".#12)$# *2 -) .)".#( b ,$,( .* -) >$ "(# ,. 12E
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= 3 / $*I 18 = 6 · 36

J3".*. A-. −6 "$1%2=) .* >$ "(# /$ A-. 18 = (−6) (−3)6 F(* >$ "(#.* ).0$"29(* ,. 18 *()
−14 −24 −34 −64 −9 / −186
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,.! )?1.#( 1266
G1+.M$1(* ,292,2.),( 126 .)"#. 2N 126 ÷ 2 = 636 F-.0(4 126 = 2 · 636
O.0-2#I$ !$ ,292*23) 63 ÷ 24 +.#( =*"$ )( .* .:$ "$6
B292,21(* 63 .)"#. 3 N 63 ÷ 3 = 216 F-.0(4 126 = 2 · |3 {z
· 21}6
63

B292,21(* 21 .)"#. 3 N 21 ÷ 3 = 76 F-.0(4 126 = 2 · 3 · |{z}

3 · 76
21

7 .* +#21( N 7 ÷ 7 = 16

PQ
 !"#$% &' (' *$+,-' ,./ $ 0"1 $23$1, ,./ "/ (' *$+"1 3+,2$1 0" 126 "1
126 = 2 · 3 · 3 · 7 = 2 · 32 · 7.

4& 3+$ "1$ '/*"+,$+ 1" +"'&,-' 0" 2'/"+' '5+"6,'0' "/ &' ($+2' 1,#!,"/*"7
126 2
63 3
21 3
7 7
1
126 = 2 · 3 · 3 · 7 = 2 · 32 · 7.
!"#$%& '('
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)&%* ,-.
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273 3 264 2 17 17
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 !"#$%& '()
! x + 1 " x − 1 #$% &' )$*+# ,+ x2 − 1- "' ./+ ,+ 0$# 1*$,/ )$# %$)'20+# #'2+3$# ./+
x2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1)!
4! x + y +# &' )$* ,+ x2 + 2xy + y 2- "' ./+ x2 + 2xy + y 2 = (x + y)2 = (x + y) (x + y)!
5! a − b +# &' )$* ,+ a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 ! 67$* ./89
:! 4a " 2b − 3 #$% &' )$*+# ,+ 8ab − 12a! 67$* ./89
;! x − 5 +# &' )$* ,+ (x − 5)2 . 67$* ./89
!"#$%& '(*
<+)+*3=%'* #= x + 1 +# $ %$ +# &' )$* ,+ x3 + x2 − 3x − 3!
+&%, ./0
>'?'3$# 0' ,=@=#=A% (x3 + x2 − 3x − 3) ÷ (x + 1) B

x3 +x2 −3x −3 x+1

−x3 −x2 x2 − 3
−3x −3
3x +3
0

C%)$% +#-
x3 + x2 − 3x − 3
= x2 − 3
x+1
+# ,+ =*-


x3 + x2 − 3x − 3 = (x + 1) x2 − 3 .
D/+?$- x + 1 #E +# &' )$* ,+ x3 + x2 − 3x − 3!
!"#$%& '(1
<+)+*3=%'* #= x − 2 +# $ %$ +# &' )$* ,+ x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 1!
+&%, ./0
>'?'3$# 0' ,=@=#=A% (x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 1) ÷ (x − 2) B

x3 −2x2 +2x −1 x−2

−x3 +2x2 x2 + 2
+2x −1
−2x +4
3

:;
 !"!
x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 1 3
= x2 + 2 + ,
x−2 x−2
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• >* 6!#&*!"&! p !* !+A &+*.+( +* 1* &+5.! !*F1*.! *1"D5& ! G+*.+5!(3 5$ &!*$#+( !
5+$#+(H 61+%+ (+5 65&"! +* %& :! !*F1*.! *1"D5& !3 6+5! *! (+5#! +* !.5!/
,-.)(/$ 012
I/ 2x − 3 +( 65&"! G+* #!( +*.+5!(3 +* #!( 5$ &!*$#+( ; +* #!( 5+$#+(H 6!5?1+ *! (+ 61+%+
+,65+($5 !"! 1* 65!%1 .! %+ 6!#&*!"&!( %+ 25$%! "+*!5 ?1+ 13 +( %+ &53 !"! 1*
65!%1 .! %+ 6!#&*!"&!( !*(.$*.+(/
J/ K# 6!#&*!"&! x2 − 2 +( 65&"! +* +# !*F1*.! %+ #!( +*.+5!( ; .$"C&D* +* +# %+ #!(
5$ &!*$#+( GLM!5 ?1DNH3 6+5! *! #! +( +* +# !*F1*.! %+ #!( 5+$#+(3 61+(.! ?1+ +* %& :!
!*F1*.! x2 − 2 (+ 4$ .!5&B$ !"!
 √  √ 
x2 − 2 = x + 2 x − 2 .

√
O+ !5%+"!( ?1+ 2 *! +( +*.+5! *& 5$ &!*$#/

P+*&+*%! ;$ #$5!( #!( !* +6.!( %+ 4$ .!5 ; 4$ .!5&B$ &)* %+ 1* 6!#&*!"&!3 '+$"!( $:!5$
$#21*$( .D *& $( 6$5$ 4$ .!5&B$5 6!#&*!"&!( .+*&+*%! +* 1+*.$ (1( $5$ .+59(.& $(/ Q*& &+"!(
!* #!( $(!( +* #!( 1$#+( .!%!( #!( .D5"&*!( %+# 6!#&*!"&! .&+*+* 1* 4$ .!5 !"<* ! $#
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!" #$ &'( ')*+

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*!"&!/ M$5$ 4$ .!5&B$5#! (+ +,65+($ !"! +# 65!%1 .! %+# 4$ .!5 !"<* 6!5 +# 6!#&*!"&! ?1+
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ST
 ! "# %&' &()* +,-.- /-' ,* (&*&(0& & ,* +&!0*&(0& .- .&/ & (1/ %2'(0*&/3
#4 ! "# %&' &()* +, -* (&*&(.&/
0+(1!& 2/3
5# %&'06#' !&/ /07,0-*%-/ +&!0*&(0&/8
93 x3 − x2 y + 3x.
:3 9ab − 12bc + 30b2.
;3 −5x6 y 4 − 15x2y 6 + 10x2 y 5 − 5x2 y 43
<3 18m3n4 z − 12mn2 + 36n3z3 .
=3 14x2y 3 − 28x3 y 3 + 56x4 y 73
4&!- .5*
93 x3 − x2 y + 3x = x · x · x − x · x · y + 3x3>&(& x -/ -! )*0 & "# %&' &()* -* %&.&/
!&/ %2'(0*&/? -/ '0@0(&/ -! +&!0*&(0& &'070*#! &(& -! +'&., %& .- x +&' ,* +&!0*&(0&
,A&/ %2'(0*&/ '-/,!%#* .- .0B0.0' #.# ,*& .- !&/ %2'(0*&/ .-! +&!0*&(0& .#.& -*%'-
x3 C/D?  
x3 x2 y 3x
x3 − x2 y + 3x = x − + = x(x2 − xy + 3).
x x x

:3 ! (#A&' "# %&' &()* .- !&/ &-E 0-*%-/ 9, −12 A 30 -/ 3 A b -/ -! )*0 & "# %&' &()*
!0%-'#!3 F-*-(&/ #/D?
 
2 9ab 12bc 30b2
9ab − 12bc + 30b = 3b − + = 3b(3a − 4c + 10b).
3b 3b 3b

* !# +'1 %0 # /- -/ '0@- -! '-/,!%#.& /0* 0*.0 #' !#/ .0B0/0&*-/3

;3 ! (#A&' "# %&' &()* .- !&/ &-E 0-*%-/ -/ −5 A -! "# %&' &()* !0%-'#! .- (#A&'
7'#.& -/ x2 y 43 G,-7&?
−5x6 y 4 − 15x2 y 6 + 10x2 y 5 − 5x2 y 4 = −5x2 y 4(x4 + 3y 2 − 2y + 1).

<3 H-/ &(+&*-(&/ 18, 12 A 36 -* /,/ "# %&'-/ +'0(&/8

18 2 12 2 36 2
9 3 6 2 18 2
3 3 3 3 9 3
1 1 3 3
1
G,-7&? 18 = 2 I 32 , 12 = 22 I 3 A 36 = 22 I 32 A +&' %#*%& -! (#A&' "# %&' &()* .-
!&/ &-E 0-*%-/ -/ 2 I 3 = 63 ! "# %&' &()* !0%-'#! .- (#A&' 7'#.& -/ n2 A #/D?
18m3 n4 z − 12mn2 + 36n3 z 3 = 6n2 (3m3 n2 z − 2m + 6nz 3 ).

<J
 ! "#$ &'(&)#'&$ 14, 28 * 56 #) $+$ ,- .&/#$ (/0'&$1

14 2 28 2 56 2
7 7 14 2 28 2
1 7 7 14 2
1 7 7
1
2&'&3 14 = 2 4 7; 28 = 22 4 7 * 56 = 23 4 7, #5 '-*&/ ,- .&/ &'6) 7# 5&$ &#8 0#).#$
#$ 2 4 7 = 14! 95 ,- .&/ &'6) 50.#/-5 7# '-*&/ :/-7& #$ x2 y 3 * -$;1

14x2 y 3 − 28x3 y 3 + 56x4 y 7 = 14x2 y 3(1 − 2x + 4x2 y 4).

<= ! "# %&' &()* +, -* .&!/*&(/&

0+(.!& 123
"#$ &'(&)#/ #) ,- .&/#$1
>! x(a + 1) + 3(a + 1).
?! 2x(n − 1) − 3y(n − 1).
@! 6(x + 5)2 − 3(x + 5)!
A! (3x + 2)(x + y − z) − (3x + 2) − (x + y − 1)(3x + 2).
4&!- /5*
>! x(a + 1) + 3(a + 1) = (a + 1)(x + 3) 95 ,- .&/ &'6) #$ a + 1!
?! 2x(n − 1) − 3y(n − 1) = (n − 1)(2x − 3y) 95 ,- .&/ &'6) #$ n − 1!
@! 6(x + 5)2 − 3(x + 5) = 3(x + 5)[2(x + 5) − 1] 95 ,- .&/ &'6) #$ x + 5
= 3(x + 5)(2x + 9).
A! (3x + 2)(x + y − z) − (3x + 2) − (x + y − 1)(3x + 2)
= (3x + 2)[(x + y − z) − 1 − (x + y − 1)] ! "# %&' &()* +, 3x + 2
= (3x + 2)(x + y − z − 1 − x − y + 1) !-(-*#(&, ,.(/&!&, 0+ #1'23# -4*
= (3x + 2)(−z) 5+02 -(&, %6'(-*&, ,+(+7#*%+,
= −z(3x + 2).

! "# %&' &()* +&' #,'-+# ./* 01 %2'(.*&3

9) -5:+)&$ (&50)&'0&$ #) 5&$ +-5#$ )& -(-/# # #4(5; 0.& +) ,- .&/ &'6)3 -5 &/7#)-/ *
-:/+(-/ -7# +-7-'#).# 5&$ .B/'0)&$3 $# #) +#)./- +) ,- .&/ &'6)!

AC
 !"#$%& '()
! #$%&'!%(
)* x(a + 1) − a − 1*
+* am − bm + an − bn*

,* 3m − 2n − 2nx4 + 3mx4 .

*&%+ -./
)* x(a + 1) − a − 1 = x(a + 1) − (a + 1) !"#$%&'( )'( *'( +),-&'( ,."&-/'(
= (a + 1)(x − 1) 0) 1% ,'" '&+/ 3( a + 14
+* -. /01 &/2$%#!3#4 #434% 43 043#! 504 !6 7! 4% 6!. !8%02! &$34.9 6!. 4:2%4.&$34. 504
.4 $;#438!3 !6 .! !% 46 <! #$% $/=3 43 !>! 03! >4 466!.9 .4!3 &80!64.*
am − bm + an − bn = (am − bm) + (an − bn)

= m(a − b) + n(a − b)

= (a − b)(m + n).

?! !8%02! &@3 #!/;&A3 20>$ 7! 4%.4 !.B(

am − bm + an − bn = (am + an) − (bm + bn)

= a(m + n) − b(m + n)

= (m + n)(a − b).

C;.4%D!/$. 5049 43 !/;$. !.$.9 46 %4.06#!>$ 4. 46 /&./$*

,* 3m − 2n − 2nx4 + 3mx4 = (3m − 2n) + (3mx4 − 2nx4 )

= (3m − 2n) + x4 (3m − 2n)

= (3m − 2n)(1 + x4 ).

C%8!3&'!3>$ 1 !8%02!3>$ 6$. #A%/&3$. >4 $#%! <$%/!(

3m − 2n − 2nx4 + 3mx4 = (3m + 3mx4 ) − (2n + 2nx4 )
= 3m(1 + x4 ) − 2n(1 + x4 )
= (1 + x4 )(3m − 2n).
!"#$%& '(01
! #$%&'!%(
)* n2x − 5a2 y 2 − n2 y 2 + 5a2x

EF
 ! 3ax − 2by − 2bx − 6a + 3ay + 4b

"! 3a − b2 + 2b2 x − 6ax.

!"# %&'
#! n2 x − 5a2 y 2 − n2 y 2 + 5a2 x
= (n2 x − n2 y 2 ) + (5a2 x − 5a2 y 2 ) !"#$%&'( )'( *+"&,-'(
= n2 (x − y 2) + 5a2 (x − y 2 ) .% %&'( 0% *'" '&1- 2- %3% %!"#$% ,4-
= (x − y 2 )(n2 + 5a2 ) 5) 0% *'" '&1- 2( x − y 2.
! 3ax − 2by − 2bx − 6a + 3ay + 4b
= (3ax − 2bx) + (−6a + 4b) + (−2by + 3ay) !"#$%&'( )'( *+"&,-'(
= x(3a − 2b) − 2(3a − 2b) + y(3a − 2b) .% %&'( 0% *'" '&1- 2- %3% %!"#$% ,4-
= (3a − 2b)(x − 2 + y) 5) 0% *'" '&1- 2( 3a − 2b.
"! 3a − b2 + 2b2 x − 6ax = (3a − b2 ) − (6ax − 2b2 x)
= (3a − b2 ) − 2x(3a − b2 )
= (3a − b2 )(1 − 2x).

$ &'()'*+ ),' +-./'0/./1&2 + 3+ (&.)4+. *' ()-& /2-/ )+5 0/ (.)'&1)&2 &'& )0&2 &1&
(.)'&1)&2 *+0.+0&2 -/.3/ (&2!

!" #$%&'(%' *+,$+,' -.$/. 0'

6' -.&0* (&2 '&(+75/2 8)1&2 9*/:

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 .

;+2 /<-./2)&'/2 + 5+ 0/./ =+ 0/ 5+2 )>*+50+0/2? &'& )0+2 &1& ()%'!*%!+ #,-),-!+ ./)0
1/ (!+? 2,5& 0)@/./' /' /5 2)>'& 0/5 (A.1)'& 0/ 5+ 1)(+0! $2B? *' (.)'&1)& *+0.+0& -/.3/ (&
/2 *' (.)'&1)& 9*/ ()/'/ 5+2 2)>*)/'(/2 +.+ (/.B2() +2:
#! C&2 0/ 2*2 (A.1)'&2 2&' *+0.+0&2 -/.3/ (&2? &' 2)>'& +? /2 0/ ).? 2/ -*/0/' /2 .)7).
0/ 5+ 3&.1+ a2 D b2 !
! 65 &(.& (A.1)'& /2 )>*+5 + 0&2 8/ /2 /5 -.&0* (& 0/ 5+2 /<-./2)&'/2 a D b 9*/ +-+./ /'
/5/8+0+2 +5 *+0.+0& /' #!? &' 2)>'& + & −!
E) /' !? /5 2)>'& /2 + /5 (.)'&1)& 2/ 3+ (&.)4+ &1& (a + b)2 ? D 2) /2 − 2/ 3+ (&.)4+ &1&
(a − b)2 !

FG
 !"#$%& '())
! #$%&'!% ($) )&*+&,-#,) .$(&-$/&$)0
12 9x2 + 12x + 42
32 4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 2
42 z2 − zy + y 22
18 81
52 a2 − a+ 2
5 25
62 x2 y 2 + 2xy + 12
72 ax2 − 8ax + 16a2

*&%+ -./
12 9x2 + 12x + 4 ,) +- #%&-$/&$ +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$ :! ;+, 9x2 = (3x)2 < 4 = 22 : 12x =
2(3x)(2)2 =$% #!-#$<
9x2 + 12x + 4 = (3x + 2)2 .

32 >$/$ 4a2 = (2a)2< 9b2 = (3b)2 : 12ab = 2(2a)(3b) ,-#$- ,) 4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 ,) +-
#%&-$/&$ +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$ : .$% #!-#$<
4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 = (2a + 3b)2 .

42 -$ ,) +- #%&-$/&$ +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$ .$%;+, !+-;+, z2 : y 2 )$- +!8%!8$)

z 2 − zy + y 2
.,%9, #$)< ), #&,-, ;+, ,( #?%/&-$ 8, (! /&#!8 −zy ,) 8&9,%,-#, 8, −2(z)(y)2 @-#$- ,)
,( #%&-$/&$ -$ .+,8, 9! #$%&'!%), $/$ ,( +!8%!8$ 8, +- A&-$/&$2
 2  
81 9 18 9
52 >$/$ a ,) +- +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$<
2
= : a = 2(a) ,-#$- ,)
25 5 5 5
 2
2 18 81 9
a − a+ = a− .
5 25 5

62 >$/$ x2 y 2 = (xy)2 < 1 = 12 : 2xy = 2(xy)(1) ,-#$- ,)

x2 y 2 + 2xy + 1 = (xy + 1)2 .

72 ax2 − 8ax + 16a ,) +- #%&-$/&$ +:$) #?%/&-$) #&,-,- +- 9! #$% $/B- a2 @-#$- ,)


ax2 − 8ax + 16a = a x2 − 8x + 16 .

C! ,D.%,)&E- ,-#%, .!%?-#,)&) ,) +- #%&-$/&$ +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$ :! ;+, x2 ,) +- +!8%!8$

.,%9, #$< 16 = 42 : 8x = 2(x)(4). C+,*$
ax2 − 8ax + 16a = a(x − 4)2 .

61
 !"#$%& '()'
! #$%&'!% ($) )&*+&,-#,) .$(&-$/&$)0
a2
12 − ab + b2 2
4
36 27
32 12x4 − x3 y + x2 y 2 2
5 25
42 −2 + 12x3 − 18x6 2
52 (x + 2y)2 + 10 (x + 2y) + 252
1 25x4 x2
62 + − 2
25 36 3
72 (m + n)2 − 2 (a − m) (m + n) + (a − m)2 2
*&%+ -./
a2
12 − ab + b2 ,) +- #%&-$/&$ +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$ .$%:+,
4
a2  a 2 a
= , b2 = (b)2 ; ab = 2 b.
4 2 2
<)=>
a2 a 2
− ab + b2 = −b .
4 2

36 3 27
32 ?$8$) ($) #@%/&-$) 8,( #%&-$/&$ 12x4 − x y + x2 y 2> #&,-,- +- 9! #$% $/A- 3x22
5 25
B+,*$>  
4 36 3 27 2 2 2 2 12 9 2
12x − x y + x y = 3x 4x − xy + y .
5 25 5 25
C( .$(&-$/&$ ,-#%, .!%@-#,)&) ,) +- #%&-$/&$ +!8%!8$ .,%9, #$ .$%:+,
 2  
9 2 3 12 3
2
4x = (2x) , 2
y = y ; xy = 2 (2x) y .
25 5 5 5

D$% #!-#$>  2
12 9 3
4x − xy + y 2 =
2
2x − y .
5 25 5
B+,*$>  2
4 36 3 27 2 2 2 3
12x − x y + x y = 3x 2x − y .
5 25 5

42 ?$8$) ($) #@%/&-$) 8,( #%&-$/&$ #&,-,- +- 9! #$% $/A- 22 B+,*$>

−2 + 12x3 − 18x6 = 2 −1 + 6x3 − 9x6 .

63
 !"#$%#&'" ()# "* #+ ,)-.$ /# ". .$ 1. 2'$ '&3+ 24 ". .&'" −24 ,'" /'" 25$&*+'" /#,
2$*+'&*' ()# "'+ )./$./'" 6#$1# 2'" ()#/.+ '+ "*-+' +7


−2 + 12x3 − 18x6 = −2 1 − 6x3 + 9x6 .
8, 6',*+'&*' #+2$# 6.$5+2#"*" #" )+ 2$*+'&*' )./$./' 6#$1# 2' 6'$()# 1 = 124 9x6 =
(3x ) 9 6x = 2 (1) (3x3 )7 :'$ 2.+2'4
3 2 3

2
1 − 6x3 + 9x6 = 1 − 3x3 .
;)#-'4

2
−2 + 12x3 − 18x6 = −2 1 − 6x3 + 9x6 = −2 1 − 3x3 .

<7 ='&' (x2+ 2y)2 #" )+ )./$./' 6#$1# 2'4 25 = 52 9 10 (x + 2y) = 2 (x + 2y) (5) #+2'+ #"
(x + 2y) + 10 (x + 2y) + 25 #" )+ 2$*+'&*' )./$./' 6#$1# 2' 9 .">?
(x + 2y)2 + 10 (x + 2y) + 25 = (x + 2y + 5)2 .

25x4 x2 x2 25x4
@7 1
25
+
36
−
3
=
1
25
−
3
+
36
#" )+ 2$*+'&*' )./$./' 6#$1# 2' 6'$()#
 2  2 2   2
25x4 x2
1
25
=
1
5
,
36
=
5x
6
9 3
=2
1
5
5x
6
.

:'$ 2.+2'4  2
1 25x4 x2 1 5x2
+ − = − .
25 36 3 5 6

A7 ='&' (m + n)2 9 (a − m)2 "'+ )./$./'" 6#$1# 2'" 9 #, 25$&*+' /# ,. &*2./ #"
−2 (a − m) (m + n)4 #+2'+ #" 2#+#&'" )+ 2$*+'&*' )./$./' 6#$1# 2' 9 .">4
(m + n)2 − 2 (a − m) (m + n) + (a − m)2 = [(m + n) − (a − m)]2
= (m + n − a + m)2 = (2m + n − a)2 .

B '+2*+). *C+ .6$#+/#$#&'" . 1. 2'$*D.$ 6',*+'&*'" ()# 2*#+#+ ,. 1'$&. /# )+. /*1#$#+ *.
/# )./$./'"7 E# /#".$$',,.$F+ #G#&6,'" 6.$2*#+/' /# ,. 1'$&. &F" "#+ *,,. H."2. .()#,,'"
()# $#()*#$#+ 1. 2'$*D. *'+#" 9. #"2)/*./."7

!" #$%&'&( $* +& ,*+'*+-.

I# ,'" 6$'/) 2'" +'2.!,#" ".!#&'" ()#
(a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2 .
;. #J6$#"*C+ . ,. /#$# H. /# ,. *-).,/./ #" )+. /*1#$#+ *. /# )./$./'" 6#$1# 2'"4 6'$ 2.+2'4
"* #, 6',*+'&*' . 1. 2'$*D.$ #" /# #"2. 1'$&.4 /#!#&'" '+"*/#$.$ #"2. *-).,/./ /# /#$# H. .
*D()*#$/. 6.$. 1. 2'$*D.$,' '&'
a2 − b2 = (a + b) (a − b) .

@K
 !"#$%& '()*
! #$%&'!%(
)* x2 − 16.
+* 81y 2 − 25x2 .
,* x4 − 81.
1
-* a2 − *
25
+&%, ./0
)* x2 − 16 = x2 − 42 = (x + 4) (x − 4)* .$% #!/#$0
x2 − 16 = (x + 4) (x − 4) .

+* 81y 2 − 25x2 = (9y)2 − (5x)2 = (9y + 5x) (9y − 5x)* .$% #!/#$0
81y 2 − 25x2 = (9y + 5x) (9y − 5x) .

,* 1$2$ x4 − 81 = (x2 )2 − 92 3/#$/ 34

x4 − 81 = x2 + 9 x2 − 9 .

56 4378/9$ :! #$% 34 93 /83;$ 8/! 9&:3%3/ &! 93 8!9%!9$4 <3%:3 #$4 = <$% 6$ #!/#$
43 <8393 $/#&/8!% $/ 6! :! #$%&'! &>/* 1$2$ x2 − 9 = x2 − 32 3/#$/ 34 x2 − 9 =
(x + 3) (x − 3) = !4?0

x4 − 81 = x2 + 9 (x + 3) (x − 3) .

1&23 ( x2 + 9 /$ 34 :! #$%&'!@63 3/ 6! :$%2! (x + a) (x + b) $/ a = b /A23%$4 %3!6340

34 93 &%0 x2 + 9 34 <%&2$ 3/ 36 $/B8/#$ 93 6$4 %3!634*
CD4 !936!/#3 ;3%32$4 !678/!4 482!4 93 9$4 8!9%!9$4 E83 4? 43 <8393/ :! #$%&'!% 3/
6$4 %3!634*
 2
1 1
-* 2
a − = a2 − * .$% #!/#$0
25 5
  
2 1 1 1
a − = a+ a− .
25 5 5

!"#$%& '()4
! #$%&'!%(
a2 x6
)* − *
36 25
+* (a − 1)2 − (m − 2)2 *
,* 25 − x2 − 16y 2 + 8xy *

F-
 ! 9x2 + 4y 2 − a2 − 12xy − 25b2 − 10ab!

!"# %&'
 3 2
a2 x6  a 2 x
"! #$%$ − = − &'($' &*+
36 25 6 5
  
a2 x6 a x3 a x3
− = + − .
36 25 6 5 6 5

,! (a − 1)2 − (m − 2)2 = [(a − 1) + (m − 2)][(a − 1) − (m − 2)]

= (a − 1 + m − 2)(a − 1 − m + 2)
= (a + m − 3)(a − m + 1).

-! ./0&'&%$* &1 2$13'$%3$ 4*56 25 − x2 − 16y 2 + 8xy = 25 − x2 + 8xy − 16y 2!

78/92&%$* 1$* (/&* :1(3%$* (;/%3'$* &' 9' 24/;'(&*3* 2/& &030$ 0& *38'$ −!

25 − x2 − 16y 2 + 8xy = 25 − (x2 − 8xy + 16y 2).

<1 2$13'$%3$ &'(/& 24/;'(&*3* &* 9' (/3'$%3$ 940/40$ 2&/=& ($ >9& 2$0&%$* =4 ($/3?4/
$%$
x2 − 8xy + 16y 2 = (x − 4y)2.

@ 2$/ 1$ (4'($+

25 − x2 − 16y 2 + 8xy = 25 − (x − 4y)2

= [5 + (x − 4y)][5 − (x − 4y)]
= (5 + x − 4y)(5 − x + 4y).
! ./0&'4%$* A 48/924%$* 1$* (;/%3'$* 0&1 2$13'$%3$ 4*56

9x2 + 4y 2 − a2 − 12xy − 25b2 − 10ab = (9x2 − 12xy + 4y 2 ) − (a2 + 10ab + 25b2 ).

#404 9'$ 0& 1$* 2$13'$%3$* &'(/& 24/;'(&*3* &* 9' (/3'$%3$ 940/40$ 2&/=& ($ >9&
=4 ($/3?4%$* 4*56

9x2 − 12xy + 4y 2 = (3x − 2y)2 A a2 + 10ab + 25b2 = (a + 5b)2 .

@ 4*5 *& (&'&%$* >9&

9x2 + 4y 2 − a2 − 12xy − 25b2 − 10ab = (3x − 2y)2 − (a + 5b)2

= (3x − 2y + a + 5b)(3x − 2y − a − 5b).
B&4%$* 4 $'(3'94 3C' C%$ =4 ($/3?4/ 4189'$* (/3'$%3$* >9& '$ *$' (/3'$%3$* 940/40$*
2&/=& ($*!

DD
 !" #$%&'(%' *+,$+,' -.$/. 0' -'$ +,% %1& 2 3*30$+ 4
%1&

!"#$%& '()$%*)%&+ ,#- $% &%$ '()$%*)%& #/0(/0%& 1-(2- '%&+ &- 1#-0-$ %$3-(')( -$ '()4
$%*)%& #/0(/0%& 1-(2- '%& &#*5$0%!-& #$/ /$')0/0 /1(%1)/0/6 7/(/ ,#- -! '()$%*)% 0/0%
$% 3/(8-+ &) &#*/*%& #$/ /$')0/0 0-9-*%& (-&'/( !/ *)&*/ /$')0/06 :&'/ 0-9- &-( #$
#/0(/0% 1-(2- '% 1/(/ ,#- /! (-&'/(!/ $%& (-&#!'- #$/ 0)2-(-$ )/ 0- #/0(/0%&+ ,#- ;/ &/9-4
*%& 2/ '%()</(6
!"#$%& '()*
=/ '%()</(>
?6 a4 + 2a2 + 96

@6 1 − 126a2 b4 + 169a4 b8 6

A6 x8 + 4x4 y 4 + 16y 86

+&%, ./0
?6 B-*%& ,#- a4 + 2a2 + 9 $% -& #$ '()$%*)% #/0(/0% 1-(2- '% 1%(,#- a4 = (a2)2 , 9 =
32 ; 2(a2 )(3) = 6a2 6= 2a2 .

C$/ */$-(/ 0- %9'-$-( #$ '()$%*)% #/0(/0% 1-(2- '% -& %$3)(')-$0% -! &-"#$0% ':(4
*)$% 2a2 -$ 6a2 ; -!!% &- !%"(/ &#*5$0%!- 4a2 . 7/(/ ,#- -! '()$%*)% 0/0% $% 3/(8-
0-9-*%& (-&'/( !/ *)&*/ /$')0/0 4a2 ,#- &- &#*D6 &8+
a4 + 2a2 + 9
= a4 + 2a2 + 9 + 4a2 − 4a2 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 4a2
= (a4 + 2a2 + 9 + 4a2 ) − 4a2 *+'!,#"$% -$% ,'."('$% / )0'".1$%
= (a4 + 6a2 + 9) − 4a2 2(3! ."$% )0'".1$% %("(5#1)(% (1 (- ,#'01)(%.%
2 2
= (a + 3) − (2a) 2
6# )$'.7#"$% (- )'.1$".$
= [(a2 + 3) + 2a][(a2 + 3) − 2a] 6# )$'.7#"$% -# 3.8('(1 .# 3( !#3'#3$%
= (a2 + 2a + 3)(a2 − 2a + 3) 9'3(1#"$% #3# 8# )$' '(%,( )$ # -# -()'# a.

@6 1 − 126a2 b4 + 169a4 b8 $% -& #$ '()$%*)% #/0(/0% 1-(2- '% 1%(,#-

; 2(1)(13a2b4 ) = 26a2b4 6= 126a2b4.

2
1 = 12 , 169a4 b8 = 13a2 b4

E$ -&'- /&% #$/ */$-(/ 0- %9'-$-( #$ '()$%*)% #/0(/0% 1-(2- '% -& %$3)(')-$0% -!
FG
 !"#$%& '()*+$& −126a2 b4 !$ −26a2 b4 , !--& ! -&"). #*.$%& 100a2 b4 /

1 − 126a2 b4 + 169a4 b8
= 1 − 126a2 b4 + 169a4 b8 + 100a2 b4 − 100a2 b4 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 100a2 b4
= (1 − 126a2 b4 + 169a4 b8 + 100a2 b4 ) − 100a2 b4 *+'!,#"$% -$% ,'."('$% / )0'".1$%
= (1 − 26a2 b4 + 169a4 b8 ) − 100a2 b4 2(3! ."$% )0'".1$% %("(5#1)(%
(1 (- ,#'01)(%.%

2
= (1 − 13a2 b4 )2 − 10ab2 6# )$'.7#"$% (- )'.1$".$

= [(1 − 13a2 b4 ) + 10ab2 ][(1 − 13a2 b4 ) − 10ab2 ] 6# )$'.7#"$% -# 3.8('(1 .#

3( !#3'#3$%
= (1 + 10ab2 − 13a2 b4 )(1 − 10ab2 − 13a2 b4 ) 9'3(1#"$% #3# 8# )$' '(%,( )$
# -# -()'# a.

!"#0 12 !)3!*& !$ -& !4!*5-& .$'!)+&)! 6 7#! -. 8. '&)+:. +;$ %!- ')+$&*+& %.%&
5#%& <. !) !6 5&) ! '! *('&%&6 5&)7#! -. .$'+%.% 7#! #*.*& , )! '.*& 5.).
&*5-!'.) !- ')+$&*+& #.%).%& 5!)8! '& ! #$ #.%).%& 5!)8! '& , %! ! . *.$!).
)! #-'; .- =$.- #$. %+8!)!$ +. %! #.%).%& 7#! <+:& 5& +2-! -. 8. '&)+:. +;$/

>/ x8 + 4x4 y 4 + 16y 8 $& ! #$ ')+$&*+& #.%).%& 5!)8! '& 5&)7#!

2
2
x8 = x4 , 16y 8 = 4y 4 , 2(x4 )(4y 4) = 8x4 y 4 6= 4x4 y 4 .
?$ ! '! . & #$. *.$!). %! &2'!$!) #$ ')+$&*+& #.%).%& 5!)8! '& ! &$3+)'+!$%& !-
!"#$%& '()*+$& 4x4 y 4 !$ 8x4 y 4 , !--& ! -&"). #*.$%& 4x4 y 4 /
x8 + 4x4 y 4 + 16y 8
= x8 + 4x4 y 4 + 16y 8 + 4x4 y 4 − 4x4 y 4 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 4x4 y 4
= (x8 + 4x4 y 4 + 16y 8 + 4x4 y 4 ) − 4x4 y 4 *+'!,#"$% -$% ,'."('$% / )0'".1$%

= (x8 + 8x4 y 4 + 16y 8) − 4x4 y 4 2(3! ."$% )0'".1$% %("(5#1)(%

2
= (x4 + 4y 4 )2 − 2x2 y 2 6# )$'.7#"$% (- )'.1$".$
= [(x4 + 4y 4 ) + 2x2 y 2 ][(x4 + 4y 4) − 2x2 y 2] 6# )$'.7#"$% -# 3.8('(1 .# 3( !#3'#3$%
= (x4 + 2x2 y 2 + 4y 4)(x4 − 2x2 y 2 + 4y 4) 9'3(1#"$% #3# 8# )$' '(%,( )$
# -# -()'# x.
!"#0 ?$ -#".) %! #*.) , )! '.) #$. .$'+%.% .5)&5+.%. 5.). &2'!$!) #$ ')+$&*+& #.%).%&
5!)8! '&6 5&%!*& '.*2+($ %! &*5&$!) !- !"#$%& '()*+$& !$ %& '()*+$& %&$%! #$& %!
!--& ! !- 7#! ! )!7#+!)! 5.). '!$!) !- ')+$&*+& #.%).%& 5!)8! '&/ @ !*& ! '. '( $+ . !$
-& +"#+!$'! !4!*5-& /

$%&'()! *+,-
A. '&)+:.)

B/ x4 − 7x2 + 9/

CD
 ! c8 − 45c4 + 100!

"! 4 − 108x2 + 121x4 !

!"# %&'
2
#! x4 − 7x2 + 9 $% &' ($ )*+$%,+% (./*./% 0&*1& )% 0%*2(& x4 = (x2 ) 3 9 = 32 4
2 (x2 ) (3) = 6x2 6= 7x2 !

5&$/*6.,%' ($ )*+$%,+% (./*./% 0&*1& )% '+ &7 '&8($/% )9*,+$% 1(&*. 6x2 4 ($. ,.$&*.
/& %:)&$&*7% &' /&' %,0%$&* −7x2 %,% −6x2 − x2 ;

x4 − 7x2 + 9 = x4 − 6x2 − x2 + 9 !" $%&$'!%$" − 7x2

(!$)*+',-+%$" . +*)/&+%$" 01)%,'$"


= x4 − 6x2 + 9 − x2
2+ 0$),-+%$" !3 0),'$%,$

2
= x2 − 3 − x2
2+ 0$),-+%$" 3+ 4,5!)!' ,+ 4! /+4)+4$"



= x2 − 3 + x x2 − 3 − x
6)4!'+%$" +4+ 5+ 0$) )!"&! 0$



= x2 + x − 3 x2 − x − 3
+ 3+ 3!0)+ x.

! <:'&*=.,%' 2(& c8 − 45c4 + 100 $% &' ($ )*+$%,+% (./*./% 0&*1& )% 0%*2(&

2
c8 = c4 , 100 = (10)2 4 2(c4 )(10) = 20c4 6= 45c4 .

5&$/*6.,%' ($ )*+$%,+% (./*./% 0&*1& )% '+ &7 '&8($/% )9*,+$% 1(&*. −20c4 4 ($.
,.$&*. /& %:)&$&*7% &' /&' %,0%$&* −45c4 %,% −20c4 − 25c4 ;

c8 − 45c4 + 100
= c8 − 20c4 − 25c4 + 100 !" $%&$'!%$" − 45c4
= (c8 − 20c4 + 100) − 25c4 (!$)*+',-+%$" . +*)/&+%$" 01)%,'$"
2+ 0$),-+%$" !3 0),'$%,$

2
= (c4 − 10)2 − 5c2
= [(c4 − 10) + 5c2 ][(c4 − 10) − 5c2 ] 2+ 0$),-+%$" 3+ 4,5!)!' ,+ 4! /+4)+4$"
= (c4 + 5c2 − 10)(c4 − 5c2 − 10) 6)4!'+%$" +4+ 5+ 0$) )!"&! 0$
+ 3+ 3!0)+ c.

"! >&,%' 2(& 4 − 108x2 + 121x4 $% &' ($ )*+$%,+% (./*./% 0&*1& )% 0%*2(&

2
4 = 22 , 121x4 = 11x2 4 2(2)(11x2 ) = 44x2 6= 108x2 .

?$. ,.$&*. /& %:)&$&* ($ )*+$%,+% (./*./% 0&*1& )% &' /&' %,0%$&* −108x2 %,%

@A
 −44x2 − 64x2

4 − 108x2 + 121x4
= 4 − 44x2 − 64x2 + 121x4 !" $%&$'!%$" − 108x2
= (4 − 44x2 + 121x4 ) − 64x2 (!$)*+',-+%$" . +*)/&+%$" 01)%,'$"
= (2 − 11x2 )2 − (8x)2 2+ 0$),-+%$" !3 0),'$%,$
= [(2 − 11x2 ) + 8x][(2 − 11x2 ) − 8x] 2+ 0$),-+%$" 3+ 4,5!)!' ,+ 4! /+4)+4$"
= (2 + 8x − 11x2 )(2 − 8x − 11x2 ) 6)4!'+%$" +4+ 5+ 0$) )!"&! 0$
+ 3+ 3!0)+ x.

!"#$%& #'%(# #)*+,#& &+$#& -" -%& +#-(#-%& /+" &" 0+"-", 1# 2%(34#(5 ", 1%($# &3$3)#( #

)# "&2+-3#-# ", "&2" #&%6

!" #$%& '( ')* $&',&')*

7 0#(23( -" #)*+,#& &+$#& -" -%& +#-(#-%& &" 0+"-" %$0)"2#( +, 2(3,%$3% +#-(#-% 0"(8

1" 2%5 %$% ", ") #&% #,2"(3%(5 &+$9,-%)"& : ("&29,-%)"& +,# $3&$# ";0("&3<,6

!"#$%& '()*
=# 2%(34#(

>6 4x8 + y 8 6
?6 64 + a12 6
@6 64x4 + 81y 46
+&%, ./0
>6 A%$% 4x8 + y 8 = (2x4 )2 + (y 4 )2 , 0#(# %$0)"2#( +, 2(3,%$3% +#-(#-% 0"(1" 2% )"
4 4 4 4
&+$#$%& +, 2B($3,% 3*+#) # 2(2x )(y ) = 4x y 5 : 0#(# /+" ") 0%)3,%$3% -#-% ,% C#(D"

("&2#$%& "&" $3&$% 2B($3,%6 E# 3",-% "&2% "&2#$%& ", ") #&% #,2"(3%( : 0(% "-"$%&

-" 3*+#) 1%($#6 7&D5

4x8 + y 8 = 4x8 + y 8 + 4x4 y 4 − 4x4 y 4 7/%+%$" . )!"0+%$" 4x4 y 4

= (4x8 + 4x4 y 4 + y 8 ) − 4x4 y 4 8*)/&+%$" . $)4!'+%$" 3$"
&),%!)$" 9 01)%,'$"
2+ 0$),-+%$" !3 0),'$%,$

2
= (2x4 + y 4)2 − 2x2 y 2
= [(2x4 + y 4) + 2x2 y 2 ][(2x4 + y 4) − 2x2 y 2 ] 2+ 0$),-+%$" 3+ 4,5!)!' ,+
4! /+4)+4$"
= (2x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4 )(2x4 − 2x2 y 2 + y 4 ) 6)4!'+%$" +4+ 5+ 0$) )!"&! 0$
+ 3+ 3!0)+ x.

FG
 ! "#$# 64 + a12 = 82 + (a6 )2 , %&'& #$%)*+&' ,- +'.-#$.# ,&/'&/# %*'0* +# )* 1,$&$#1
,- +2'$.-# .3,&) & 2(8)(a6 ) = 16a6 !

64 + a12 = 64 + a12 + 16a6 − 16a6 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 16a6

= 64 + 16a6 + a12 − 16a6 *+'!,#"$% & $'-(.#"$% /$%
,'0"('$% 1 )2'"0.$%
= (8 + a6 )2 − (4a3 )2 3# )$'05#"$% (/ )'0.$"0$
 

= (8 + a6 ) + 4a3 8 + a6 − 4a3 3# )$'05#"$% /# -06('(. 0# -( !#-'#-$%
= (8 + 4a3 + a6 )(8 − 4a3 + a6 ) 7'-(.#"$% #-# 6# )$' '(%,( )$
# /# /()'# a.

2 2
4! "#$# 64x4 + 81y 4 = (8x2 ) + (9y 2 ) 5 1,$6-/#)* *) +2'$.-# 2 (8x2 ) (9y 2) = 144x2 y 2
#7+*-*$#1 ,- +'.-#$.# ,&/'&/# %*'0* +#!

64x4 + 81y 4 = 64x4 + 81y 4 + 144x2 y 2 − 144x2 y 2 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 144x2 y 2


= 64x4 + 144x2 y 2 + 81y 4 − 144x2 y 2 *+'!,#"$% & $'-(.#"$% /$%
,'0"('$% 1 )2'"0.$%

2
= 8x2 + 9y 2 − (12xy)2 3# )$'05#"$% (/ )'0.$"0$



= 8x2 + 9y 2 + 12xy 8x2 + 9y 2 − 12xy 3# )$'05#"$% /# -06('(. 0#
-( !#-'#-$%



2
= 8x + 12xy + 9y 2 2
8x − 12xy + 9y 2
7'-(.#"$% #-# 6# )$'
'(%,( )$ # /# /()'# x.

!"#$%& '()*
8& +#'.9&':
;! x8 + 324!
b4
! a4 + !
4
4! 4 + 625y 8!
+&%, ./0
2 2
;! "#$# x8 + 324 = (x4 ) + (18) 5 1,$6-/#)* *) +2'$.-# 2 (x4 ) (18) = 36x4 #7+*-*$#1 ,-
+'.-#$.# ,&/'&/# %*'0* +#!

x8 + 324 = x8 + 324 + 36x4 − 36x4 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 36x4

= x8 + 36x4 + 324 − 36x4 *+'!,#"$% & $'-(.#"$% /$%
,'0"('$% 1 )2'"0.$%

2
2
= x4 + 18 − 6x2 3# )$'05#"$% (/ )'0.$"0$
 4
 

= x + 18 + 6x2 x4 + 18 − 6x2 3# )$'05#"$% /# -06('(. 0# -( !#-'#-$%



= x4 + 6x2 + 18 x4 − 6x2 + 18 7'-(.#"$% #-# 6# )$'
'(%,( )$ # /# /()'# x.

<=
  2 2  2
b4 2 2 b b
! "#$# a + = (a ) +
4
% &' () &*$+$#& )( ,-.$'/# 2 (a )
2
= a2 b2 #0,)/)$#&
4 2 2
*/ ,.'/#$'# *+2.+2# 3).4) ,#!

b4 b4
a4 + = a4 + + a2 b2 − a2 b2 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% a2 b2
4 4
 
b4
4
= a +a b + 2 2
− a2 b2 *+'!,#"$% & $'-(.#"$% /$%
4 ,'0"('$% 1 )2'"0.$%
 2
b2
= a +2
− (ab)2 3# )$'05#"$% (/ )'0.$"0$
2
     
b2 b2
= 2
a + + ab 2
a + − ab 3# )$'05#"$% /# -06('(. 0#
2 2
-( !#-'#-$%
  
b2 b2
2
= a + ab + 2
a − ab + 7'-(.#"$% #-# 6# )$'
2 2 '(%,( )$ # /# /()'# a.

2
5! "#$# 4+625y 8 = 22 +(25y 4 ) % &' () &*$+$#& )( ,-.$'/# 2 (2) (25y 4) = 100y 4 #0,)/)$#&
*/ ,.'/#$'# *+2.+2# 3).4) ,#!

4 + 625y 8 = 4 + 625y 8 + 100y 4 − 100y 4 !"#"$% & '(%)#"$% 100y 4

= 4 + 100y 4 + 625y 8 − 100y 4 *+'!,#"$% & $'-(.#"$% /$%
,'0"('$% 1 )2'"0.$%

2
2
= 2 + 25y 4 − 10y 2 3# )$'05#"$% (/ )'0.$"0$



= 2 + 25y 4 + 10y 2 2 + 25y 4 − 10y 2 3# )$'05#"$% /# -06('(. 0#
-( !#-'#-$%



= 2 + 10y 2 + 25y 4 2 − 10y 2 + 25y 4 7'-(.#"$% #-# 6# )$'
'(%,( )$ # /# /()'# y.

6 #/,'/*+ '7/ +3.)/2).)$#& + 4+ ,#.'8+. +(9*/#& ,.'/#$'#& 2) (+ 4#.$+ x2 + bx + c!

!" #$%&'(%') *+ ,- .'$(- x2 + bx + c

:) (#& 3.#2* ,#& /#,+0()& &+0)$#& ;*)

(x + p)(x + q) = x2 + (p + q)x + pq.

<( (+2# 2).) =# 2) )&,+ '9*+(2+2 )& */ 3#('/#$'# 2) (+ 4#.$+ x2 + bx + c% #/ b = p + q

> c = pq ! ?#. ,+/,#% &' ;*).)$#& )@3.)&+. */ 3#('/#$'# 2) (+ 4#.$+ x2 + bx + c #$# )(
3.#2* ,# 2) 2#& 4+ ,#.)& x + p > x + q % 2)0)$#& )/ #/,.+. p > q ,+()& ;*) &* 3.#2* ,# &)+ c%
)& 2) '. c = pq % > &* &*$+ &)+ b, # &)+ p + q = b.

AB
 !"#$%& '()*
!"#$%&# '(% %)*+)$,-$% "('),(.)(% (.( "#(0+ -( 0$ 0(% 1& -(#$% 0$ *#&0( 12
34 x2 + 10x + 21.
54 28 + a2 − 11a.
64 36 + 5x − x2 .
+&%, ./0
34 7$&.(% %) $' "('),(.)( x2 + 10x + 21 %$ "+$0$ $!"#$%&# 0$ '& 1(#.& (x + p)(x + q), (
%$&8 %) 9&: 0(% ,;.$#(% p : q -&'$% <+$ pq = 21 : p + q = 10.
=&% 1(#.&% 0$ $!"#$%&# 21 (.( $' "#(0+ -( 0$ 0(% $,-$#(% %(,2 (21)(1)8 (−21)(−1)8
(7)(3) : (−7)(−3)4 >9(#& (.( 21 + 1 6= 108 −21 − 1 6= 108 7 + 3 = 10 : −7 − 3 6= 108
$,-(, $% '(% ;,) (% ,;.$#(% <+$ +."'$, '& (,0) )?, %(, 7 : 34 @(# -&,-( $% #)A).(%
$' "('),(.)( 0&0( (.( "#(0+ -( 0$ 0(% 1& -(#$% &%B8
x2 + 10x + 21 = (x + 7) (x + 3) .

54 >+,<+$ $' "('),(.)( 28 + a2 − 11a &"&#$,-$.$,-$ ,( $% 0$ '& 1(#.& x2 + bx + c8 %) '(

(#*&,)C&.(% &0$ +&0&.$,-$ -$,$.(%8
28 + a2 − 11a = a2 − 11a + 28.

=&% 1(#.&% 0$ $!"#$%&# 28 (.( $' "#(0+ -( 0$ 0(% $,-$#(% %(,2 (28)(1)8 (−28)(−1)8
(14)(2)8 (−14)(−2)8 (7)(4) : (−7)(−4)4 >9(#& (.( 28 + 1 6= −118 −28 − 1 6= −118
14 + 2 6= −118 −14 − 2 6= −118 7 + 4 6= −11 : −7 − 4 = −118 $,-(, $% '(% ;,) (%
,;.$#(% <+$ +."'$, '& (,0) )?, %(, −7 : −44 @(# -&,-(8
28 + a2 − 11a = a2 − 11a + 28 = (a − 7) (a − 4) .

64 D#*&,)C&.(% $' -#),(.)( $, '& 1(#.& −x2 + 5x + 36.

E(.( $' ($F )$,-$ 0$ x2 $% −18 %& &.(% 1& -(# (.;, −1 : &%B8


−x2 + 5x + 36 = − x2 − 5x − 36 .

G& -(#) $.(% $' "('),(.)( <+$ $%-H $,-#$ "&#I,-$%)%4 =&% 1(#.&% 0$ $!"#$%&# −36 (.(
$' "#(0+ -( 0$ 0(% $,-$#(% %(,2 (36)(−1)8 (−36)(1)8 (18)(−2)8 (−18)(2)8 (12)(−3)8
(−12)(3)8 (9)(−4)8 (−9)(4) : (6)(−6)4 >9(#& (.( 36 − 1 6= −58 −36 + 1 6= −58
18 − 2 6= −58 −18 + 2 6= −58 12 − 3 6= −58 −12 + 3 6= −58 9 − 4 6= −58 −9 + 4 = −5
: 6 − 6 6= −58 $,-(, $% '(% ;,) (% ,;.$#(% <+$ +."'$, '& (,0) )?, %(, −9 : 4 : &%B
x2 − 5x − 36 = (x − 9) (x + 4)4 =+$*(8


36 + 5x − x2 = − x2 − 5x − 36 = − (x − 9) (x + 4) = (9 − x) (x + 4) .

J@(# <+IK

L5
 !"#
!"# $% &'( *+ %, $"- #./0'"- p 1 q *%$0- 230 x2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q) -0 &3040# 5%$$%'

&"' *%#*0", -+# #0 0-+4%4 40 0- '+6+' *"4"- $"- &'"43 *"- 40 4"- #./0'"- 230 -0%# +73%$0- %

c8
$%&'()! *+*,
9% *"'+:%' $"- -+73+0#*0- &"$+#"/+"-

;8 110 − x − x2 .
<8 x4 − 14x2 − 51.
=8 (3x + 2)2 + 8 (3x + 2) + 128
-!). 012
;8 >'7%#+:%/"- 0$ *'+#"/+" 0# $% ?"'/% −x2 − x + 110.
!"/" 0$ "0@ +0#*0 40 x2 0- −1, -% %/"- ?% *"' "/.# −1 1 %-A,

−x2 − x + 110 = − x2 + x − 110 .

9% *"'+ 0/"- 0$ &"$+#"/+" x2 + x − 110 230 0-*( 0#*'0 &%'B#*0-+-8 C%'% 0$$" 40- "/D

&"#0/"- ;;E 0# -3- ?% *"'0- &'+/"-

110 2
55 5
11 11
1

!"/" $% -3/% 40 $"- 4"- ?% *"'0- 4060 -0' 1, $"- ?% *"'0- 31" &'"43 *" 0- −110, 230
3/&$0# 0-*% "#4+ +F# -"# −10 1 11, 1 %-A x2 + x − 110 = (x − 10) (x + 11) . G307",


110 − x − x2 = − x2 + x − 110 = − (x − 10) (x + 11) = (10 − x) (x + 11) .

<8 x4 − 14x2 − 51 = (x2 )2 − 14x2 − 51.

C"40/"- H0' 0$ &"$+#"/+" 4%4" "/" 3# *'+#"/+" 40 $% ?"'/% x2 + bx + c "# x2 0#
0$ $37%' 40 x8 C%'% ?% *"'+:%'$" 4060/"- 5%$$%' 4"- #./0'"- 31" &'"43 *" -0% −51 1
31% -3/% -0% −14.
!"/"
51 3
17 17
1
$"- ?% *"'0- 40 −51 31% -3/% 0- −14 -"# 3 1 −17. G307",

x4 − 14x2 − 51 = (x2 )2 − 14x2 − 51 = (x2 + 3)(x2 − 17).

I=
 ! "# $%&'# (&) )* )# )+),-#. '*/)0$.01 -.2),.3 4)0 )# -.#$*.,$. (3x + 2)2 +8 (3x + 2)+12
)* #' 5.0,' x2 + bx + c .* 3x + 2 )* )# #&%'0 2) x! 7'0' 5' /.0$8'0#.1 )* .*/0',.3
(&) 6 9 2 3.* 2.3 *:,)0.3 &9. -0.2& /. )3 12 9 3& 3&,' )3 8 9 '3;<

(3x + 2)2 + 8 (3x + 2) + 12 = [(3x + 2) + 6] [(3x + 2) + 2] = (3x + 8) (3x + 4) .

!"#<
=* #.3 2.3 )+),-#.3 '*/)0$.0)3 /)*),.3 )>-0)3$.*)3 2) #' 5.0,' ()2 + b () + c 2.*2) 
0)-0)3)*/' ' 3& 4)8 &*' )>-0)3$?* '#%)@0'$ '! A$ )3 -.3$@#) B'##'0 2.3 *:,)0.3 p 9 q &9.
-0.2& /. 3)' c 9 3& 3&,' b )*/.* )3 -.2),.3 5' /.0$8'0 #' )>-0)3$?* 2'2' '3;<

()2 + b () + c = ( + p) ( + q) .

C@3)04),.3 (&) )* )# #'2. 2)0) B. 2) #' $%&'#2'21 )# -0$,)0 /D0,$*. 2) '2' 5' /.0 )3 #'
)>-0)3$?* '#%)@0'$ ' 0)-0)3)*/'2' -.0 !
$%&'()! *+*,
E' /.0$8'0 #.3 3$%&$)*/)3 -.#$*.,$.3<
F! 65 + 8xy − x2 y 2 .
G! x2 + 17xy + 60y 2.
! x6 − 7x3 − 8.
-!). 012
F! C0%'*$8',.3 )# -.#$*.,$. 2'2. 9 3' ',.3 5' /.0 .,:* −1<

65 + 8xy − x2 y 2 = −x2 y 2 + 8xy + 65 = −(x2 y 2 − 8xy − 65).

=# /0$*.,$. (&) )3/H )*/0) -'0D*/)3$3 #. -.2),.3 4)0 )* #' 5.0,' x2 + bx + c 3$ .*3$2I
)0',.3 ' xy )* )# #&%'0 2) x <

x2 y 2 − 8xy − 65 = (xy)2 − 8(xy) − 65.

J'##),.3 2.3 *:,)0.3 &9. -0.2& /. 3)' −65 9 &9' 3&,' '#%)@0'$ ' 3)' −8. K.,.

65 5
13 13
1

#.3 5' /.0)3 2) −65 &9' 3&,' )3 −8 3.* 5 9 −13. L&)%.1

x2 y 2 − 8xy − 65 = (xy)2 − 8xy − 65 = (xy + 5)(xy − 13).

M '3;1

65 + 8xy − x2 y 2 = −(x2 y 2 − 8xy − 65) = −(xy + 5)(xy − 13) = (xy + 5)(13 − xy).

NO
 ! "#$% &'()*'+)' (' &',%+'# '*#),%./. %* (/ 0'.+/ x2 + bx + c '* a = 11 b = 17y 2
c = 60y 2! 3%4%+'# %*$'* %# 5/((/. ,'# *6+%.'# 72' &.',7 $' #%/ 60y 2 2 72/ #7+/
#%/ 17y.
3%# '+&'*%+'# 60 %* #7# 0/ $'.%# &.)+'#8

60 2
30 2
15 3
5 5
1

9'# 0/ $'.%# ,% 60b2 72/ #7+/ %# 17b #'* 12b 2 5b 2/ :7% (12b)(5b) = 60b2 2 12b + 5b =
17b. 97%;'1
a2 + 17ab + 60b2 = (a + 12b)(a + 5b).

<! "( &'()*'+)' x6 − 7x3 − 8 = (x3 )2 − 7x3 − 8 #% &7%,% =%. %* (/ 0'.+/ x2 + bx + c #) %*

%( (7;/. ,% x $%*%+'# x3 !
3%4%+'# 5/((/. ,'# *6+%.'# 72' &.',7 $' #%/ −8 2 72/ #7+/ /(;%4./) / #%/ −7.
"#$'# *6+%.'# #'* −8 2 1 2 /#>

x6 − 7x3 − 8 = (x3 )2 − 7x3 − 8 = (x3 − 8)(x3 + 1).

?4#%.=%+'# :7% ('# 0/ $'.%# x3 − 8 = x3 − 23 2 x3 + 1 = x3 + 13 #'* 7*/ ,)0%.%*@

)/ ,% 74'# 2 7*/ #7+/ ,% 74'# .%#&% $)=/+%*$%1 :7% +A# /,%(/*$% =%.%+'# B+'
0/ $'.)C/.(/#!

D%/+'# /5'./ B+' 0/ $'.)C/. $.)*'+)'# ,% (/ 0'.+/ ax2 + bx + c &/./ ('# 7/(%# a 6= 1!

!" #$%&'(%')* +, -. /'$(. ax2 + bx + c

E'+'
(px + r) (qx + s) = pqx2 + (ps + rq) x + rs,
=%+'# :7% %( (/,' ,%.% 5' ,% %#$/ );7/(,/, %# 7* &'()*'+)' ,% (/ 0'.+/ ax2 + bx + c '*
a = pq 1 b = ps + rq 2 c = rs.
97%;'1 &/./ 0/ $'.)C/. 7* $.)*'+)' ax2 + bx + c %* (/ 0'.+/ (px + r) (qx + s)1 ,%4%+'#
%* '*$./. p, q, r 2 s $/(%# :7% pq = a1 ps + rq = b 2 rs = c!
!"#$%& '(''
F/ $'.)C/. ('# #);7)%*$%# &'()*'+)'#8
G! 18x2 − 13x − 5!
! 6y 2 + 11y − 21!
<! 20x2 + 7x − 6!

HI
 ! 12x2 y 2 + xy − 20!
"! 6x2 − 11dx − 10d2 !
!"# %&'
#! $% &'(& *'+ a = 18, b = −13 - c = −5! .&/&0+' &% +%(1*1 p, q , r - s (*2&' 34&

a = 18 = pq , c = −5 = rs - b = −13 = ps + rq.

5*' 6+10*' 7& &891&'*1 a = 18 +0+ 91+74 (+ 7& 7+' &%(&1+' '+%: (18)1, (−18)(−1),
2(9), (−2)(−9), 6(3) - (−6)(−3)! ;<0<2*10&%(&, 2*' 6+10*' 7& &891&'*1 c = −5 +0+
91+74 (+ 7& 7+' &%(&1+' '+%: (5)(−1) - (−5)1!
=*1* ><'4*2<?*1 0@' 6@ <20&%(& 2*' 9*1&A*' 7& 6* (+1&' 34& %& &'<(*0+', &' B(<2 +%'(14<1
4%* (*/2* +0+ 2* '<C4<&%(&:

a p q c r s
18 18 1 −5 5 −1
−18 −1 −1 5
2 9 1 −5
−2 −9 −5 1
6 3
−6 −3

D+0+ b = −13 = 18(−1) + 5(1) &%(+% &' p = 18, q = 1, r = 5 - s = −1 4092&% 2*'

+%7< <+%&' 1&34&1<7*'! =+1 (*%(+,

18x2 − 13x − 5 = (18x + 5)(x − 1).

E! =*1* &'(& *'+ a = 6, b = 11 - c = −21 - 2* (*/2* +11&'9+%7<&%(& &' 2* '<C4<&%(&:

a p q c r s
6 6 1 −21 21 −1
−6 −1 −1 21
3 2 −21 1
−3 −2 1 −21
7 −3
−3 7
−7 3
3 −7

D+0+ 11 = 6(3) + (−7) 1, &%(+% &' p = 6, q = 1, r = −7 - s = 3, - *'F,

6y 2 + 11y − 21 = (6y − 7) (y + 3) .

G! 5* (*/2* 7& 2+' &A&092+' *%(&1<+1&' '& 94&7& +/><*1 -* 34& +% 4% 9+ + 7& 91@ (< * 2+'
>*2+1&' *91+9<*7+' 7& p, q , r - s '& 94&7&% &% +%(1*1 9+1 (*%(&+!

HH
 !" #$%#&! &% !%#"$(!) *+& ,!) -$ #!"&) 5 . 4 /& 200 . −2 . 3 /& −6 +(1,&% *+&
7 = 5(3) + 4(−2)0 &, +$, &) &, !&2 3&%#& /&, #4"(3%! &% x5 6+&7!0

20x2 + 7x − 6 = (5x − 2) (4x + 3) .

85 9) "3:$(!) &, 1!,3%!(3! /$/! !(! 12 (xy)2 + 1 (xy) − 205

;!($(!) 4 . 3 !(! -$ #!"&) /& 12 . −5 . 4 !(! -$ #!"&) /& −200 . !(! &, !&2 3&%#&
/&, #4"(3%! &% xy &) 1 = 4(4) + 3(−5) &%#!% &)0
12x2 y 2 + xy − 20 = (4xy − 5)(3xy + 4).

<5 =!(! &, 1!,3%!(3! /$/! &) /& ,$ -!"($ ax2 + bx + c !% a = 60 b = −11d . c = −10d20
:+)*+&(!) p0 q0 r . s #$,&) *+&
a = 6 = pq , c = −10d2 = rs . b = −11d = ps + rq.

6$) -!"($) /& &>1"&)$" a = 6 !(! 1"!/+ #! /& /!) &%#&"!) )!% 6(1)0 (−6)(−1)0 2(3)
. (−2)(−3)5 ?@!"$0 /& ,$) -!"($) /& &>1"&)$" $ c = −10d2 !(! 1"!/+ #! /& /!)
-$ #!"&) )A,! %!) 3%#&"&)$% ,$) )37+3&%#&)B
(−10d)(1d) , (10d)(−1d) , (−2d)(5d) . (2d)(−5d).

C:)&"D&(!) *+& &)#$) )!% ,$) -!"($) /& &>1"&)$" −10 !(! 1"!/+ #! /& /!) -$ #!"&)0
1&"! (+,#31,3 $%/! $/$ +%! /& ,!) -$ #!"&) 1!" d5
9) !7&(!) !(! -$ #!"&) /& 6 $ 3 . 20 . !(! -$ #!"&) /& −10 $ 2 . −50 . 1+&)#! *+&
−11 = 3(−5) + 2(2) &%#!% &) p = 30 q = 20 r = 2d . s = −5d +(1,&% ,$) !%/3 3!%&)5
?)E *+&
6x2 − 11dx − 10d2 = (3x + 2d) (2x − 5d) .

C:)&"D$(!) *+& &, 1!,3%!(3! 6x2 − 11dx − 10d2 #$(:34% ,! 1!/&(!) &) "3:3" !(!
− (10d2 + 11dx − 6x2 )
F$ #!"3G$(!) ,$ &>1"&)3A% 10d2 + 11dx − 6x2 &%#"& 1$"4%#&)3)B
10d2 + 11dx − 6x2 = (5d − 2x) (2d + 3x) .

6+&7!0
6x2 − 11dx − 10d2 = −10d2 − 11dx + 6x2
= − (10d2 + 11dx − 6x2 )
= − (5d − 2x) (2d + 3x)
= (2x − 5d) (2d + 3x) .
!"#$%& '(')
F$ #!"3G$"B
H5 6x2 − 31x + 355
IJ
 ! 20 − 9x − 20x2 !
"! 21x2 − 26xy − 72y 2 !
!"# %&'
#! $%&%'() *+,,+- .() /0'%-() 23( 4-(.2 5( )%+ a = 6 3 .() /0'%-() 23( 4-(.2 5(
)%+ c = 35! 6+-+ %,,( *+,,%'() ,() 7+ 5(-%) .% %)5() /0'%-()!
6 2 35 5
3 3 7 7
1 1
8('( −31 = 2(−5) + 3(−7) %/5(/ %) p = 29 q = 39 r = −7 3 s = −59 3 +):

6x2 − 31x + 35 = (2x − 7)(3x − 5).

! 8('( 20 − 9x − 20x2 = − (20x2 + 9x − 20)9 7+ 5(-;<+'() %, 4(,;/(';( 20x2 + 9x − 20

=2% %)5> %/5-% 4+-?/5%);)! 6+-+ %,,( .%&%'() *+,,+- .() /0'%-() 23( 4-(.2 5( )%+ 20@
20 2
10 2
5 5
1
8('( 9 = 4(−4) + 5(5) %/5(/ %)9

20x2 + 9x − 20 = (4x + 5)(5x − 4).

A2%B(9

20 − 9x − 20x2 = −(20x2 + 9x − 20) = −(4x + 5)(5x − 4) = (4x + 5)(4 − 5x).

"! C+,,%'() .() /0'%-() 23( 4-(.2 5( )%+ 21 3 .() 23( 4-(.2 5( )%+ 72@
21 3 72 2
7 7 36 2
1 18 2
9 3
3 3
1
8('( −26 = 3(−18) + 7(4) %/5(/ %)9

21x2 − 26xy − 72y 2 = (3x + 4y)(7x − 18y).

D)52.;+-%'() +*(-+ E'( 7+ 5(-;<+- +,B2/() 4(,;/(';() .% 2+5-( 5?-';/() (/ +-+ 5%-:)5;F
+) %)4% ;+,%)!

GH
 !" #$%& '( %)*&+)&,
! "#$%& ($) !$(*+,-) ./0$)1
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

(a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 .

, ,*%$ %-#- 2$ %- -)(*) /3&*,%*%-) )- $!$ - $0$ !"# $%&'% (# )% "*+#,*#- $ )/0",-4
0-!(- !"# )% "*+#,*#-5
6*#* 7&- &! "$,/!$0/$ $#%-!*%$ -! 8$#0* %-) -!%-!(- #-)"- ($ * &!* ,-(#* a )-* -, &+$ %-
&! +/!$0/$ a + b9 )- %-+-! &0",/# ,*) )/3&/-!(-) $!%/ /$!-)1
:5 ;&- (-!3* &*(#$ (<#0/!$)9 ($%$) $! )/3!$ "$)/(/.$5
=5 ;&- -, "#/0-#$ > ?,(/0$ (<#0/!$) )-*! &+$) "-#8- ($)9 )/-!%$ -)($) a3 > b3 #-)"- (/.*4
0-!(-5
@5 ;&- -, )-3&!%$ (<#0/!$ )-* 3a2b > 7&- -, (-# -# (<#0/!$ )-* 3ab2 5
) %- /#9 )/ )- &0",-! -)(*) $!%/ /$!-) -, "$,/!$0/$ )- 8* ($#/A* $0$ (a + b)35
B- /3&*, 8$#0* )- %-+-! &0",/# $!%/ /$!-) )/0/,*#-) * ,*) *!(-#/$#-) "*#* 7&- &! "$,/!$0/$
)- 8* ($#/ - $0$ -, &+$ %- &! +/!$0/$ a − b5 ! -)(- *)$9 $#%-!*%$) ,$) (<#0/!$)9 ,$)
)/3!$) %-+-! )-# *,(-#!*%*0-!(- "$)/(/.$) > !-3*(/.$)5
./%,$0# 1213
:5 B*%$ -, "$,/!$0/$ 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 19 %-(-#0/!*# )/ &0",- ,*) $!%/ /$!-) "*#* )-#
-, &+$ %- &! +/!$0/$5
=5 C-# )/ -, "$,/!$0/$ a6 − 6a4 + 12a2 − 8 -) -, &+$ %- &! +/!$0/$5
@5 D* ($#/A*#9 )/ -) "$)/+,-9 -, "$,/!$0/$ 1 + 12a + 48a2 + 64a35
x3 x2 y xy 2 y 3
E5 D* ($#/A*# + + + 5
8 4 6 27
4#0! *5+
:5 , "$,/!$0/$ (/-!- &*(#$ (<#0/!$)9 ($%$) $! )/3!$ "$)/(/.$5
8x3 -) &! &+$ "-#8- ($ "$#7&- 8x3 = (2x)3 5
1 -) &! &+$ "-#8- ($ "$#7&- 1 = 13 5
3 (2x)2 (1) = 12x2 -) -, )-3&!%$ (<#0/!$5
3 (2x) (1)2 = 6x -) -, (-# -# (<#0/!$5
F- &0",-! ,*) $!%/ /$!-) > "$# (*!($ -, "$,/!$0/$ %*%$ -) -, &+$ %- 2x + 19 -) %- /#9
8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1 = (2x + 1)3 .

GH
 ! "# $%#&'%(&% )&*'* ,-).% )/.(&'%01 %' 0&2'%0 -#)*.'-3-(*')* $%0&)&4%0 5 '*2-)&4%0!
3
a6 *0 ,' ,6% $*.7* )% $%.8,* a6 = (a2 ) !
8 *0 ,' ,6% $*.7* )% $%.8,* 8 = 23 !
2
−3 (a2 ) (2) = −6a4 *0 *# 0*2,'3% )/.(&'%!
3 (a2 ) (2)2 = 12a2 *0 *# )*. *. )/.(&'%!
9,*2%1 *# $%#&'%(&% 3-3% *0 *# ,6% 3*# 6&'%(&% a2 − 21 *0 3* &.1

3
a6 − 6a4 + 12a2 − 8 = a2 − 2 .

:! ;-.- 0-6*. 0& *0 7- )%.&<-6#* %(% *# ,6% 3* ,' 6&'%(&%1 4*-(%0 0& 0* ,($#*' #-0
%'3& &%'*0 $-.- *##%= 0%' ,-).% )/.(&'%0 )%3%0 %' 0&2'% $%0&)&4%1 1 = 13 1 64a3 =
(4a)3 1 3 (1)2 (4a) = 12a *0 *# 0*2,'3% )/.(&'% 5 3 (1) (4a)2 = 48a2 *0 *# )*. *. )/.(&'%!
;%. )-')%1 *# $%#&'%(&% .*$.*0*')- *# ,6% 3*# 6&'%(&% 1 + 4a1 *0 3* &.1

1 + 12a + 48a2 + 64a3 = (1 + 4a)3 .

x3  x 3 y 3  y 3  x 2  y 
>! ?%' ,-).% )/.(&'%0 )%3%0 %' 0&2'% $%0&)&4%1 = 1 = 1 3 =
8 2 27 3 2 3
x2 y  x   y 2 xy 2
8,* *0 *# 0*2,'3% )/.(&'% 5 3 = 8,* *0 *# )*. *. )/.(&'%! 9,*2%1
4 2 3 6
x y
*# $%#&'%(&% 3-3% *0 *# ,6% 3*# 6&'%(&% + 1 *0 3* &.1
2 3

x3 x2 y xy 2 y 3  x y 3
+ + + = + .
8 4 6 27 2 3
!"#$%& '(')
@- )%.&<-. #%0 0&2,&*')*0 $%#&'%(&%0=
A! x6 + 3x4 y 3 + 3x2 y 6 + y 9 .

! 3a12 + 1 + 3a6 + a18 .

:! 125a3 − 300a2 b + 240ab2 − 64b3 .

>! y 9 + 18y 6 + 36y 3 + 216.
*&%+ -./
A! B%(% x6 = (x2 )3 *0 ,' ,6% $*.7* )%1 y 9 = (y 3)3 *0 ,' ,6% $*.7* )%1 3(x2 )2 y 3 = 3x4 y 3
*0 *# 0*2,'3% )/.(&'% 5 3x2 (y 3 )2 = 3x2 y 6 *0 *# )*. *. )/.(&'%1 0* ,($#*' #-0 %'3& &%'*0
$-.- 0*. *# ,6% 3* ,' 6&'%(&%! 9,*2%1
x6 + 3x4 y 3 + 3x2 y 6 + y 9 = (x2 )3 + 3(x2 )2 y 3 + 3x2 (y 3 )2 + (y 3 )3
= (x2 + y 3 )3 .

CD
 ! "#$%&'&$( )(* +,#-.&(* (& #%*0% +( ' )' )%+#' a !"!#$% &'!

3a12 + 1 + 3a6 + a18 = a18 + 3a12 + 3a6 + 1.

($#$ a18 = (a6 )3 !% '" '*$ +!,-! $. 1 = 13 !% '" '*$ +!,-! $. 3(a6 )2 (1) = 3a12 !%
6 2 6
!/ %!0'"1$ 2,#3"$ 4 3(a )(1) = 3a !% !/ !, !, 2,#3"$. %! '#+/!" /5% $"13 3$"!%
+5,5 %!, '" '*$ +!,-! $ 4 +$, 5" $.

3a12 + 1 + 3a6 + a18 = (a6 )3 + 3(a6 )2 (1) + 3a6 (1)2 + 13 = (a6 + 1)3 .

67 8!5#$% %3 %! '#+/!" /5% $"13 3$"!% +5,5 &'! !% ! +$/3"$#3$ %!5 !/ '*$ 1! '" *3"$#3$9

125a3 = (5a)3 !% '" '*$ +!,-! $. 64b3 = (4b)3 !% '" '*$ +!,-! $. 3(5a)2 (4b) =
300a2 b !% !/ %!0'"1$ 2,#3"$ 4 3(5a)(4b)2 = 240ab2 !% !/ !, !, 2,#3"$7

:$, 5" $. %! '#+/!" /5% $"13 3$"!% 4 $#$ /$% %30"$% %$" 5/ !,"515#!" ! +$%3 3;$%
4 "!05 3;$%. !" $" !%.

125a3 − 300a2 b + 240ab2 − 64b3 = (5a − 4b)3 .

<7 =!"!#$% &'!9 y 9 = (y 3 )3 !% '" '*$ +!,-! $. 216 = 63 !% '" '*$ +!,-! $. 3(y 3)2 (6) =
18y 6 !% !/ %!0'"1$ 2,#3"$. +!,$ 3(y 3 )(6)2 = 108y 3 6= 36y 3 7

($#$ !/ !, !, 2,#3"$ "$ '#+/! /5 $"13 3>". !/ +$/3"$#3$ 151$ "$ !% -5 $,3?5*/!
$#$ !/ '*$ 1! '" *3"$#3$7

@% '135,!#$% 5 $" 3"'5 3>" /5 -5 $,3?5 3>" 1! +$/3"$#3$% &'! 3!"!" /5 -$,#5 1! '"5 %'#5
$ 1! '"5 13-!,!" 35 1! '*$%7

!"# $%&' ( )*+,-,. *' ), %0(1

A$% +,$1' $%. &'! +'!1!" $"%31!,5,%! $#$ +,$1' $% "$ 5*/!%. %$"9


(a + b) a2 − ab + b2 = a3 + b3


(a − b) a2 + ab + b2 = a3 − b3 .

@% 5% 30'5/151!%. !% ,3 5% $#$


a3 + b3 = (a + b) a2 − ab + b2


a3 − b3 = (a − b) a2 + ab + b2

"$% #'!% ,5" $#$ -5 $,3?5, '"5 %'#5 $ '"5 13-!,!" 35 1! '*$%7

!"#$%& '(')
B5 $,3?5, /$% %30'3!" !% +$/3"$#3$%9

CD
 ! a3 − 8!
"! 27m3 + 64n9 !
#! a3 + 8b15 !
x6 y3
$! − !
125 8
!"# %&'
! a3 − 8 = a3 − 23 !"#$#% !' (# )*+,
-' .+$!/'0+, 1' (!"#$#% !' (# )*+,2
2


= (a − 2) a + 2a + 4
%&'()*

a3 − 8 = (a − 2) a2 + 2a + 4 .

3)0' (# )*+,

3
"! 27m3 + 64n9 = (3m)3 + 4n3


= 3m + 4n3 (3m)2 − (3m)(4n3 ) + (4n3 )2

-' .+$!/'0+, 1'
,)0' (# )*+,



= 3m + 4n3 9m2 − 12mn3 + 16n6 .
%&'()*


27m3 + 64n9 = 3m + 4n3 9m2 − 12mn3 + 16n6 .

#! a3 + 8b15 = a3 + (2b5 )3 3)0' (# )*+,

= (a + 2b5 )(a2 − 2ab5 + 4b10 ) -' .+$!/'0+, 1' ,)0' (# )*+,2
%&'()*
a3 + 8b15 = (a + 2b5 )(a2 − 2ab5 + 4b10 ).
 3
x6 y3 x2  y 3
$!
125
−
8
=
5
−
2
!"#$#% !' (# )*+,
 ! "
-' .+$!/'0+, 1'
 2
    
x2 y x2 y y 2 x2
= + +
5
−
2 5 2 2 5 (!"#$#% !' (# )*+,
 2  4 
x y x x2 y y 2
= − + + .
5 2 25 10 4
%&'()*   
x6 y3 x2 y x4 x2 y y 2
− = − + + .
125 8 5 2 25 10 4
()*+,"! -.-/
+, .)/01,/2
! 1 + !333x6 !
"! 216a12 + 125b9 !
#! 8(m − n)3 − 125(m + n)3 !

4"
 ! a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 + 27a3 b3 .
!"# %&'
"! 1 + "!###x6 = 13 + (10x2 )3 !"# $% !'()
= (1 + 10x )(1 − 10x + 100x ) *# +(,-.#"() /# )!"# $% !'()0
2 2 4

$! 216a12 + 125b9 = (6a4 )3 + (5b3 )3 !"# $% !'()

= (6a + 5b )(36a − 30a b + 125b ) *# +(,-.#"() /# )!"# $% !'()0
4 3 8 4 3 6

%! 8(m − n)3 − 125(m + n)3

= [2(m − n)]3 − [5(m + n)]3
= [2(m − n) − 5(m + n)][4(m − n)2 + 10(m − n)(m + n) + 25(m + n)2 ]
= (2m − 2n − 5m − 5n)[4(m − n)2 + 10(m − n)(m + n) + 25(m + n)2 ]
= (−3m − 7n)(4m2 − 8mn + 4n2 + 10m2 − 10n2 + 25m2 + 50mn + 25n2 )
= (−3m − 7n)(39m2 + 42mn + 19n2 ).


! a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 + 27a3 b3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 + 27a3 b3

= (a + b)3 + (3ab)3

= (a + b + 3ab)[(a + b)2 − 3ab(a + b) + (3ab)2 ]

= (a + 3ab + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2 − 3a2 b − 3ab2 + 9a2 b2 ).

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,3('@*,8, 8'2 7(- '8*)*'+/- 7,(, 8*@*8*( 7-2*+-)*-.9 1,+8- '2 8*@*.-( '. 8' 2, 4-(), x − a9
8-+8' a '. 1+ +D)'(-!
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72-!
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2x4 − x3 + 2x2 + 5x − 6 ÷ x − 3.

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162

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17x + 56= 5/ +!)&,.# !) 162=
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B(/%! )! #/# ( 0 #-# #!3 &!$%! !$ !/ /.6(+ #++!)*#$,&!$%!=

+,#-./0 1213
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40/5 ()*
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*#$,&!$%! (/ #!3 &!$%! ,! x=
2 3 −1 0 −1 2
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,! &+;
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x−2 x−2
+,#-./0 1216
F(//(+; .)($,# ,&<&)&7$ )&$%A%& (; !/ # &!$%! 0 !/ +!)&,.# ,! ,&<&,&+ x3 − 4x2 − 7x + 10
!$%+!4
G= x − 3=
H= x + 2=
40/5 ()*
G=
1 −4 −7 10 3
3 −3 −30
1 −1 −10 −20

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 !"#$% "& $ (")*" "+ x2 − x − 10 , "& -"+(.!$ "+ −20/
0/ 1$2$ x + 2 = x − (−2)% ") "+*" 3+$ "& 43&$- ." a "+ −2/
1 −4 −7 10 −2
−2 12 −10
1 −6 5 0

!"#$% "& $ (")*" "+ x2 − 6x + 5 , "& -"+(.!$ "+ 0/

1$2$ &3 .(4(+(5) "+ "63 *3% "& .(4(.").$ "+ "& 7-$.! *$ ." .$+ 83 *$-"+9 "& $ (")*" , "&
.(4(+$-/ :+;%

x3 − 4x2 − 7x + 10 = x2 − 6x + 5 (x + 2) .

!"#$%& '()*
<"*"-2()3-% !+3).$ .(4(+(5) +()*=*( 3% +( x + 1 , x − 2 +$) 83 *$-"+ ."& 7$&()$2($ 2x3 − 5x2 +
x + 2/
+&%, ./0
1$2$ ") "& ">"27&$ 3)*"-($-% "& .(4(+$- "+ 83 *$- ."& .(4(.").$ +( &3 .(4(+(5) "+ "63 *3/
?/ @"3&( "2$+ &3 .(4(+(5) +()*=*( 3 ." 2x3 − 5x2 + x + 2 ")*-" x + 1% *")(").$ ") !")*3
A!" $2$ x + 1 = x − (−1)% ") &3 3+(&&3 ."& .(4(+$- "+ -(B(2$+ −1/
2 −5 1 2 −1
−2 7 −8
2 −7 8 −6

1$2$ "& -"+(.!$ "+ −6% &3 .(4(+(5) )$ "+ "63 *3 , ")*$) "+ x + 1 )$ "+ 83 *$- ."
2x3 − 5x2 + x + 2/
0/ @"3&( "2$+ &3 .(4(+(5) +()*=*( 3 ." 2x3 − 5x2 + x + 2 ")*-" x − 29
2 −5 1 2 2
4 −2 −2
2 −1 −1 0

1$2$ "& -"+(.!$ "+ 0% &3 .(4(+(5) "+ "63 *3 , ")*$) "+ x−2 "+ 83 *$- ." 2x3 −5x2 +x+2/
!"#$%

2x3 − 5x2 + x + 2 = 2x2 − x − 1 (x − 2) .

C"-"2$+ 3D$-3 !) -"+!&*3.$% $)$ (.$ $2$ *"$-"23 ."& -"+(.!$% A!" )$+ 7"-2(*" D3&&3- "&
-"+(.!$ ." !)3 .(4(+(5) !3).$ "& .(4(+$- "+ !) 7$&()$2($ ." &3 8$-23 x − a% $) a !) )E2"-$%
+() )" "+(.3. ." -" !--(- 3 &3 .(4(+(5) &3-#3 $ 3 &3 .(4(+(5) +()*=*( 3/

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 !" #$%&$'( )$* &$+,)-%

!"# #!%&' "%( #)#!"*%' +,-,+,#.+% x5 − 2x3 + x2 − 5 #./(# x − 20

1 0 −2 1 0 −5 2
2 4 4 10 20
1 2 2 5 10 15

* % ,#./# +# *1 +,-,&,2. #& x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 10 3 #* (#&,+4% #& 155

6748 -1*%( &# %9/,#.# &, #. #* +,-,+#.+% (##!"*1:1!%& x "%( 2;
<#1!%&0
(2)5 − 2 (2)3 + (2)2 − 5 = 32 − 16 + 4 − 5 = 15,

=4# &#>?. #* (#&4*/1+% +# *1 +,-,&,2. #& #* (#&,+4%5

&/# (#&4*/1+%' =4# &# 4!"*# &,#!"(#' &# %.% # %!% !"#!$% &!' (!)*&+"' 43% #.4.@
,1+% #&0
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A2/#&# =4# 1"*, 1.+% #&/# /#%(#!1 "%+#!%& B1**1( #* (#&,+4% &,. #C# /41( *1 +,-,&,2.5
,-!$.'" /012
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E5 z4 − 2z3 + 4z #./(# z − 35
3 1
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E5 G"*, 1.+% #* /#%(#!1 +#* (#&,+4%' %9/#.#!%& #* (#&,+4% +# *1 +,-,&,2. (##!"*1:1.+% z
"%( 3 #. #* +,-,+#.+%' 1&H'
34 − 2(3)3 + 4 (3) = 81 − 54 + 12 = 39.

I4#>%' #* (#&,+4% +# +,-,+,( z4 − 2z3 + 4z #./(# z − 3 #& 395

J%!"(%91!%& #&/# (#&4*/1+% 4&1.+% +,-,&,2. &,./8/, 10
1 −2 0 4 0 3
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. #C# /%' #* (#&,+4% #& 395

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 1
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 3
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−2 − + = − − + = 0.
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4 2
7)(#-)8'()* +*,+ -+*/$,'.) /*'2.) .%3%*%92 *%2,:,% ';

−2 0 −1 3/4 1/2
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<2 +=+ ,)0 +$ -+*%./) .+ $' .%3%*%92 +* 0!

!"#$%& '()'
<(#$+'2.) +$ ,+)-+(' .+$ -+*%./)0 >'$$'- +$ -+*%./) .+ .%3%.%-;
?! 2x3 − 6x2 + x − 5 +2,-+ x − 2!
! x3 + 2x2 − x − 2 +2,-+ x + 1!
*&%+ -./
?! <$ -+*%./) .+ $' .%3%*%92 *+ )8,%+2+ -++(#$'1'2.) x #)- 2 +2 +$ .%3%.+2.)! "*40 +$
-+*%./) +*;

2(2)3 − 6(2)2 + 2 − 5 = 2(8) − 6(4) − 3 = 16 − 24 − 3 = −11.

7)(#-)8'()* +*,+ -+*/$,'.) /*'2.) .%3%*%92 *%2,:,% ';

2 −6 1 −5 2
+4 −4 −6
2 −2 −3 −11

<2 +=+ ,)0 +$ -+*%./) +* −11!

! <$ ,+)-+(' .+$ -+*%./) *+ '#$% ' /'2.) +$ .%3%*)- +* .+ $' =)-(' x − a0 #)- $) @/+ +2
+*,+ '*) .+8+()* +* -%8%- x + 1 )() x − (−1)! A)- ,'2,)0 #'-' '$ /$'- +$ -+*%./)
-++(#$'1'()* x #)- −1 +2 +$ .%3%.+2.)0 '*4;

(−1)3 + 2(−1)2 − (−1) − 2 = −1 + 2 + 1 − 2 = 0.

<2,)2 +*0 +$ -+*%./) .+ .%3%.%- x3 + 2x2 − x − 2 +2,-+ x + 1 +* 0. 7)(#-)8:()*$)

/,%$%1'2.) .%3%*%92 *%2,:,% ';
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−1 −1 2
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<2 +=+ ,)0 +$ -+*%./) .+ $' .%3%*%92 +* 0!

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 !"#$%& ()*+ !"! #$ %&'&(&)* +( +,$ .$/


x3 + 2x2 − x − 2 = x2 + x − 2 (x + 1) .

0+"!( 12+ x + 1 +( 3$ .!4 %+ x3 + 2x2 − x − 25

,-#./01 2344
6"7#+$4 +# .+!4+"$ %+# 4+(&%2! 7$4$ %+.+4"&*$4 (& x − 1 +( 2* 3$ .!4 %+# 7!#&*!"&!
x3 + 2x2 − x − 2.

5106 ()*
3 2
x−1 +( 2* 3$ .!4 %+# 7!#&*!"&! x3 + 2x2 − x − 2 (& #$ %&'&(&)* x + 2x
x−1
−x−2
+( +,$ .$/
+( %+ &4/ (& +# 4+(&%2! %+ +(.$ %&'&(&)* +( 05
87#& $*%! +# .+!4+"$ %+# 4+(&%2!/ .+*+"!( 12+ %& 9! 4+(&%2! +( +# 4+(2#.$%! %+ 4++"7#$:$4 x
7!4 1 +* +# %&'&%+*%!;
13 + 2(1)2 − 1 − 2 = 1 + 2 − 1 − 2 = 0.
!"! (+ !<.2'! 4+(&%2! 0/ +*.!* +( x − 1 (= +( 2* 3$ .!4 %+ x3 + 2x2 − x − 25
,-#./01 2347
>$##$4 +# 4+(&%2! +* #$( (&?2&+*.+( %&'&(&!*+( @ !"74!<$4 +# 4+(2#.$%! 2($*%! %&'&(&)* (&*A
.B.& $;
x3 − 6x2 − x + 30
C5 x−3
5
x2 − 3x − 10
D5 x+2
5
5106 ()*
C5 6# 4+(&%2! +( 33 − 6 (3)2 − 3 + 30 = 27 − 54 − 3 + 30 = 05 !"74!<+"!( +# 4+(2#.$%!
2($*%! %&'&(&)* (&*.B.& $;
1 −6 −1 30 3
3 −9 −30
1 −3 −10 0
6* +3+ .!/ +# 4+(&%2! +( 05
D5 6# 4+(&%2! +( (−2)2 − 3 (−2) − 10 = 4 + 6 − 10 = 05 !"74!<+"!( +# 4+(2#.$%! 2($*%!
%&'&(&)* (&*.B.& $;
1 −3 −10 −2
−2 10
1 −5 0
6* +3+ .!/ +# 4+(&%2! +( 05
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x3 − 6x2 − x + 30 = x2 − 3x − 10 (x − 3) .

HI
 ! "# $%&%'%() '%)*+*% # !) -. *!)!/0'1
x2 − 3x − 10 = (x + 5) (x + 2) . 2-.-#3
40/0 !" 0 %!)*! !) 2-.5#3 !' !" $%&%$!)$0 !) 2-.-#31 6!!/7"#8#/0' 2-.-#3 !) 2-.5#3 9
0:*!)!/0';


x3 − 6x2 − x + 30 = x2 − 3x − 10 (x − 3)
= (x + 5) (x + 2) (x − 3) .

<:'!6&#/0' !) !'*! !=!/7"0 >?!1 !) #/:0' #'0'1 0:*?&%/0' 6!'%$?0 0 9 @# *06%8#/0'

!" 70"%)0/%0 x3 − 6x2 − x + 30 ?'#)$0 !" *!06!/# $!" 6!'%$?0 9 $%&%'%() '%)*+*% #.
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%8# %() $! #"D?)0' 70"%)0/%0'1 !) 7#6*% ?"#6 "0' $! D6#$0 *6!' 0 /E' >?! )0 B#9# '%$0 70'%:"!
@# *06%8#6"0' 706 "0' /+*0$0' #)*!6%06!'.

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40)'%$!6!/0' "# $%&%'%() $! ?) 70"%)0/%0 !) "# &#6%#:"! x !)*6! x−a1 0) a ?) )F/!60.
G!DF) !" *!06!/# $!" 6!'%$?01 '% '?'*%*?%/0' x 706 a !) $% B0 70"%)0/%01 0:*!)!/0' !" 6!'%$?0
$! "# $%&%'%().
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#'I;
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$!" 70"%)0/%0 x4 + x3 − 5x2 + x − 6;
5. x − 2.
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 !"# %&'
! "#$%&%#&'($ x )(* 2 +, +- )(-&,('&(. /$0.

24 + 23 − 5(2)2 + 2 − 6 = 16 + 8 − 20 + 2 − 6 = 0.

1#+2(. $+23, +- %+(*+'/ 4+- 5/ %(*. x − 2 +$ #, 5/ %(* 4+- )(-&,('&(!

7! 8('( x + 1 = x − (−1). $#$%&%#&'($ x )(* −1 +, +- )(-&,('&(. /$0.

(−1)4 + (−1)3 − 5(−1)2 + (−1) − 6 = 1 − 1 − 5 − 1 − 6 = −12.

8('( −12 6= 0 +,%(, +$ x + 1 ,( +$ 5/ %(* 4+- )(-&,('&(!

9! 8('( x + 3 = x − (−3). $#$%&%#&'($ x )(* −3 +, +- )(-&,('&(. /$0.

(−3)4 + (−3)3 − 5(−3)2 + (−3) − 6 = 81 − 27 − 45 − 3 − 6 = 0.

1#+2(. x + 3 +$ 5/ %(* 4+- )(-&,('&(!

(!)*+ 8('( x − 2 : x + 3 $(, 5/ %(*+$ 4+- )(-&,('&(. )(4+'($ /;*'/* <#+

x4 + x3 − 5x2 + x − 6 = (x − 2)(x + 3)q

4(,4+ q +$ #, &+*%( )(-&,('&(! =8>'( ?/--/* q @

x4 + x3 − 5x2 + x − 6 x4 + x3 − 5x2 + x − 6
q= = .
(x − 2) (x + 3) x2 + x − 6

"& *+/-&A/'($ +$%/ 4&B&$&>, (C%+,+'($ <#+.

q = x2 + 1,

: /$0 %+,+'($ -/ 5/ %(*&A/ &>, 4+- )(-&,('&(D

x4 + x3 − 5x2 + x − 6 = (x − 2)(x + 3)(x2 + 1).

E/'($ / /)-& /* +- %+(*+'/ 4+- 5/ %(* )/*/ 5/ %(*&A/* /-2#,($ )(-&,('&($! F/*/ +--( ,+ +G
$&%/'($ ,3'+*($ %/-+$ <#+ /- $#$%&%#&* -/ B/*&/C-+ )(* +--($ +, +- )(-&,('&( / 5/ %(*&A/*.
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!"#$%& '()*
@' 2).,('.7 /*'+3) #& 2#).#$' 3#& 0' 2).7 #& %)&,+)$,)

z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6.

+&%, ./0
=& )#A ,#+2# 3#& 24.$,+) 3# $'B). 9.'3) #* 1 B #& 24.$,+) ,+3#%#+3,#+2# #* −65
C)* 0' 2).#* 3#& 24.$,+) ,+3#%#+3,#+2# −6 *)+D ±1, ±2, ±3 B ±6.
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) 2#+#. /+) %'.' #& /'& #& .#*/&2'3) *#' #.)D
6, z = 1, 14 − 2 (1)3 − (1)2 − 4 (1) − 6 = −12 6= 0, #+2)+ #* z − 1 +) #* 0' 2). 3#
z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6.
6, z = −1, (−1)4 − 2 (−1)3 − (−1)2 − 4 (−1) − 6 = 0, &/#9) z − (−1) = z + 1 #* 0' 2).
3# z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6.
;,-,3,$)* z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6 #+2.# z + 1, /*'+3) 3,-,*,<+ *,+242, 'D

1 −2 −1 −4 −6 −1
−1 3 −2 6
1 −3 2 −6 0

C/#9)7

z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6 = z 3 − 3z 2 + 2z − 6 (z + 1) . EF5G'!

"#%,2'$)* #& %.) #*) '+2#.,). )+ #& ) ,#+2# z 3 − 3z 2 + 2z − 6.

C)* 0' 2).#* 3#& 24.$,+) ,+3#%#+3,#+2# −6 *)+D ±1, ±2, ±3 B ±6.
1 +) :' # 0 ' z 3 − 3z 2 + 2z − 67 B' H/# +) :' # 0 ' z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6.

IF
 !!"#$%&%"'( $'( ')*'( +% )'*!( -! −6 !. z3 − 3z2 + 2z − 6 /%()% '0)!.!* 1.' 21! $' /%3%
04
56 z = −1 7 (−1)3 − 3 (−1)2 + 2 (−1) − 6 = −12 6= 07 !.)'. !( z + 1 .' !( +% )'* -!
z 3 − 3z 2 + 2z − 68
56 z = 2, )!.!"'( 23 − 3 (2)2 + 2 (2) − 6 = −6 6= 0, $1!3'7 z − 2 .' !( +% )'*8
56 z = −2, )!.!"'( (−2)3 − 3 (−2)2 + 2 (−2) − 6 = −30 6= 0, $1!3'7 z + 2 .' !( +% )'*8
56 z = 3, )!.!"'( 33 − 3 (3)2 + 2 (3) − 6 = 0, $1!3'7 z − 3 !( +% )'* -! z3 − 3z2 + 2z − 68
96:6-6"'( z3 − 3z2 + 2z − 6 !.)*! z − 37 %(;7
1 −3 2 −6 3
3 0 6
1 0 2 0

<.)'. !(7
=>8?%@


z 3 − 3z 2 + 2z − 6 = z 2 + 2 (z − 3) .
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C'"' .6.31.' -! A()'( /% ! 0 % z2 + 27 !.)'. !( z2 + 2 .' !( +% )'*6&%0$! !. $'( !.)!*'(8
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G1.)' -! $'( .H"!*'( !.)!*'(4



z 4 − 2z 3 − z 2 − 4z − 6 = z 3 − 3z 2 + 2z − 6 (z + 1) = z 2 + 2 (z − 3) (z + 1) .

!"#$ C'"' z 2
+ 2 6= 0 #%*% 1%$216!* :%$'* -! z !. $'( *!%$!( !.)'. !(7 z2 + 2 .' !(
+% )'*6&%0$! !. $'( *!%$!(8
%&'()*! +,-.
I% )'*6&%*7 1(%.-' !$ )!'*!"% -!$ +% )'*7 !$ #'$6.'"6'
x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 6x − 4.

/!*0 234
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K'( +% )'*!( -!$ )A*"6.' 6.-!#!.-6!.)! ('. ±17 ±2 B ±48
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/%()% '0)!.!* 1.' #%*% !$ 1%$ !$ *!(1$)%-' (!% !*'4
• 56 x = 17 14 + 13 − 2(1)2 − 6(1) − 4 = −10 6= 07 !.)'. !( x − 1 .' !( +% )'* -!
x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 6x − 48
• 56 x = −17 (−1)4 + (−1)3 − 2(−1)2 − 6(−1) − 4 = 07 !.)'. !( x − (−1) = x + 1 !( +% )'*
-! x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 6x − 48
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 !"!#!$%& x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 6x − 4 '()*' x + 1+ ,&-(#% #!"!&!.( &!()/)! -1
1 1 −2 −6 −4 −1
−1 0 2 4
1 0 −2 −4 0

2,'3%+

x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 6x − 4 = x3 − 2x − 4 (x + 1) .

4'5')!$%& '6 5*% '&% -()'*!%* %( '6 5%6!(%$!% x3 − 2x − 41

2%& 7- )%*'& #'6 )/*$!(% !(#'5'(#!'()' −4 &%( ±1+ ±2 8 ±49
4''$56-:-$%& '( x3 − 2x − 4 6- "-*!-;6' x 5%* -#- 7- )%* #'6 )/*$!(% !(#'5'(#!'()' <-&)-
%;)'('* ,(% 5-*- '6 ,-6 '6 *'&,6)-#% &'- '*%1
• =%$% > (% <- ' 0 -6 5%6!(%$!% !(! !-6 x4 +x3 −2x2 −6x−4 )-$5% % <- ' 0 - x3 −2x−49
• ?! x = −1+ (−1)3 − 2(−1) − 4 = −3 6= 0+ '()%( '& x − (−1) = x + 1 (% '& 7- )%* #'
x3 − 2x − 49
• ?! x = 2+ 23 − 2(2) − 4 = 0+ '()%( '& x − 2 '& 7- )%* #' x3 − 2x − 49
!"!#!$%& x3 − 2x − 4 '()*' x − 2+ ,&-(#% #!"!&!.( &!()/)! -1
1 0 −2 −4 2
2 4 4
1 2 2 0

2,'3%+ x3 − 2x − 4 = (x2 + 2x + 2) (x − 2) .
4'5')!$%& (,'"-$'()' '6 5*% '&% -()'*!%* %( '6 5%6!(%$!% x2 + 2x + 21
2%& 7- )%*'& #'6 )/*$!(% !(#'5'(#!'()' 2 &%( ±1+ ±29 4''$56- '$%& x 5%* -#- ,(% #' '&)%&
7- )%*'& <-&)- %;)'('* ,(% 5-*- '6 ,-6 '6 *'&,6)-#% &'- '*%1
• =%$% )%#%& 6%& )/*$!(%& #'6 )*!(%$!% x2 + 2x + 2 )!'('( &!3(% ++ #'& -*)-$%& 6%&
7- )%*'& 5%&!)!"%& #' 29
• ?! x = −1+ (−1)2 + 2(−1) + 2 = 1 6= 0+ '()%( '& x − (−1) = x + 1 (% '& 7- )%* #'
x2 + 2x + 29
• ?! x = −2+ (−2)2 + 2(−2) + 2 = 2 6= 0+ '()%( '& x − (−2) = x + 2 (% '& 7- )%* #'
x2 + 2x + 29
2,'3%+ (% <-8 ,( 5%6!(%$!% #' 6- 7%*$- x − a+ %( a '()'*%+ @,' &'- ,( 7- )%* #' x2 + 2x + 29
A&)% '&+ x2 +2x+2 (% '& 7- )%*!:-;6' '( 6%& '()'*%&9 BC& -#'6-()' $%&)*-*'$%& @,' )-$5% %
6% '& '( 6%& *'-6'&9 2,'3%+ x2 + 2x + 2 '& ,( 5%6!(%$!% 5*!$% '( 6%& '()'*%& 8 )-$;!/( '( 6%&
*'-6'&9
D;&'*"'$%& -#'$C& @,' &! !()'()-$%& 7- )%*!:-* x2 + 2x + 2 %$% ,( )*!(%$!% #' 6- 7%*$-
x2 + bx + c+ (% '& 5%&!;6' <-66-* #%& (E$'*%& ,8% 5*%#, )% &'- 2 8 &, &,$- 29

FG
 !" #! $%&$!' #% (% $!"*+% *,& -& #!. -&$-"!. !/$-&*0% 1%"% -# 1!#*&!2*! 0%0! -.3


x4 + x3 − 2x2 − 6x − 4 = (x + 1) (x − 2) x2 + 2x + 2 .

4*&%#2-&$-' 1"-.-&$%"-2!. 5&% .-#- *,& 0- -6-" * *!. 0- (% $!"*+% *,& 0- 1!#*&!2*!.' %1#*7
%&0! $!0!. #!. $-2%. 8*.$!.' 1"-$-&0*-&0! !& -##! 95- -# -.$50*%&$- %095*-"% 0-.$"-+% 1%"%
-&("-&$%" -.$- $*1! 0- -6-" * *!.:

!"# $%&' ) )*+

;#<5&%. "- !2-&0% *!&-. 1%"% (% $!"*+%" 5& 1!#*&!2*!' $-&*-&0! -& 5-&$% #!. $-2%. 0-
(% $!"*+% *,& -.$50*%0!.' .!&3
• "*2-"! !/.-"8%2!. .* $!0!. #!. $="2*&!. $*-&-& 5& (% $!" !2>&: ?& %.! %@"2%$*8!'
.% %2!. -# 2%A!" (% $!" !2>& 0- #!. !-@ *-&$-. A -# (% $!" !2>& 0- 2%A!" <"%0! 0-
#% 1%"$- #*$-"%#: B-8*.%2!. -# .-<5&0! (% $!" !/$-&*0! 1%"% 8-" .* 15-0- (% $!"*+%".-
0- &5-8!:
• C* #!. $="2*&!. 0-# 1!#*&!2*! 0%0! &! $*-&-& 5& (% $!" !2>&' 0-/-2!. $-&-" -& 5-&$%
#! .*<5*-&$-3
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C* -. #% 0*(-"-& *% 0- 0!. 5%0"%0!. 1-"(- $!.' #! (% $!"*+%2!. "- !"0%&0! 95-
a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b).

C* -. #% .52% 0- 0!. 5%0"%0!. 1-"(- $!.' -& %#<5&!. %.!.' #% 1!0-2!. !&8-"$*"
-& 5& $"*&!2*! 5%0"%0! 1-"(- $! 1%"% (% $!"*+%"#%:
C* -. #% .52% ! #% 0*(-"-& *% 0- 0!. 5/!. 1-"(- $!.' #! (% $!"*+%2!. "- !"0%&0!
95-


a3 + b3 = (a + b) a2 − ab + b2


a3 − b3 = (a − b) a2 + ab + b2

D5%&0! -# 1!#*&!2*! 0%0! -. 5& $"*&!2*!3

C* -. 5& $"*&!2*! 5%0"%0! 1-"(- $!' #! (% $!"*+%2!. "- !"0%&0! 95-
a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a ± b)2 .

C* &! -. 5& $"*&!2*! 5%0"%0! 1-"(- $!' %&%#*+%2!. .* -. 1!.*/#- !&8-"$*"#! -& 5&
$"*&!2*! 5%0"%0! 1-"(- $!:
C* -. 5& $"*&!2*! 0- #% (!"2% x2 + bx + c' 8-2!. .* -. 1!.*/#- E%##%" 0!. &>2-"!.
p A q $%#-. 95- .5 1"!05 $! .-% c A .5 .52% .-% b A %.F

x2 + bx + c = x + p)(x + q).

GH
 ! "# $% &'!%()!( *" +, -('), ax2 + bx + c. (% a 6= 1. 0")(# #! "# 1(#!2+" 3,++,'
$,&'( %4)"'(# p. q . r 5 s &,+"# 6$" "+ 1'(*$ &( *" p 5 q #", !7$,+ , a. "+ 1'(*$ &(
*" r 5 s #", !7$,+ , c 5 ps + rq #", !7$,+ , b 5 ,#8

ax2 + bx + c = (px + r) (qx + s) .

9$,%*( "+ 1(+!%()!( , -, &('!:,' &!"%" &'"# ( );# &<')!%(# 5 %( "# 1(#!2+" -, &('=
!:,'+( &"%!"%*( "% $"%&, +,# '" ()"%*, !(%"# ,%&"'!('"#. 1'( "*")(# ,#8>
?"2")(# ,%,+!:,' +(# &<')!%(# 5 &',&,' *" !"#$%!#&'( !)* $!)!,*-.* 1,',
(2&"%"'. "% ,+7$%(# ,#(#. $% -, &(' ()4%. $%, *!-"'"% !, *" $,*',*(# ( $%,
#$), ( *!-"'"% !, *" $2(#@
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#"' "+ $2( *" $% 2!%()!( 5 "% ,#( ,A'),&!0( +( -, &('!:,)(# '" ('*,%*( 6$"

a3 ± 3a2 b + 3ab2 ± b3 = (a ± b)3 .

! "+ 1(+!%()!( "# *" 7',*( &'"# ( );# 5 "+ ("A !"%&" *"+ &<')!%( *" ),5(' 7',*(
"# 1. 0")(# #! "# 1(#!2+" -, &('!:,'+( $&!+!:,%*( "+ &"('"), *"+ -, &('. ,%,+!:,%*(
+(# -, &('"# *" #$ &<')!%( !%*"1"%*!"%&" 1,', 0"' #! ,+ #$#&!&$!' +, 0,'!,2+" 1('
"++(# #" (2&!"%" "'(@
/0*,%&' 1234
B, &('!:,'>
C@ 3x3 − 15x2 + 9x.
D@ 4x5 − 12x4 − 16x3 + 48x2 @
E@ 64x8 + y 8@
F@ (y − 1)2 (y + 2) − (y − 1) (y + 2)2 @
G@ x3 − 39x + 70@
H@ 12d2 − 31dh + 9h2 .
2 b2
I@ 1 + b + @
3 9
J@ 27a15 b12 + 216.
K@ x17 − x.
CL@ 3x2 − 31x + 56.
5'&$ 67-
C@ M+ ),5(' -, &(' ()4% *" +(# ("A !"%&"# 3. −15 5 9 "# 3. 5 x "# "+ 4%! ( -, &(' ()4%
+!&"',+@ N"%")(# ,#8.

3x3 − 15x2 + 9x = 3x(x2 − 5x + 3).

JH
 ! "#!$%#&$# '%()' "*)+%(',$, ', -' !* .#)&* x2 + bx + c. /! ()*(*) -' .* (#)$1*)!#
2'&#, 34' %# ', "#,$5!' 6*!!*) -#, %7&')#, '%(')#, 48# ")#-4 (# ,'* 3 8 ,4 ,4&* −59
:4';#< x2 − 5x + 3 %# ', .* (#)$1*5!' '% !#, '%(')#,9
=9 >#&# 4 ', '! &*8#) .* (#) #&7% -' !#, #'? '%(', 8 x2 ', '! 7%$ # .* (#) #&7% !$(')*!
'%(#% ',

4x5 − 12x4 − 16x3 + 48x2 = 4x2 x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 12 .
@$ '% '! "#!$%#&$# '%()' "*)+%(',$, *;)4"*&#, !#, -#, ")$&')#, (+)&$%#, 8 !#, -#,
7!($&#, #5('%'&#,A


x3 − 3x2 − 4x + 12 = x3 − 3x2 − (4x − 12)
= x2 (x − 3) − 4 (x − 3) ! #$% $&'( )( !*! +!%,(#)-.-


= (x − 3) x2 − 4 ! #$% $&'( x − 3
= (x − 3) (x + 2) (x − 2) ! #$%./!&$- 0! *.1)%)( .! *) 2!*%!*$-3
:4';#<
4x5 − 12x4 − 16x3 + 48x2 = 4x2 (x − 3) (x + 2) (x − 2) .

B9 >#&# 64x8 + y 8 = (8x4)2 + (y 4)2 ', 4%* ,4&* -' 4*-)*-#,< "#-'&#, #&"!'(*) 4%
()$%#&$# 4*-)*-# "').' (# ,4&*%-# 4% (+)&$%# $;4*! * 2(8x4 )(y 4) = 16x4y 4< 8 "*)*
34' '! "#!$%#&$# -*-# %# 2*)C' )',(*&#, ',' &$,&# (+)&$%#9
64x8 + y 8 = 64x8 + y 8 + 16x4 y 4 − 16x4 y 4 42&!&$- 5 %)-#!&$- 16x4 y 4 :4';#<
= (64x8 + 16x4 y 4 + y 8 ) − 16x4 y 4 67%2+!&$- 5 $%*)(!&$- 0$-
+%.&)%$- 8 #,%&.($-

2
= (8x4 + y 4 )2 − 4x2 y 2 ! #$%./!&$- )0 #%.($&.$
= [(8x4 + y 4 ) + 4x2 y 2][(8x4 + y 4 ) − 4x2 y 2 ] ! #$%./!&$- 0! *.1)%)( .!
*) 2!*%!*$-
= (8x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4)(8x4 − 4x2 y 2 + y 4) 9%*)(!&$- !*! 1! #$%
%)-+) #$ ! 0! 0)#%! x.
64x8 + y 8 = (8x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4 )(8x4 − 4x2 y 2 + y 4).

D9 >#&# (y − 1) (y + 2) ', '! .* (#) #&7% -' &*8#) ;)*-# '%(#% ',
(y − 1)2 (y + 2) − (y − 1) (y + 2)2 = (y − 1) (y + 2) [(y − 1) − (y + 2)]
= (y − 1) (y + 2) (−3)
= −3 (y − 1) (y + 2) .
:4';#<
(y − 1)2 (y + 2) − (y − 1) (y + 2)2 = −3 (y − 1) (y + 2) .

E9 F5,')2'&#, 34' x3 − 39x + 70 ', 4% ()$%#&$# 34' %# ($'%' 4% .* (#) #&7% 8 "*)* '!
4*! !* &*8#) "#('% $* -' x %# ', "*)9 G#) (*%(#< %# "4'-' .* (#)$1*),' "#) %$%;4%# -'
!#, *,#, 34' 6* '% )'.')'% $* * ()$%#&$#,9 >#&# '! #'? $'%(' -' !* &*8#) "#('% $*
-' !* 2*)$*5!' ', 1< 4($!$ '&#, '! ('#)'&* -'! .* (#) "*)* ()*(*) -' .* (#)$1*)!#9
HI
 ! #$%!&#' ()! !* )* +#,-*#&-# #* #!. -!*/!' !*/!$#' 0 #* 1 #&# #!. -!*/! %!,
/1$&-*# %! &20#$ 3$2%#4 ')' +#'-5,!' 62 /#$!' %! ,2 6#$&2 x − a +)!%!* '!$ '#,2&!*/!
2()!,,#' +2$2 ,#' )2,!' a !' )* 62 /#$ %!, /1$&-*# -*%!+!*%-!*/!7
8#' 62 /#$!' %!, /1$&-*# -*%!+!*%-!*/!4 704 '#*9 ±14 ±24 ±54 ±7 0 ±707
!!&+,2:2&#' !* !, +#,-*#&-# %2%# ,2 ;2$-25,! x +#$ 2%2 62 /#$ %!, /1$&-*# -*%!+!*<
%-!*/! =2'/2 #5/!*!$ )*# +2$2 !, )2, !, $!'),/2%# '!2 !$#9
• >- x = 14 13 − 39(1) + 70 = 32 6= 04 !*/#* !' x − 1 *# !' 62 /#$ %! x3 − 39x + 707
• >- x = −14 (−1)3 − 39(−1) + 70 = 108 6= 04 !*/#* !' x − (−1) = x + 1 *# !' 62 /#$
%! x3 − 39x + 707
• >- x = 24 23 − 39(2) + 70 = 04 !*/#* !' x − 2 !' 62 /#$ %! x3 − 39x + 707
?-;-%-&#' x3 − 39x + 70 !*/$! x − 24 )'2*%# %-;-'-@* '-*/1/- 24 +2$2 =2,,2$ !, '!3)*%#
62 /#$9
1 0 −39 70 2
2 4 −70
1 2 −35 0

8)!3#4

x3 − 39x + 70 = x2 + 2x − 35 (x − 2) .

A#%!&#' $!+!/-$ !, +$# !'# 2*/!$-#$ #* !, # -!*/! x2 + 2x − 357 A!$# #5'!$;!&#' ()!
1'/! !' )* /$-*#&-# %! ,2 6#$&2 x2 + bx + c 0 7 0 −5 '#* %#' *B&!$#' )0# +$#%) /#
!' −35 0 ') ')&2 !' 27 C'D4 x2 + 2x − 35 = (x + 7) (x − 5) 0 +#$ ,# /2*/#4
x3 − 39x + 70 = (x − 2) (x + 7) (x − 5) .

E7 12d2 − 31dh + 9h2 !' )* /$-*#&-# %! ,2 6#$&2 ax2 + bx + c4 #* a = 124 b = −31h 0

c = 9h2 7 F#&# 3 0 4 '#* %#' *B&!$#' )0# +$#%) /# !' 124 −9 0 −1 '#* %#' *B&!$#'
)0# +$#%) /# !' 9 0 #&# −31 = 3(−9) + 4(−1) !*/#* !'4
12d2 − 31dh + 9h2 = (3d − h)(4d − 9h).

2 b2
G7 1+ b+
3 9
!' )* /$-*#&-# )2%$2%# +!$6! /# +#$()!
 2  
b2 b 2 b
1=1 2
,
9
=
3
0 3
b = 2(1)
3
.

8)!3#4  2
2 b2 1
1+ b+ = 1+ b .
3 9 3

H7 27a15 b12 + 216 = (3a5 b4 )3 + 63 !' )*2 ')&2 %! )5#' 0 +#$ /2*/#4
27a15 b12 + 216 = (3a5 b4 + 6)(9a10 b8 − 18a5 b4 + 36).

HH
 ! x17 − x = x(x16 − 1) ! !#$% &! '$( $#)* x
= x(x8 + 1)(x8 − 1) +! '$(,-!#$% .! /,&0(0* ,!
/0 1!/(!/$%
= x(x8 + 1)(x4 + 1)(x4 − 1) +! '$(,-!#$% .! /,&0(0* ,!
/0 1!/(!/$%
= x(x8 + 1)(x4 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x2 − 1) +! '$(,-!#$% .! /,&0(0* ,!
/0 1!/(!/$%
= x(x8 + 1)(x4 + 1)(x2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1) +! '$(,-!#$% .! /,&0(0* ,!
/0 1!/(!/$%2
"#! 3x2 − 31x + 56 $% &' ()*'+,*+ -$ ./ 0+),/ ax2 + bx + c +' a = 32 b = −31 3 c = 56!
4+,+ 3 3 1 %+' -+% '5,$)+% &3+ 6)+-& (+ $% 32 −7 3 −8 %+' -+% '5,$)+% &3+
6)+-& (+ $% 56 3 −31 = 3(−8) + 1(−7) $'(+' $%2
3x2 − 31x + 56 = (3x − 7)(x − 8).
!"#$%& '()*
7/ (+)*8/)9
"! 4x2 − 12ax − z 2 − c2 − 2cz + 9a2 !
:! x6 − y 6 !
;! x7 + x4 − 16x3 − 16.
<! y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6!
=! y 4 + 7y 2 + 12.
>! s2 t2 − 2st3 − 63t4 .
?! 125x3 − 525x2 y + 735xy 2 − 343y 3.
@! 25 (x + 1)2 − 30 (x + 1) + 9!
! 4x4 + 9y 4 − 93x2 y 2!
"#! 90x2 y − 108x4 y 4 z 2 − 162x3 y 2z 2 !
+&%, ./0
"! AB%$)C/'-+ $. 6+.*'+,*+ 4x2 − 12ax − z 2 − c2 − 2cz + 9a2 C$,+% D&$ %* /E)&6/,+% .+%
(F),*'+% D&$ (*$'$' ./% .$()/% x G a2 F%(+% 0+),/' &' ()*'+,*+ &/-)/-+ 6$)0$ (+! H+
,*%,+ %& $-$ %* /E)&6/,+%2 $' &' 6/)F'($%*% 6)$ $-*-+ -$ %*E'+ ,$'+%2 .+% (F),*'+%
D&$ (*$'$' ./% .$()/% z G c! I%J2
4x2 − 12ax − z 2 − c2 − 2cz + 9a2



= 4x2 − 12ax + 9a2 − z 2 + 2cz + c2 3(/0*!#$% 4 !5(16!#$% '7(#,*$%
= (2x − 3a)2 − (z + c)2 +! '$(,-!#$% .$% '(,*$#,$%
= [(2x − 3a) + (z + c)] [(2x − 3a) − (z + c)] +! '$(,-!#$% .! /,&0(0* ,!
/0 1!/(!/$%
= (2x − 3a + z + c) (2x − 3a − z − c) .

@
 ! "#$# 6 %& '()(&(*+% ,#- 2 . ,#- 3/ %&0% %1%- ( (# &% ,3%'% %$,%45- 5 -%&#+)%- #$#
365 '(7%-%6 (5 '% 35'-5'#& # 365 '(7%-%6 (5 '% 3*#&! 8( %9,-%&5$#& x6 = (x3 )2 .
y 6 = (y 3 )2 0%6%$#& :3% x6 − y 6 = (x3 )2 − (y 3 )2 %& 365 '(7%-%6 (5 '% 35'-5'#&! 8(
%9,-%&5$#& x6 = (x2 )3 . y 6 = (y 2)3 0%6%$#& :3% x6 − y 6 = (x2 )3 − (y 2)3 %& 365
'(7%-%6 (5 '% 3*#&! ;#- 35+%&:3(%-5 '% +5& '#& 7#-$5& '% %9,-%&(<6/ %+ -%&3+05'# =65+
'%*% &%- (>35+! ?5$#& 5 0-5*515-+# #$# '(7%-%6 (5 '% 35'-5'#&!
x6 − y 6 = (x3 )2 − (y 3 )2 !"#$#% !' (# )'($'(*+
= (x3 + y 3 )(x3 − y 3 ) ,' -*$!.'/*+ 0' (!"#$#% !'
(# )'($'(*+
= (x + y)(x2 − xy + y 2 )(x − y)(x2 + xy + y 2) ,' -*$!.'/*+ +)/'
1 (!"#$#% !' (# )2*+3
@5 %- %+ %1%- ( (# %9,-%&56'# %+ ,#+(6#$(# (6( (5+ #$# 365 '(7%-%6 (5 '% 3*#&!

A! x7 + x4 − 16x3 − 16 = (x7 + x4 ) + (−16x3 − 16)

= x4 (x3 + 1) − 16(x3 + 1)
= (x3 + 1)(x4 − 16)
= (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)(x2 + 4)(x2 − 4)
= (x + 1)(x2 − x + 1)(x2 + 4)(x + 2)(x − 2).
B! C*&%-)%$#& :3% y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 %& 36 ,#+(6#$(# #6 350-# 0D-$(6#& :3% 6# 3$,+%
+5& #6'( (#6%& ,5-5 &%- %+ 3*# '% 36 *(6#$(#! E'%$F& 6# %& ,#&(*+% 5>-3,5- &3&
0D-$(6#& '% 05+ $56%-5 :3% &% #*0%6>5 36 75 0#- #$G6! ;%-#/ y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 %&
36 ,#+(6#$(# '% >-5'# 5 #6 %+ #%= (%60% '%+ 0D-$(6# '% $5.#- >-5'# (>35+ 5 1 . 3.#
0D-$(6# (6'%,%6'(%60% %& −6! H0(+( %$#& %+ 0%#-%$5 '%+ 75 0#- ,5-5 75 0#-(45-+#I
J#& 75 0#-%& '%+ 0D-$(6# (6'%,%6'(%60% −6 &#6 ±1/ ±2/ ±3 . ±6.
K%%$,+545$#& +#& 75 0#-%& '% −6 %6 y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 L5&05 #*0%6%- 36# :3% +# L5>5
%-#I
• 8( y = 1/ 15 − 2(1)2 − 9(1) − 6 = −16 6= 0/ %60#6 %& y − 1 6# %& 75 0#- '%
y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6!
• 8( y = −1/ (−1)5 − 2(−1)2 − 9(−1) − 6 = 0/ %60#6 %& y − (−1) = y + 1 %& 75 0#-
'% y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6!
M()('($#& y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 %60-% y + 1/ 3&56'# '()(&(<6 &(60D0( 5/ ,5-5 L5++5- %+ &%>36'#
75 0#-I

1 0 0 −2 −9 −6 −1
−1 1 −1 3 6
1 −1 1 −3 −6 0

J3%>#/

y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 = y 4 − y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6 (y + 1) .

NO
 !"!#$%&' !( ")& !'& +,#!)$&) &, !( "&($,&%$& & $!,#! y 4 − y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6-
.&' /+ #&)!' 0!( #1)%$,& $,0!"!,0$!,#! −6 '&, ±12 ±22 ±3 3 ±6.
!!%"(+4+%&' (&' /+ #&)!' 0! −6 !, y 4 − y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6 5+'#+ &6#!,!) 7,& 87! (&
5+9+ !)&-
• :&%& ; ,& 5+ ! 0 +( "&($,&%$& $,$ $+( y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 #+%"& & 5+ ! 0 + y 4 −
y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6<
• =$ y = −12 (−1)4 − (−1)3 + (−1)2 − 3(−1) − 6 = 02 !,#&, !' y − (−1) = y + 1 !'
/+ #&) 0! y 4 − y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6<
>$?$0$%&' y 4 − y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6 !,#)! y + 12 7'+,0& 0$?$'$@, '$,#1#$ +-
1 −1 1 −3 −6 −1
−1 2 −3 6
1 −2 3 −6 0

.7!9&2 y 4 − y 3 + y 2 − 3y − 6 = (y 3 − 2y 2 + 3y − 6) (y + 1)<
!"!#$%&' 0! ,7!?& !( ")& !'& "+)+ /+ #&)$4+) + y 3 − 2y 2 + 3y − 6< A!)&2 '$ &6'!)?+%&'
!'#! "&($,&%$& ?!%&' 87! +9)7"+,0& (&' 0&' ")$%!)&' #1)%$,&' 3 (&' 0&' B(#$%&' '!
&6#$!,! 7, /+ #&) &%B, y − 22 +'C2



y 3 − 2y 2 + 3y − 6 = y 3 − 2y 2 + (3y − 6) = y 2 (y − 2) + 3 (y − 2) = (y − 2) y 2 + 3 .

:&%& y 2 + 3 6= 0 "+)+ 7+(87$!) ?+(&) 0! y !, (&' )!+(!'2 "&)87! y 2 + 3 !' '$!%")! 7,

,B%!)& "&'$#$?&2 !,#&, !' y 2 + 3 ,& !' /+ #&)$4+6(! !, (&' )!+(!'<
.7!9&2 (+ /+ #&)$4+ $@, !, (&' !,#!)&' 0!( "&($,&%$& y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 !'-



y 5 − 2y 2 − 9y − 6 = (y + 1) (y + 1) (y − 2) y 2 + 3 = (y + 1)2 (y − 2) y 2 + 3 .

D< :&%& y 4 + 7y 2 + 12 = (y 2)2 + 7 (y 2) + 122 !' 7, #)$,&%$& 0! (+ /&)%+ x2 + bx + c &,

y 2 !, (79+) 0! x2 0!6!%&' 5+((+) 0&' ,B%!)&' 73& ")&07 #& '!+ 12 3 '7 '7%+ '!+ 7<
E'#&' ,B%!)&' '&, 4 3 3< .7!9&2

2

y 4 + 7y 2 + 12 = y 2 + 7 y 2 + 12 = (y 2 + 4)(y 2 + 3).

F< E( /+ #&) &%B, ($#!)+( 0! %+3&) 9)+0& !' t2 < A&) #+,#&2
s2 t2 − 2st3 − 63t4 = t2 (s2 − 2st − 63t2 ).

E( "&($,&%$& !,#)! "+)1,#!'$' !' 0! (+ /&)%+ s2 + bs + c &, b = −2t 3 c = −63t2< :&%&

−9 3 7 '&, 0&' ,B%!)&' 73& ")&07 #& !' −63 3 '7 '7%+ −2 !,#&, !' s2 − 2st − 63t2 =
(s − 9t)(s + 7t). .7!9&2

s2 t2 − 2st3 − 63t4 = t2 (s − 9t)(s + 7t).

G;
 ! "#$%&' '( #')# *&+(,&%(& .%*+# +$' &,/( (&,#' *$0$ '#0 #+ .1& /# ., 1(,&%(&2 )(#,#
.$)0& )30%(,&' &, '(4,&' $+)#0,$/$%#,)# *&'()(5&' 6 ,#4$)(5&'7 125x3 #' ., .1&
*#08# )& *&09.# 125x3 = (5x)3 , 343y 3 #' ., .1& *#08# )& *&09.# 343y 3 = (7y)37
3(5x)2 (7y) = 525x2 y #' #+ '#4.,/& )30%(,& 6 3(5x)(7y)2 = 735xy 2 #' #+ )#0 #0 )30%(,&!
:# .%*+#, +$' &,/( (&,#' 6 *&0 )$,)&7

125x3 − 525x2 y + 735xy 2 − 343y 3 = (5x − 7y)3 .

2 2 2
;! <&%& 25 (x + 1) = [5(x + 1)] 7 9 = 32 6 30 (x + 1) = 2 [5(x + 1)] (3) #,)&, #' 25 (x + 1) −
30 (x + 1) + 9 #' ., )0(,&%(& .$/0$/& *#08# )&! =.#4&7

25 (x + 1)2 − 30 (x + 1) + 9 = [5(x + 1) − 3])2 = (5x + 2)2 .

>! 4x4 + 9y 4 − 93x2 y 2 = 4x4 − 93x2 y 2 + 9y 4 ,& #' ., )0(,&%(& .$/0$/& *#08# )& *&09.#
2 2
4x4 = (2x2 ) 7 9y 4 = (3y 2 ) 6 2(2x2 )(3y 2) = 12x2 y 2 6= 93x2 y 2.
:# )#,/0?$ ., )0(,&%(& .$/0$/& *#08# )& '( #+ '#4.,/& )30%(,& 8.#0$ −12x2 y 2 6 .,$
%$,#0$ /# &1)#,#0+& #' /#' &%*&,#0 −93x2 y 2 &%& −12x2 y 2 − 81x2 y 2! @'?7

4x4 + 9y 4 − 93x2 y 2
= 4x4 + 9y 4 − 12x2 y 2 − 81x2 y 2 !" $%&$'!%$" − 93x2y 2
(!$)*+',-+%$" . +*)/&+%$" 01)%,'$"


= 4x4 − 12x2 y 2 + 9y 4 − 81x2 y 2
2+ 0$),-+%$" !3 0),'$%,$

2
= 2x2 − 3y 2 − (9xy)2
2+ 0$),-+%$" 3+ 4,5!)!' ,+ 4! /+4)+4$"



= 2x2 − 3y 2 + 9xy 2x2 − 3y 2 − 9xy
6)4!'+%$" +4+ 5+ 0$) )!"&! 0$



= 2x2 + 9xy − 3y 2 2x2 − 9xy − 3y 2
+ 3+ 3!0)+ x.
@'?7


4x4 + 9y 4 − 93x2 y 2 = 2x2 + 9xy − 3y 2 2x2 − 9xy − 3y 2 .

AB! C, 90x2 y − 108x4 y 4 z 2 − 162x3 y 2z 2 #+ 8$ )&0 &%D, +()#0$+ /# %$6&0 40$/& #' x2 y !
E$++#%&' #+ %$6&0 8$ )&0 &%D, /# +&' &#F (#,)#' /#' &%*&,(#,/& 907 108 6 162 #,
'.' 8$ )&0#' *0(%&'2
90 2 108 2 162 2
45 3 54 2 81 3
15 3 27 3 27 3
5 G 9 H 9 3
1 3 H 3 3
1 1
<&%& 90 = 2 · 32 · 57 108 = 22 · 33 6 162 = 2 · 34 #,)&, #' #+ %$6&0 8$ )&0 &%D, /# +&'
&#F (#,)#' #' 2 · 32 = 18! =.#4&7


90x2 y − 108x4 y 4z 2 − 162x3 y 2 z 2 = 18x2 y 5 − 6x2 y 3 z 2 − 9xyz 2 .

>I
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!PQ@>

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1, F&#GHI/33;< !PP!>

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7.3 '3!< L'/("# +*/ /=( 1MN!-$!(;< ?@@Q>

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!@℄ U:''&-31 7& #$:31* 9&':3>

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