Introduction to Behavioral Research

Methods 7th Edition Leary Test Bank

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TB_Leary_Chapter 10
Key: Answer, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

TB_Leary_Chapter 10

Multiple Choice Single Select

M/C Question 1
A one-way experimental design
a) uses a single group of participants.
b) involves one independent variable.
c) tests a single hypothesis.
d) contains only one experimental condition.
ANS: b

M/C Question 2
To qualify as an experiment, a study must
a) measure observable behavior.
b) have at least two conditions.
c) use random assignment.
d) have at least two independent variables.
ANS: b

M/C Question 3
In a ________ design, participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more groups.
a) pretest-posttest
b) repeated measures
c) matched-participants
d) randomized groups
ANS: d

M/C Question 4
Matched-subjects designs are used to
a) reduce the number of participants that are needed.
b) increase the similarity of the experimental groups.
c) reduce pretest sensitization.
d) make the experiment easier to conduct.
ANS: b
M/C Question 5
In a repeated measures design,
a) the possibility of order effects is eliminated.
b) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
c) all subjects participate in all conditions.
d) fewer experimental conditions are used than in other designs.
ANS: c

M/C Question 6
Designs in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after the independent variable is
manipulated are
a) randomized groups designs.
b) pretest-posttest designs.
c) matched-subjects designs.
d) two-way designs.
ANS: b

M/C Question 7
One drawback of measuring the dependent variable both before and after the independent variable is
manipulated is
a) pretest sensitization.
b) carryover effects.
c) Type II error.
d) null findings.
ANS: a

M/C Question 8
Pretest sensitization occurs when
a) pretesting shows that the dependent variable is not sensitive enough to detect effects of the
independent variable.
b) participants refuse to participate after completing the pretest.
c) pretesting reduces demand characteristics.
d) the pretest changes how participants respond to the independent variable.
ANS: d

M/C Question 9
A factorial design
a) has more than one dependent variable.
b) has two or more independent variables.
c) is also known as a two-way design.
d) is not a true experimental design.
ANS: b

M/C Question 10
Factor is sometimes used as a synonym for
a) condition.
b) independent variable.
c) dependent variable.
d) level.
ANS: b
M/C Question 11
A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design has ________ condition(s).
a) 1
b) 3
c) 7
d) 12
ANS: d

M/C Question 12
An experiment with three independent variables, each of which has two levels would be indicated as a
_______ design
a) 3 × 2
b) 2 × 2 × 2
c) 3 × 3 × 3
d) 2 × 3
ANS: b

M/C Question 13
A researcher designed an experiment in which four independent variables were manipulated. Which of the
following is most likely to describe his design?
a) 1 × 4
b) 2 × 4
c) 4 × 4
d) 2 × 2 × 4 × 3
ANS: d

M/C Question 14
A between-within factorial design
a) has two independent variables.
b) has features of a randomized groups and repeated measures design.
c) is an expericorr factorial design.
d) is a cross-over design.
ANS: b

M/C Question 15
A researcher randomly assigned participants to one of three groups. Each group was then tested under the
same two conditions. This is an example of a ________ design.
a) multilevel randomized groups
b) matched participants
c) repeated measures
d) split-plot
ANS: d

M/C Question 16
The simplest possible mixed factorial design
a) is a 2 × 2 design.
b) has two conditions.
c) has one independent variable.
d) involves no random assignment.
ANS: a
M/C Question 17
A main effect is
a) the effect of a single independent variable.
b) the largest or most important effect in a study.
c) an interaction.
d) a predicted effect.
ANS: a

M/C Question 18
In a 3 × 4 factorial design, _____ main effect(s) can be examined.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 7
d) 12
ANS: b

M/C Question 19
In a two-way factorial design,
a) there is one main effect and two interactions.
b) there are two main effects and one interaction.
c) there are two main effects and two interactions.
d) the number of main effects and interactions depends on the number of conditions.
ANS: b

M/C Question 20
How many interactions are tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 design?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 8
ANS: c

M/C Question 21
When the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable, a(n)
________ is present.
a) between-within effect
b) correlation
c) main effect
d) interaction
ANS: d

M/C Question 22
When graphed, interactions appear as _________ lines.
a) nonparallel
b) curved
c) parallel
d) perpendicular
ANS: a

M/C Question 23
Independent variable is to participant variable as
 a) randomized groups is to repeated measures.
b) manipulated is to measured.
c) cause is to effect.
d) main effect is to interaction.
ANS: b

M/C Question 24
Which of the following is not a participant variable?
a) Self-esteem
b) Age
c) IQ
d) These are all participant variables.
ANS: d

M/C Question 25
When researchers want to examine how different kinds of people respond to an independent variable, what
kind of design do they use?
a) Randomized groups
b) Multilevel
c) Expericorr
d) Split-plot
ANS: c

M/C Question 26
Researchers sometimes use the median-split procedure to
a) manipulate independent variables.
b) classify participants into groups based on scores on a participant variable.
c) assign participants to levels of an independent variable.
d) examine two main effects.
ANS: b

M/C Question 27
Why are researchers reluctant to conduct a median-split procedure to assign participants to groups?
a) Valuable information is lost.
b) The independent variable cannot be manipulated.
c) Interactions cannot be tested.
d) Error variance increases.
ANS: a

M/C Question 28
When a significant interaction is obtained in a mixed or expericorr design,
a) the participant variable is a moderator variable.
b) main effects should never be interpreted.
c) the effect of the independent variable is essentially correlational.
d) main effects should be interpreted.
ANS: a

Essay

Essay Question 29
Contrast and compare randomized groups, matched-participants, and repeated measures designs.
Essay Question 30
What are some advantages and disadvantages of pretest-posttest designs compared to posttest only designs?

Essay Question 31
What are some advantages of factorial designs over one-way designs?

Essay Question 32
Describe the basic types of factorial designs.

Essay Question 33
Tell how many independent variables with how many levels there are in each of the following factorial
designs: (a) 2 × 3, (b) 2 × 4 × 4, (c) 3 × 4 × 2.

Essay Question 34
What is a between-within factorial design?

Essay Question 35
Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction.

Essay Question 36
What main effects and interactions can be tested in a factorial design with three independent variables?
(Let’s call the independent variables A, B, and C.)

Essay Question 37
What is an expericorr (or mixed) factorial design?

Essay Question 38
What are two ways of splitting participants into groups on the basis of a participant variable? Why are these
methods discouraged?