Copyright © Systems Department, FEE, UiTM Shah Alam

CHAPTER 4: FOURIER TRANSFORM

4.1 Simple Fourier Transform

Definition of Fourier Transform:

∞
ℑ{f(t)} = F(j ω) = ∫
−∞
f(t)e-jωtdt

Usually F(jω) is denoted by F(ω).

Inverse Fourier Transform of F(ω):
∞
1
∫ F(ω)ejωtdω
-1
ℑ {F(ω)} = f(t) or f(t) =
2π −∞

F(ω) is in general complex function:

F(ω) = R(ω) + jX(ω) = |F(ω)|ejφ(ω)
where |F(ω)| - magnitude spectrum of f(t)
φ(ω) - phase spectrum of f(t)

Example 4.1
Find the Fourier Transform of f(t) defined by f(t) = e-αtu(t).
Solution
∞ ∞ ∞

∫ ∫ ∫
-jωt -at -jωt
F(ω) = f(t)e dt = e e dt = e-(a+jω)tdt
−∞ 0 0

∞
e − (α + jω )t 1 1 ω 
= = where F (ω ) = , φ (ω ) = − tan −1  
− (α + jω ) 0 α + jω 2
α +ω 2
α 

|F(ω)| φ(ω)
1
α
 90o

 - 90o
ω
Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

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Example 4.2
f(t)
1 ; t < T 2
Pulse function: f (t ) = 
0 ; t > T 2
t
-T/2 T/2
0
Solution
T T
∞
e − jωt
2 2

∫ f (t ) e ∫1⋅ e
− jωt − jωt
F(ω) = dt = dt =
−∞ −T 2
− jω −T 2

T sin ω T 2
= −
jω
e [
1 − jω T 2
− e jω 2 =
T

jω
e ]
1 jω T 2 T
[
− e − jω 2 =
ω 2
T
. Given
sin x
x
]
= sinc x

= Tsinc(ω T 2 )

4.2 Properties Of Fourier Transform

1) Linearity af1 (t ) + bf 2 (t ) ↔ aF1 (ω ) + bF2 (ω )

The Fourier transform is a linear operation. That is, if

f1(t) ↔ F1(ω)
f2(t) ↔ F2(ω)
then ℑ{af1 (t ) + bf 2 (t )} = aF1 (ω ) + bF2 (ω )
Proof:
∞ ∞ ∞
ℑ{af1 (t ) + bf 2 (t )} = ∫ [af1 (t ) + bf 2 (t )]e dt = a ∫ f 1 (t )e − jωt dt + b ∫ f 2 (t )e − jωt dt
− jωt

−∞ −∞ −∞

= aF1 (ω ) + bF2 (ω )

2) Symmetry (Duality) F (t ) ↔ 2πf ( −ω )

One of the features of the Fourier transform equation is their symmetry in the
variables t and ω. If
f(t) ↔ F(ω)
then F(t) ↔ 2πf(-ω)
Proof:
Inverse Fourier Transform,
∞
1
∫ F (ω )e
j ωt
f (t ) = dω
2π −∞

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∫ F (ω )e
jωt
2πf (t ) = dω
−∞

∫ F (ω )e
− jωt
2πf (−t ) = dω
−∞

Change ω → t and t → ω,
∞

∫ F (t )e
− jωt
2πf (−ω ) = dt
−∞

2πf ( −ω ) = ℑ{F (t )}

3) Time shifting f (t ± t 0 ) ↔ F (ω ) ⋅ e ± jωt0

Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞
ℑ{ f (t − t 0 )} = ∫ f (t − t
−∞
0 )e − jωt dt

Let λ = t – t0 => t = λ + t0 => dλ = dt

∞ ∞
∴ ℑ{ f (t − t 0 )} = ∫ f ( λ ) e − j ω ( λ + t 0 ) dλ = ∫ f (λ ) e e − jωt0 dλ
− jωλ

−∞ −∞

∞
= e − jωt0 ∫ f (λ )e dλ = e − jωt0 F (ω )
− jωλ

−∞

± jω t
4) Frequency shifting e 0 ⋅ f (t ) ↔ F (ω m ω 0 )
Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞ ∞
{
ℑ e jω 0t ⋅ f (t ) = } ∫e jω 0t
⋅ f (t ) ⋅ e − jωt dt = ∫ f (t ) ⋅ e
− ( jω −ω 0 ) t
dt = F (ω − ω 0 )
−∞ −∞

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1 ω 
5) Scaling f (at ) ↔ F 
a a
Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞
ℑ{ f (at )} = ∫ f (at )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

Let λ = at => t = λ/a => dλ = adt

∞ λ ∞ ω
− jω ( ) 1 1 − j ( )λ 1 ω 
ℑ{ f (at )} = ∫
−∞
f (λ )e a
a
dλ = ∫ f ( λ ) e a dλ = F  
a −∞ a a

df (t )
6) Differentiation ↔ jωF (ω )
dt
Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞
 df (t )  df (t ) − jωt
ℑ = ∫ e dt
 dt  −∞ dt
Let u = e-jωt => du = -jω.e-jωtdt
dv df (t )
v = f(t) => =
dt dt
∞
 df (t )  ∞
∫ f (t )(− jω ⋅ e
− jωt − jωt
ℑ  = f (t ) ⋅ e − )dt
 dt  −∞
−∞

∞
= 0 + jω ∫ f (t )e − jωt dt = jωF (ω )
−∞

dF (ω )
7) Multiplication by t t ⋅ f (t ) ↔ j
dω
Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞
dF (ω )
= (− jt ) ∫ f (t )e − jωt dt
dω −∞

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∞
1 dF (ω )
= (t ) ∫ f (t )e − jωt dt = t ⋅ F (ω )
− j dω −∞

dF (ω )
therefore, ℑ{t ⋅ f (t )} = j
dω

t
1
8) Integration ∫ f ( λ ) dλ ↔
−∞
jω
F (ω )

Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

t  ∞ t 
ℑ ∫ f (λ )dλ  = ∫  ∫ f (λ )dλ  e − jωt dt
− ∞  − ∞ − ∞ 
t
Let u = ∫ f ( λ ) dλ
−∞
dv = e − jωt dt

e − jωt
du = f (λ )dλ v=
− jω
∞
t  e − jωt t ∞
e − jωt
ℑ ∫ f (λ )dλ  =
− ∞  − jω
∫
−∞
f (λ )dλ −∫
∞
− jω
f (t )dt
−∞

1
= 0+ F (ω )
jω

t  1
Therefore, ℑ ∫ f (λ )dλ  = F (ω )
− ∞  jω

9) Convolution f 1 (t ) ∗ f 2 (t ) ↔ F1 (ω ) ⋅ F2 (ω )
Proof:
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = F (ω ) = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞
∞

ℑ{ f 1 (t ) ∗ f 2 (t )} = ∫  ∫ f 1 (λ ) ⋅ f 2 (t − λ )dλ  e − jωt dt
− ∞ − ∞ 
∞
∞ 
= ∫ f1 (λ )  ∫ f 2 (t − λ ) ⋅ e − jωt dt  dλ
−∞  −∞ 

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∫f
−∞
2 (t − λ ) ⋅ e − jωt dt = e − jωλ F2 (ω ) ← Shifting Prop.

∞
ℑ{ f 1 (t ) ∗ f 2 (t )} = ∫ f (λ ) ⋅ e
− jωλ
1 F2 (ω )dλ
−∞

∞
= F2 (ω ) ∫ f 1 (λ ) ⋅ e − jωλ dλ = F2 (ω ) ⋅ F1 (ω )
−∞

1
10) Frequency convolution f 1 (t ) ⋅ f 2 (t ) ↔ [F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω )]
2π
Proof:
∞
F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω ) = ∫ F1 (λ ) ⋅ F2 (ω − λ )dλ
∞

∞ 
ℑ −1 {F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω )} = ℑ −1 ∫ F1 (λ ) ⋅ F2 (ω − λ )dλ 
∞ 

1
∞
∞  jωt
ℑ −1 {F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω )} =
2π ∫−∞∞∫ F1 (λ ) ⋅ F2 (ω − λ )dλ  ⋅ e dω
Let a = ω - λ => ω = a + λ => da = dω

1
∞
∞  j ( a +λ )t
{F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω )} = ∫∫
−1
ℑ  F1 ( λ ) ⋅ F2 ( a ) dλ ⋅e da
2π − ∞ ∞ 

1
∞
∞  jλt
∫ ∫
jat
= F1 ( λ )  F2 ( a ) ⋅ e da  ⋅ e dλ
2π −∞ −∞ 
∞
1
Have ℑ −1 {F2 (ω )} = ∫ F (ω ) ⋅ e
j ωt
2 dω = f 2 (t )
2π −∞

∫ F (ω ) ⋅ e
jωt
Therefore, 2 dω = 2πf 2 (t )
−∞

∞
1
ℑ −1 {F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω )} =
2π ∫ F (λ ) ⋅ 2πf
−∞
1 2 (t ) ⋅ e jλt dλ

∞
1
∫ F (λ ) ⋅ e
jλt
= 2π ⋅ f 2 (t ) ⋅ 1 dλ
2π −∞

= 2π ⋅ f 2 (t ) ⋅ f 1 (t )
1 −1
Therefore, ℑ {F1 (ω ) ∗ F2 (ω )} = f 2 (t ) ⋅ f 1 (t )
2π

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Example 4.3
Property of Duality
f(t) ↔ F(ω)
f(t) F(ω)

1 T

t ω
−T2 0 T
2 0

F(t) ↔ 2πf(-ω)
F(t) 2πf(-ω)

T  2π

t ω
0 −T2 0 T
2

Example 4.4

f1(t) f2(t) F1(ω)

1 1 T

0 ω
t t
−T2 0 T
2 −T2 0 T
2

F2(ω)
T
y(t) = f1(t)*f2(t)
0 ω
T

t
-T 0 T

Y(ω) = F1(ω).F2(ω)

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Example 4.5
Find the Fourier transform of δ(t).
Solution
∞
ℑ{ f (t )} = ∫ f (t )e
− jωt
dt
−∞

∞ ∞
ℑ{δ (t )} = ∫ δ (t )e − jωt dt = ∫e
− jωt
⋅ δ (t )dt = f (0)
−∞ −∞

Where f(t) = e-jωt. Therefore, f(0) = 1

Therefore, ℑ{δ (t )} = 1

Example 4.6
Find the Fourier transform of a constant, 1.
Solution
f(t) = δ(t) ←→ F(ω) = 1
Using duality property,
F(t) = 1 ←→ 2πf(-ω) = 2πδ(-ω)

δ(t) F(ω)
1

t ω
0 0

F(t) 2πδ(-ω) = 2πδ(ω)

1

t ω
0 0
Therefore, ℑ{1} = 2πδ (ω )

Example 4.7
Given x(t ) = e jω 0t , find ℑ{x (t )}.
Solution
{ } { }
ℑ e jω 0t = ℑ e jω 0t ⋅ f (t ) = F (ω − ω 0 )

Since f(t) = 1 => F(ω) = 2πδ(ω), so F(ω-ω0) = 2πδ(ω-ω0)

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{ }
Therefore, ℑ e jω 0t = 2πδ (ω − ω 0 )

Example 4.8
Given f(t) = cos ω0t. Find F(ω).
Solution
Euler’s identity:
f (t ) = cos ω 0 t = 1
2 [e jω 0t
+ e − jω 0 t ]
ℑ{ f (t )} = 1
2
[ℑ{e jω 0 t
+ e − jω 0 t = }] [2πδ (ω − ω
1
2 0 ) + 2πδ (ω + ω 0 )]

Therefore, ℑ{cos ω 0 t} = π [δ (ω − ω 0 ) + δ (ω + ω 0 )]

Example 4.9
Given f(t) = sin ω0t. Find F(ω).
Solution
Euler’s identity:
f(t) = sin ω0t = 1
2j [e jω 0 t
− e − jω 0 t ]
ℑ{f(t)} = 1
2j
[ℑ{e jω 0 t
− e − jω 0t = }] 1
2j [2πδ(ω - ω0) - 2πδ(ω+ω0)]

Therefore, ℑ{sin ω 0 t} = − jπδ (ω − ω 0 ) + jπδ (ω + ω 0 )

Example 4.10
1
Given F(ω) = . Find the Fourier Transform of the following functions:
b + jω
(i) f(t)⋅ej3t (ii) f(5t – 4)
Solution
1
(i) ℑ{f(t).ej3t} =
b + j (ω − 3)

1  ω  − jω 45 1  1  − jω 54
(ii) ℑ{f(5t-4)}= ℑ{ f (5(t − 45 ))}= F  ⋅ e =   ⋅e
5 5 5  b + j (ω5 )

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Example 4.11
Given f(t) = te-t⋅u(t). Find F(ω).
Solution
1
f(t) = te-t.u(t) = tx(t) where x(t) = e-t.u(t). Thus, X(ω) =
1 + jω

d d  1   0− j  − j2
Since f(t) = tx(t) => F(ω) = j X (ω ) = j  = j 2 
=
dω dω  1 + jω   (1 + jω )  (1 + jω )
2

1
F(ω) =
(1 + jω ) 2

Example 4.12
Given f(t) = te-tsin4tu(t). Find F(ω).
Solution
f(t) = te-tsin4tu(t) = te-t[ 21j (ej4t – e-j4t)] u(t)

= 1
2j [ te-t.ej4t – te-t.e-j4t] u(t)

1
From previous example, ℑ{te-t.u(t)}=
(1 + jω ) 2
Applying frequency-shifting property,

1  1 1 
F(ω) =  2
− 2 
2 j  (1 + j (ω − 4)) (1 + j (ω + 4)) 

Example 4.13
Find the Fourier Transform of the following functions:
e −3t ; t ≥ 0
(i) f1(t) =  −3t
− e ; t < 0

(ii) f2(t) = 2cos(200πt)

Solution
1
(i) Since ℑ{e-3t u(t)} = ,
3 + jω
1 1 − 2 jω
Therefore F1(ω) = − =
3 + jω 3 − jω (3 + jω )(3 − jω )

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(ii) f2(t) = 2cos(200πt) = 2[ 12 (ej200πt + e-j200πt)] = ej200πt + e-j200πt

{ }
Since ℑ e jω 0t = 2πδ(ω-ω0), therefore F2(ω) = 2πδ(ω - 200π) + 2πδ(ω + 200π)

= 2π[δ(ω - 200π) + δ(ω + 200π)]

Example 4.14
10
Given the Fourier Transform of a continuous-time signal x(t) as X(ω) =
4 + jω
Find Y(ω) if y(t) = x(t)⋅cos 2t.
Solution
Euler’s identity: cos 2t = 1
2
[ej2t + e-j2t] where ℑ{cos 2t}= πδ(ω - 2) + πδ(ω + 2)

y(t) = x(t)⋅cos 2t = x(t)⋅ 12 [ej2t + e-j2t]= 1

2 [x(t)⋅ej2t + x(t)⋅e-j2t]

1 10 10  5 5
Y(ω) =  +  = +
2  4 + j (ω − 2) 4 + j (ω + 2)  4 + j (ω − 2) 4 + j (ω + 2)

4.3 Application Of Fourier Transform

Amplitude Modulation, Multiplexing, Sampling, Signal Filtering

4.3.1 Modulation/Demodulation

• The sampling theorem states that a signal x(t) can be recovered from its samples
only if ωc > 2ωm where ωc is the carrier frequency and ωm is the modulating
frequency.
• Signal multiplier: x(t) y(t) = x(t)⋅m(t)

m(t)
From the figure, the output is the product of the information-carrying signal x(t)
and the signal m(t).
y(t) = x(t)⋅m(t)
Y(ω) = 1
2π [ X(ω) * M(ω) ]

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Example 4.15
Let m(t) = cos ωct = 1
2
[ejωct + e-jωct]

y(t) = x(t)⋅m(t) = x(t)⋅cos ωct = 1

2 [ x(t)⋅ejωct + x(t)⋅e-jωct]

Frequency-shifting property,
ℑ{ x(t)⋅ejωct } = X(ω - ωc)
ℑ{ x(t)⋅e-jωct } = X(ω + ωc)
Y(ω) = ℑ{y(t)} = ℑ{ 12 [ x(t)⋅ejωct + x(t)⋅e-jωct]}

= 1
2 [X(ω - ωc) + X(ω + ωc)]

X(ω) Y(ω)

A
2

ω -ωc ωc ω
-ωm +ωm
0 -ωc-ωm -ωc+ωm 0 ωc-ωm ωc+ωm

Example 4.16

y(t) = x(t)⋅cosωct

x(t)
z(t) = y(t)⋅cosωct

cos ωct cos ωct

y(t) = x(t)⋅cosωct ∴Y(ω) = ½[X(ω-ωc) + X(ω+ωc)]

z(t) = y(t)⋅cosωct ∴Z(ω) = ½[Y(ω-ωc) + Y(ω+ωc)]
Z(ω) = ½[½[X(ω-2ωc) + X(ω)] + ½[X(ω) + X(ω+2ωc)]]
= ¼ X(ω-2ωc) + ½ X(ω) + ¼ X(ω+2ωc)

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Z(ω)

A
2
A
4
-2ωc -ωc ωc ω
2ωc
0

OR
Y(ω) = ½[X(ω-ωc) + X(ω+ωc)] = Y1(ω) + Y2(ω)
Z(ω) = ½[Y(ω-ωc) + Y(ω+ωc)] = ½[Y1(ω-ωc) + Y2(ω-ωc)] + ½[Y1(ω+ωc) + Y2(ω+ωc)]
= ½[Y1(ω-ωc) + Y1(ω+ωc)] + ½[Y2(ω-ωc) + Y2(ω+ωc)]
Z

Y1(ω) Z1(ω)
A
2
A
4
-ωc
ω ω
-2ωc -ωc ωc 2ωc
-ωc-ωm -ωc+ωm 0 0

Y2(ω) Z2(ω)
A
2 A
4
ω -2ωc -ωc ωc ω
ωc 2ωc
0 ωc-ωm ωc+ωm 0

Z(ω) = Z1(ω) + Z2(ω)

A
2
A
4
-2ωc -ωc ωc ω
2ωc
0

4.3.2 The Sampling Theorem

[Again] The sampling theorem states that a signal x(t) can be recovered from its
samples only if ωc > 2ωm where ωc is the carrier frequency and ωm is the modulating
frequency.

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ωc > 2ωm
Z(ω)
A
2
A
4
-2ωc -ωc ωc ω
2ωc
0

ωc = ωm
Z(ω)
A
2
A
4 ω
-2ωc -ωc ωc 2ωc
0

ωc < ωm
Z(ω) Overlapping of
spectrum
A
2
A
4 ω
-2ωc -ωc ωc 2ωc
0

Example 4.17

1 ; t < T 2
Given a pulse function: x(t ) =  as the input for the following system.
0 ; t > T 2
Sketch Y(ω) and Z(ω).

y(t) = x(t)⋅cosωct

x(t)
z(t) = y(t)⋅cosωct

m(t) = cos ωct n(t) = cos ωct

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Solution
Step 1: Find X(ω)
x(t) X(ω)

1 T

t ω
−T2 0 T
2 0

Step 2: Find Y(ω)

y(t) = x(t)⋅cos ωct ∴ Y(ω) = 1
2
[X(ω - ωc) + X(ω + ωc)]

Y(ω)

T
2

ω
0
-ωc ωc

Step 3: Find Z(ω)

Z(ω)

T
2

T
4
ω
-2ωc 0 2ωc

Example 4.18
Given input x(t) similar to the previous example. Sketch Y(ω).
x(t) y(t) = x(t)⋅sin ωct

m(t) = sin ωct

Solution
y(t) = x(t)⋅sin ωct = x(t)⋅ 21j [ejωct – e-jωct] = 1
2j [ x(t)⋅ejωct – x(t)⋅e-jωct]
−j
Y(ω) = 1
2j [X(ω - ωc) - X(ω + ωc)] = 2
[X(ω - ωc) - X(ω + ωc)]
j
= 2 [X(ω + ωc) - X(ω - ωc)]

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x(t) X(ω)

1 T

t ω
−T2 0 T
2 0

Y(ω)
jT2

ωc
ω
0
-ωc

− jT2

Example 4.19
Given a pulse function (similar to the previous example) as the input for the following
system. Sketch Z(ω).

y(t) = x(t)⋅sinωct

x(t)
z(t) = y(t)⋅cosωct

m(t) = sin ωct n(t) = cos ωct

Solution
y(t) = x(t)⋅sin ωct ∴Y(ω) = 1
2j [X(ω - ωc) - X(ω + ωc)]

z(t) = y(t)⋅cosωct ∴Z(ω) = ½[Y(ω - ωc) + Y(ω + ωc)]

Z(ω) = ½[ 21j [X(ω - 2ωc) - X(ω)] + 1
2j [X(ω) - X(ω + 2ωc)]]

= ½[ 21j [X(ω - 2ωc) - 1

2j X(ω + 2ωc)] = 1
4j [X(ω - 2ωc) - X(ω + 2ωc)]
j
Z(ω) = 4 [X(ω + 2ωc) - X(ω - 2ωc)]

Z(ω)
jT4
2ωc
ω
0
-2ωc

− jT4

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4.3.3 Signal Filtering

Example 4.20
Sketch the spectrum at the following output.

a(t) b(t) c(t) y(t)

x(t)
-5 -3 3 5 -3 3

m(t) = cos 5ωt n(t) = cos 3ωt

Solution
X(ω) A(ω)

A
A
2

ω ω
-2 0 2 -7 -5 -3 3 5 7

ω
-7 -5 -3 3 5 7
B(ω)

A
2

ω
-7 -5 -3 3 5 7

C(ω) = ½[B(ω - 3) + B(ω + 3)]

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C(ω)

A
4

ω
-8 -6 -2 0 2 6 8

ω
-8 -6 -2 0 2 6 8
Y(ω)

A
4

ω
-8 -6 -2 0 2 6 8

4.4 Fourier Transform Of A Periodic Function

Complex Fourier series of signal f(t):

ω T
1
f(t) = ∑C e
n = −ω
n
jnω 0t
where ω0 = 2π
T and Cn = ∫ f (t )e − jnω 0t dt
T 0

 ω  ω
ℑ{f(t)} = ℑ ∑ C n e jnω 0t  = ∑ωC n {
⋅ ℑ e jnω 0t }
n = −ω  n=−

ω ω
= ∑ C n ⋅2πδ(ω - nω0) = 2π
n = −ω
∑C
n = −ω
n ⋅δ(ω - nω0)

Example 4.21
Find the Fourier transform of a periodic pulse train below.
f(t)

t
D
− D2 2

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 Copyright © Systems Department, FEE, UiTM Shah Alam

Solution
D D

A e − jnω 0t
T 2
1 1 2
∫ T −∫D 2
− jnω 0t − jnω 0t
Cn = f (t ) ⋅ e dt = A ⋅ e dt = ⋅
T 0
T − jnω 0 −D 2

A  e − jnω 0 2 − e jnω 0 2  A  e jnω 0 2 − e − jnω 0 2 

D D D D

=   =  
T − jnω 0  T jnω 0 
e jnω 0 − e − jnω 0
D D
2 2

Have = sin nω 0 D 2 ,
2j

A  2 sin nω 0 D 2  A  sin nω 0 D 2 D 2  A  sin nω 0 D 2 

Therefore, Cn =   =  2 ⋅ ⋅ = D ⋅
T nω 0 nω 0 D  nω 0 D 2 

 T 2 T

A A A
= [D sinc nω0 D 2 ] = [D sinc n 2Tπ D
2 ]= [D sinc n DTπ ]
T T T
ω
F(ω) = 2π ∑C
n = −ω
n ⋅δ(ω - nω0)

ω
AD
= 2π
T
∑ω
n=−
sinc n DTπ ⋅δ(ω - nω0)

~ The End ~

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