Analog Signals and Systems 1st Edition Kudeki Solutions Manual

Analog Signals and Systems 1st Edition
Kudeki Solutions Manual

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Chapter 7
1. a) Given that f (t) = e−a(t−to ) u(t − to ), where a > 0, determine the Fourier
transform F (ω) of f (t).
b) Given that
1
g(t) = ,
a + jt
where a > 0, determine the Fourier transform G(ω) of g(t) by using the
symmetry property and the result of part (a).
c) Confirm the result of part (b) by calculating g(t) from G(ω) using the inverse
Fourier transform integral.
Solution:
a) Using the Fourier transform formula gives

Z ∞ Z ∞
−a(t−t0 ) −jωt
F (ω) = e e dt = eat0 e−(a+jω)t dt
t0 t0
∞
eat0 e−jωt0
= e−(jω+a)t = .
−(a + jω) t0 a + jω
b) From part (a) making t0 = 0, we have

1
f (t) = e−at u(t) ↔ F (ω) = .
a + jω
Using the symmetry property
f (t) ↔ F (ω) ⇒ F (t) ↔ 2πf (−ω),
we have
1
↔ 2πeaω u(−ω).
a + jt
1
Since g(t) = a+jt , we conclude
G(ω) = 2πeaω u(−ω).
c) Calculating g(t) from G(ω),

Z ∞ Z 0
1 jωt
g(t) = G(ω)e dω = eaω ejωt dω
2π −∞ −∞
1 h (a+jt)ω i0 1
= e = , a > 0.
a + jt −∞ a + jt
2. Let
t
f (t) = rect( ).
2
1
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a) Plot g(t) = f (t − 1).
b) Determine the Fourier transform G(ω) by using the time-shift property and
the fact that
t ωT
rect( ) ↔ T sinc( ).
T 2
c) Determine G(ω) by direct Fourier transformation (integration) of g(t) and
confirm that (b) is correct.
d) Taking advantage of Parseval’s theorem (Table 7.1, entry 16), determine the
signal energy Z ∞
1
W = |G(ω)|2 dω.
2π −∞
Solution:
a) Plotting g(t):
1.5 g(t)
1.0
0.5
-0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

t
b) Since
f (t − t0 ) ↔ F (ω)e−jωt0 ,
t−1
g(t) = rect( ) ↔ G(ω) = e−jω 2sinc(ω).
2
c) Applying the Fourier transform integral
Z ∞ Z 2
G(ω) = g(t)e−jωt dt =
e−jωt dt
∞ 0

1 −j2ω 2 −jω ejω − e−jω
= e −1 = e
−jω ω j2
sin(ω)
= 2e−jω = 2e−jω sinc(ω).
ω
This result confirms our approach in part (b).
d) Calculating the signal energy:
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 2
W = |G(ω)| dω = |g(t)|2 dt
2π −∞ −∞
Z 2
= dt = 2.
0
2
3. Determine the Fourier transform F (ω) of the following signal f (t):
f (t)
1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
Solution:
Using the definition of rect function we can express f (t) as
t t
f (t) = −rect( ) + 2rect( ).
6 2
Since we know that
t ωT
rect( ) ↔ T sinc( ),
T 2
then the Fourier transform of f (t)is
F (ω) = −6sinc(3ω) + 4sinc(ω).
4. Determine the inverse Fourier transform of

π ω
F (ω) = rect
W 2W
by direct integration. Is F (ω) absolutely integrable? Does it satisfy the Dirichlet
conditions?
Solution:
Applying the inverse Fourier transform formula, we have
Z ∞ Z W
1 1 π jωt
f (t) = F (ω)ejωt dω = e dω
2π −∞ 2π −W W
1 1 jW t sin (W t)
= e − e−jW t =
2W jt Wt
= sinc (W t) .
Now we test if F (ω) is absolutely integrable.

Z ∞ Z W
π
|F (ω)|dω = dω = 2π.
−∞ −W W
R∞
Since −∞ |F (ω)|dω converges to 2π, we can say that F (ω) is absolutely integ-
rable. Moreover, since F (ω)is bounded (|F (ω)| < ∞) and it has a finite number of
discontinuities and extrema, we can say that it F (ω) satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
3
5. Plot the time derivative of the unit triangle △( τt ), and the function

2 t + τ /4 2 t − τ /4
f (t) = rect − rect ,
τ τ /2 τ τ /2
to show that they are equivalent. In plotting f (t), superpose the plots of τ2 rect( t±τ /4
τ /2 ),
which you obtain by shifting and scaling the graph of rect( τt ).
Solution:
We plot the unit-triangle as a reference:
( |τ |
t 1 − τ2 |t|, |t| ≤ 2
△ = |τ |
τ 0, |t| > 2
 
1.5 t
△  
1.25 τ
1.
0.75
0.5
0.25
3Τ Τ Τ Τ Τ 3Τ
t
- 4
- 2 - 4 4 2 4
Now we plot the derivative of the unit-triangle :
( 2 t |τ |
t ′− τ |t| , |t| < 2
△ = |τ |
τ 0, |t| > 2
t
∆′ ( )
2
Τ
τ
1
Τ
3Τ Τ Τ Τ Τ 3Τ
t
- 4
-2 -4 4 2 4
1
-Τ
2
-Τ
The plot of f (t) is identical as the plot of △′ ( τt ). This becomes evident by

2 t+τ /4
plotting separately the two components of f (t), where g(t) = τ rect τ /2 and

h(t) = − τ2 rect t−τ /4
τ /2 . clearly f (t) = g(t) + h(t) = △′ ( τt ).
4
 
2 t + τ4 
 
g(t) = rect  2 t − τ4 
τ

τ

h(t) = − rect 

τ

2
Τ
2 2
Τ
τ 2
1 1
Τ Τ
-
3Τ Τ
-2
Τ
-4
Τ Τ 3Τ t -
3Τ Τ
-2
Τ
-4
Τ Τ 3Τ
t
4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4
1 1
-Τ -Τ
2 2
-Τ -Τ
6. Given that f (t) = 5△2 ( 5t ), evaluate the Fourier transform F (ω) at ω = 0.

Solution:
We can express f (t) as
( 2
5 1 − 25 |t| , |t| ≤ 52
f (t) =
0, |t| > 52 .
Finding the Fourier transform at ω = 0,

Z ∞ Z ∞
−j0t
F (0) = f (t)e dt = f (t)dt
−∞ −∞
Z 5/2
4 2
= t − 4|t| + 5 dt.
−5/2 5
Since the integrand is an even function, we double the integral from 0 to 5/2 :
5/2
4 3 2 4 125 25 25
F (0) = 2 t − 2t + 5t = 2 ( )( ) − 2( ) +
15 0 15 8 4 2

25 25 25 25
= 2 − + = .
6 2 2 3
7. a) Show that for real-valued signals f (t), the Fourier transform F (ω) satisfies the
property
F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω).
b) Using this result, show that for real-valued f (t), we have |F (−ω)| = |F (ω)|
and ∠F (−ω) = −∠F (ω) (i.e. that the magnitude of the Fourier transform is
even and the phase is odd).
Solution:
a) We start with the definition of the Fourier transform

Z ∞
F (ω) = f (t)e−jωt dt.
−∞
5
From that we get Z ∞
F (−ω) = f (t)ejωt dt,
−∞
and Z ∞
∗
F (ω) = f ∗ (t)ejωt dt.
−∞
But in real-valued signals f ∗ (t) = f (t). Therefore,
F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω)
for real f (t).
b) F (ω) can be written as
F (ω) = |F (ω)|ej∠F (ω) ,
which yields
F ∗ (ω) = |F (ω)|e−j∠F (ω) .
But since F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω), we have
F (−ω) = |F (ω)|e−j∠F (ω) .
Finally comparing this last relation with
F (−ω) = |F (−ω)|ej∠F (−ω) ,
we obtain
|F (−ω)| = |F (ω)|
and
∠F (−ω) = −∠F (ω).
8. On an exam, you are asked to calculate F (0) for some real-valued signal f (t). You
obtain the answer F (0) = 4 − j2. Explain why, for sure, you have made a mistake
in your calculation.
Solution:
As proved in the previous question, we have the Hermitian property for real f (t):
F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω).
Consequently, at ω = 0 we have
F (0) = F ∗ (0).
And this condition is only true if F (0) is real.
Alternatively, if f (t) is real, then
Z ∞
F (0) = f (t)dt
−∞
is also real. Therefore, F (0) = 4 − j2 is incorrect because it is not real.
6
9. Show that, given a real-valued signal f (t), the inverse Fourier transform integral
can be expressed as
Z ∞
1
f (t) = 2|F (ω)| cos(ωt + ∠F (ω))dω.
2π 0
Solution:
We start with the definition of the inverse Fourier transform:
Z ∞
1
f (t) = F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π −∞
Then we split this integral in two sections:
Z 0 Z ∞
1 jωt 1
f (t) = F (ω)e dω + F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π −∞ 2π 0
Rb R −a
Here, it can be proved that a g(t)dt = −b g(−t)dt. Therefore we can write,
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
f (t) = F (−ω)e−jωt dω + F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π 0 2π 0
Now using the Hermitian property , we substitute F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω) in the previous
equation, and rearranging, we have
Z ∞
1 ∗
f (t) = F (ω)e−jωt + F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π 0
In addition we can express F (ω) and F ∗ (ω) as
F (ω) = |F (ω)|ej∠F (ω) ,
and
F ∗ (ω) = |F (ω)|e−j∠F (ω) .
Therefore our integral can be rewritten as
Z ∞ h i
1
f (t) = |F (ω)| e−j(ωt+∠F (ω)) + ej(ωt+∠F (ω)) dω.
2π 0
which simplifies to
Z ∞
1
f (t) = 2|F (ω)| cos (ωt + ∠F (ω)) dω.
2π 0
10. The bandwidth Ω of a low-pass signal f (t) ↔ F (ω) is defined by the constraint
Z Ω
1
|F (ω)|2 dω = 0.8Wf ,
2π −Ω
where Wf denotes the energy of signal f (t).
7
a) What fraction of the signal energy Wf is contained in the frequency band
0 < ω < Ω? Explain.
b) The signal f (t) is filtered using a linear system with a frequency response
H(ω) satisfying H(ω) = 0 for |ω| < Ω and |H(ω)| = 1 for |ω| ≥ Ω. What is
the total energy of the system output y(t) in terms of the energy Wf of the
input f (t)?
Solution:
a) If f (t) is real, then |F (ω)|2 is an even signal. Therefore, the energy contained
in the frequency band 0 < ω < Ω equals the energy contained in −Ω < ω < 0,
and is Z 0 Z Ω
1 2 1
|F (ω)| dω = |F (ω)|2 dω = 0.4Wf
2π −Ω 2π 0
b) The total energy of the system output can be obtained by
Z ∞
Wy = |Y (ω)|2 dω.
∞
But Y (ω) = F (ω)H(ω), where

(
0, ω<Ω
|H(ω)| =
1, |ω| ≥ Ω.
Therefore,
Z −Ω Z ∞
2
Wy = |F (ω)| dω + |F (ω)|2 dω
∞ Ω
Z ∞ Z Ω
= |F (ω)|2 dω − |F (ω)|2 dω .
∞ −Ω
| {z } | {z }
Wf 0.8Wf
Consequently,
Wy = 0.2Wf .
11. Determine the 3-dB bandwidth and the 95%-bandwidth of signals f (t) and g(t)
with the following energy spectra:
|F (ω)|2
1
0 π π ω(rad/s)
2
8
|G(ω)|2
1
−2π 0 π 2π 3π ω(rad/s)
Solution:
• For a low-pass signal, the 3-dB bandwidth is the frequency where the energy
spectrum |F (ω)|2 falls to one-half the spectral value |F (0)|2 at DC. There-
fore, from the graph of the energy spectra, we can determine, that the 3-dB
bandwidth of the signal f (t) is
3π rad
.
4 s
2
1 |F (ω)|
1
2
3π
4
0 π π ω(rad/s)
2
Next, the 95%-bandwidth (Ω in the figure below), can be calculated by finding
the total energy W , and then finding Ω such that the total energy outside
|ω| > Ω equals 5% of W .
2
1 |F (ω)| π−Ω
π/2
95%
0 π ω(rad/s)
Ω
Calculating the total energy W using the formula for the area of a trapezoid,
we have
1 2π + π 3
W = = = 0.75.
2π 2 4
Thus the energy outside |ω| > Ω is 0.05W = 0.0375. But this energy can be
1
calculated as 2π times the combined areas of the right and left non-colored
triangles shown in the figure, which is
1 (π − Ω)
(π − Ω) .
2π π/2
Setting this quantity equal to 0.0375 yields
(π − Ω)2 = 0.0375π 2 .
9
Hence,
√ rad
Ω = π 1 − 0.0375 ≈ 0.80635π .
s
• Since the band-pass signal g(t) has a energy spectrum |G(ω)|2 that is a shifted
replica of |F (ω)|2 , then the bandwidth of g(t) is twice as wide as that of f (t),
i.e.
3π rad
Ω3dB =
2 s
and
rad
Ω95% ≈ 1.6127π .
s
12. a) Let f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) such that f1 (t) ↔ F1 (ω) and f2 (t) ↔ F2 (ω). Show
that
f (t) ↔ F1 (ω) + F2 (ω).
b) The input signal of an LTI system with a frequency response H(ω) = |H(ω)|ejχ(ω)
is f1 (t) + f2 (t). Functions F1 (ω), F2 (ω), H(ω) and χ(ω) are given graphically
as follows:
F1 (ω)
ω
−10π rad/s F2 (ω) 10π rad/s
ω
−10π rad/s |H(ω)| 10π rad/s
4
2
ω
−10π rad/s 10π rad/s
χ(ω)
ω
−10π rad/s 10π rad/s
−π rad
Express the output y(t) of the system as a superposition of scaled and/or

shifted versions of f1 (t) and f2 (t). (Hint: y(t) = y1 (t) + y2 (t), with Y1 (ω) =
H(ω)F1 (ω) and Y2 (ω) = H(ω)F2 (ω).)
Solution:
10
a) Proving the addition property of the Fourier transform:
Z ∞
F (ω) = (f1 (t) + f2 (t)) e−jωt dt
−∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
−jωt
= f1 (t)e dt + f2 (t)e−jωt dt
−∞ −∞
= F1 (ω) + F2 (ω).
b) We know that in an LTI system, the input and output in the Fourier domain
are related as
Y (ω) = H(ω)F (ω).
But F (ω) = F1 (ω) + F2 (ω), then we have
Y (ω) = H(ω) [F1 (ω) + F2 (ω)]

= H(ω)F1 (ω) + H(ω)F2 (ω) .
| {z } | {z }
Y1 (ω) Y2 (ω)
Now, for the region where F1 (ω) 6= 0, we have
H(ω) = 2.
Therefore,
Y1 (ω) = 2F1 (ω) ←→ y1 (t) = 2f1 (t).
Also, for the region where F2 (ω) 6= 0, we notice a phase that is changing
linearly. Hence,
1
H(ω) = 4e−j 10 ω .
Consequently,

1
−j 10 ω 1
Y2 (ω) = 4e F2 (ω) ←→ y2 (t) = 4f2 t− .
10
Finally, adding the two results, we obtain

1
y(t) = 2f1 (t) + 4f2 t− .
10
13. Determine the response y(t) of the circuit shown below with an arbitrary input
f (t) in the form of an inverse Fourier transform and then evaluate y(t) for the case
t
f (t) = e− 6 u(t) V.
2Ω
+
f (t) +
- 3F y(t)
-
11
Solution:
The equivalent circuit in the Fourier domain is
2Ω
1 +
F (ω) +
- Ω Y (ω)
jω3 -
Using voltage division, we have

1 1
jω3 6
Y (ω) = F (ω) 1 = F (ω) 1 .
2+ jω3 6 + jω
Applying the inverse Fourier transform,

Z ∞ Z ∞ 1 F (ω)
1 jωt 1
y(t) = Y (ω)e dω = 6
1 ejωt dω.
2π −∞ 2π −∞ 6 + jω
Applying the Fourier transform pair

1
e−at u(t) ↔ , a > 0,
a + jω
to the input function yields
t 1
f (t) = e− 6 u(t) ←→ F (ω) = 1 .
6 + jω
We substitute this F (ω) into the inverse Fourier transform, and obtain
Z ∞ 1
1 6 jωt
y(t) = 2 e dω.
2π −∞ 1
+ jω
6
Finally we use the Fourier transform pair

1
te−at u(t) ↔ , a > 0,
(a + jω)2
to obtain,
1 1
y(t) = te− 6 t u(t).
6
12

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Kudeki Solutions Manual

a) Using the Fourier transform formula gives

b) From part (a) making t0 = 0, we have

f (t) ↔ F (ω) ⇒ F (t) ↔ 2πf (−ω),

G(ω) = 2πeaω u(−ω).

c) Calculating g(t) from G(ω),

-0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

F (ω) = −6sinc(3ω) + 4sinc(ω).

4. Determine the inverse Fourier transform of

Now we test if F (ω) is absolutely integrable.

Now we plot the derivative of the unit-triangle :

The plot of f (t) is identical as the plot of △′ ( τt ). This becomes evident by

6. Given that f (t) = 5△2 ( 5t ), evaluate the Fourier transform F (ω) at ω = 0.

Finding the Fourier transform at ω = 0,

a) We start with the definition of the Fourier transform

is also real. Therefore, F (0) = 4 − j2 is incorrect because it is not real.

F (ω) = |F (ω)|ej∠F (ω) ,

But Y (ω) = F (ω)H(ω), where

Express the output y(t) of the system as a superposition of scaled and/or

Y (ω) = H(ω) [F1 (ω) + F2 (ω)]

Now, for the region where F1 (ω) 6= 0, we have

Finally, adding the two results, we obtain

Using voltage division, we have

Applying the inverse Fourier transform,

Applying the Fourier transform pair

Finally we use the Fourier transform pair

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The plot of f (t) is identical as the plot of △′ ( τt ). This becomes evident by