CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. BUNSEN BURNER

TABLE 1. NATURE OF THE FLAME

1ST TEST: 2ND TEST:

DESCRIPTION
AIR HOLES CLOSED AIR HOLES OPEN

COLOR OF THE FLAME ORANGE NEARLY COLORLESS BLUE

DEPOSIT ON THE TEST

NONE NONE
TUBE

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE

1 MIN 8 SEC 2 MIN 50 SEC
TO BOIL THE WATER

AS SHOWN IN THE TABLE ABOVE, THE RESULTS AND FINDING ON THE TEST TUBE

EXPERIMENT ARE AS FOLLOWS. ON THE FIRST TEST WITH AIR HOLES CLOSED, THE

FLAME’S COLOR WAS ORANGE. THE TEST TUBE CONTAINING 5 ML OF DISTILLED WATER

TOOK 1 MINUTE AND 8 SECONDS TO BOIL LEAVING THE TEST TUBE NO DEPOSIT AT THE

BOTTOM. IN CONTRAST, THE SECOND TEST WAS WITH AIR HOLES OPEN. DURING THE

SECOND TRY, THE TEST TUBE CONTAINING 5 ML OF DISTILLED WATER TOOK 2 MINUTES

AND 50 SECONDS OVER A NEARLY COLORLESS BLUE FLAME. ADDITIONALLY, THERE

WAS NO DEPOSIT AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TEST TUBE.

BASED ON THE FINDINGS ABOVE, THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE

DERIVED. THE PRESENCE OF AIR DIRECTLY AFFECTS THE COLOR OF THE FLAME. THE

FINDINGS SHOW THAT WITH AIR HOLES CLOSED, THE FLAME’S COLOR WAS ORANGE. IN

CONTRAST, THE FLAME WAS NEARLY COLORLESS BLUE WITH AIR HOLES OPEN. THE

RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON THE COLOR OF THE FLAME AGREES WITH SOME

STUDIES. ACCORDING TO BRITANNICA (2020), WITH TOO LITTLE AIR, THE GAS MIXTURE

WILL NOT BURN COMPLETELY AND WILL FORM TINY CARBON PARTICLES THAT ARE
HEATED TO GLOWING, MAKING THE FLAME LUMINOUS. WITH TOO MUCH AIR, THE

FLAME MAY BURN INSIDE THE BURNER TUBE ; THAT IS, IT MAY STRIKE BACK. HENCE,

THE AMOUNT OF AIR PRESENT IN THE BURNER’S BARREL CAUSED THE BURNER FROM

STRIKING BACK WHICH CAN BE PREVENTED BY CONTROLLING THE AMOUNT OF AIR

PRESENT IN THE BARREL.

FURTHERMORE, THE FINDINGS ON DURATION OF EACH WATER’S BOILING POINT

IMPLY THAT THE TEMPERATURE GENERATED BY THE FLAME WITH AIR HOLES CLOSED

WAS HIGHER THAN WHEN IT WAS OPEN. IN RELATION TO THIS, THE APPROXIMATE

TEMPERATURES OF THE FLAME’S REGIONS SATISFY THE RESULTS OF THE BUNSEN

BURNER EXPERIMENT.

TABLE 1.1 APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURES OF THE FLAME’S REGIONS

REGION APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE

REGION 1: TOP OF THE OUTER CONE 501 - 650 DEGREES CELSIUS

REGION 2: CENTER OF THE OUTER CONE 651 - 750 DEGREES CELSIUS

REGION 3: TOP OF THE INNER CONE 901 - 1100 DEGREES CELSIUS

REGION 4: CENTER OF THE INNER CONE BELOW 500 DEGREES CELSIUS

AS SHOWN IN THE TABLE ABOVE, THE APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURES OF THE

FLAME’S REGIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS. THE APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE GENERATED

BY THE TOP OF THE OUTER CONE WAS APPROXIMATELY 501 - 650 DEGREES CELSIUS.

THE CENTER OF THE OUTER CONE GENERATED AN APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE 651 -

750 DEGREES CELSIUS. ON THE ONE HAND, THE TOP OF THE INNER CONE GENERATE AN

APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE OF 901 - 1100 DEGREES CELSIUS. WHILE THE CENTER OF

THE INNER CONE GENERATED AN APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE LOWER THAN 500

DEGREES CELSIUS.
 BASED ON THE FINDINGS, THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE OBTAINED. THE

3rd REGION AT THE TOP OF THE INNER CONE GENERATED THE HOTTEST TEMPERATURE

AT 901 - 1100 DEGREES CELSIUS. ON THE ONE HAND, THE 4th REGION AT THE CENTER OF

THE INNER CONE GENERATED THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT BELOW 500 DEGREES

CELSIUS. THE FINDINGS OF THE EXPERIMENT AGREES WITH A SIMILAR STUDY.

BRITANNICA (2020) STATES THAT THE TOP OF THE INNER CONE IS THE HOTTEST REGION.

FURTHERMORE, SOME EXPERIMENTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED IN RELATION TO

THE FLAME’S APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE. THE WIRE GAUZE WAS USED IN THE

EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE OF THE FLAME’S

REGIONS BY THE CHANGES IN ITS COLOR RANGING FROM NO CHANGE WHICH IMPLIES

BELOW 500 DEGREES CELSIUS TO YELLOW WHICH INDICATES 901 - 1100 DEGREES

CELSIUS.

ASIDE FROM THE AFOREMENTIONED EXPERIMENT, ANOTHER EXPERIMENT WAS

ALSO CONDUCTED USING A WET PIECE OF CARDBOARD TO DETERMINE WHICH PART OF

IT WOULD BURN FIRST WHEN THRUST VERTICALLY THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE

FLAME. THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS WERE OBTAINED. THE PART OF THE WET

CARDBOARD WHICH WAS SITTING DIRECTLY ON THE BURNER’S BARREL BURNS FIRST.

HOWEVER, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE MIDDLE PART OF THE CARDBOARD WAS DRIED

AFTER THE EXPERIMENT WHICH WOULD IMPLY THAT THE MIDDLE PART WOULD BURN

FIRST. A SIMILAR STUDY AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING FINDINGS. ACCORDING TO

BRITANNICA (2020), THE TOP OF THE INNER CONE IS THE HOTTEST REGION, SO THE

SIDES OR MIDDLE PART AND NOT THE BOTTOM END OF THE CARDBOARD SHOULD

BURN FIRST.
B. THE GRADUATED CYLINDER

VOLUME OF WATER IN GRADUATED CYLINDER: 24.9 ML

VOLUME OF WATER CONTAINED IN 125 ML ERLENMEYER FLASK: 135 ML

THE FOLLOWING FINDINGS ABOVE WERE OBTAINED DURING TEN GRADUATED

CYLINDER EXPERIMENT. BASED ON THE READING ON THE 50 ML GRADUATED

CYLINDER APPROXIMATELY HALF-FULL OF WATER, THE MEASURED VOLUME OF

WATER WAS 24.9 ML. THE READING INDICATES THAT IT WAS 0.1 ML LESS THAT THE

DESIRED AMOUNT. ON THE ONE HAND, THE RECORDED MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF WATER

A 125 ML ERLENMEYER FLASK CAN HOLD WAS 135.3 ML.

FURTHERMORE, THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT WAS CLOSED TO THE

DESIRED OUTCOME. THE STUDENTS SHOULD READ THE VOLUME OF WATER TO THE

NEAREST 0.1 ML, WHICH SATISFY THE OBTAINED RESULT.

C. USING THE BALANCE TO CALIBRATE YOUR 10 ML PIPET

TEMPERATURE OF WATER: 23 DEGREES CELSIUS.

DENSITY OF WATER: 0.997538 g/cm^3 OR 0.997538 g/mL.

TABLE 3. MEAN VOLUME DELIVERED BY 10 ML PIPET

DESCRIPTION TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

WEIGHT OF
40.4 g 40.4 g
ERLENMEYER (TARE WT)

WEIGHT OF
ERLENMEYER + 10 ML 50.5 g 51.8 g
H2O (GROSS WT)

WEIGHT OF 10 ML OF H2O
10.1 g 11.4 g
(NET WT)

VOLUME DELIVERED BY
10.1249 mL 11.4281 mL
10 ML PIPET

MEAN VOLUME
DELIVERED BY 10 ML 10.7765 mL
PIPET

THE TABLE ABOVE SHOWS THE RESULTS ON THE PIPET CALIBRATION

EXPERIMENT. THE FIRST DATA INDICATED WERE THE TARE WEIGHT OF THE

ERLENMEYER FLASK MEASURED AT 40.4 g FOR BOTH TRIALS. THE SECOND READINGS

INDICATE THE GROSS WEIGHT OF THE ERLENMEYER FLASK AFTER ADDING 10 ML

WATER MEASURED AT 50.5 g AND 51.8 g FOR THE FIRST AND SECOND TRIAL,

RESPECTIVELY. FURTHERMORE, THE THIRD GATHERED DATA WERE OBTAINED BY

SUBTRACTING THE TARE WEIGHT FROM THE GROSS WEIGHT.

INSERT SOLUTION 1

WITH THE COMPUTED DATA, THE FOLLOWING VOLUMES DELIVERED BY A 10 ML

PIPET FOR BOTH TRIALS WERE OBTAINED AS SHOWN BELOW.

INSERT SOLUTION 2
 LASTLY, THE MEAN VOLUME DELIVERED BY A 10 ML PIPET WAS OBTAINED BY

GETTING THE AVERAGE OF THE TWO VALUES AS SHOWN BELOW.

INSERT SOLUTION 3

TABLE 3.1 VOLUME DELIVERED BY YOUR 10 ML PIPET

DESCRIPTION TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

INDIVIDUAL DEVIATION
0.6516 mL 0.6516 mL
FROM THE MEAN

AVERAGE DEVIATION
0.6516 mL
FROM THE MEAN

VOLUME DELIVERED BY
10.7765 mL ± 0.6516 mL
10 ML PIPET

THE INDIVIDUAL DEVIATION FROM THE MEAN OBTAINED FOR TRIALS 1 AND 2

WERE 0.6516 ML AS SHOWN IN THE TABLE ABOVE. THE CALCULATIONS FOR THE VALUE

OF THE INDIVIDUAL DEVIATION AND THE MEAN DEVIATION OF 0.6516 ML ARE AS

FOLLOWS.

INSERT SOLUTION 4

INSERT SOLUTION 5

BASED ON THE FINDINGS, THE VOLUME DELIVERED BY THE 10 ML PIPET WAS

OBTAINED BY COMBINING THE MEAN VOLUME DELIVERED BY THE 10 ML PIPET WITH

VALUE 10.7765 ML AS SHOWN IN TABLE 3 AND THE AVERAGE DEVIATION FROM THE

MEAN WITH VALUE 0.6516 ML AS SHOWN IN TABLE 3.1. HENCE, THE OBTAINED VOLUME

DELIVERED BY THE 10 ML PIPET WAS 10.7765 mL ± 0.6516 mL, WHICH INDICATES THAT

THE 10 ML PIPET ALMOST PRECISELY TRANSFFERED 10 ML VOLUME TO IT.