Star topology is easy to maintain.

In a star topology, the failure of one link does not affect the normal communication of
hosts on other links.

The star topology has high reliability and there is no single point of failure problem.
 · Foreword

With the rapid development of computer networks, major manufacturers have produced
according to their own agreements.

In order to realize , ISO and

IEEE successively proposed OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.
 · OSI Reference Model

The OSI reference model defines a hierarchy to which devices in a network.

Advantages of layered structure:

• Open standardized interface
• Multi-vendor compatibility
• Ease of understanding, learning and updating protocol standards
• Easy to troubleshoot
 · OSI Reference Model Hierarchy

Provides inter-application communication

Handling data formats, data encryption, etc

Establish, maintain and manage sessions

Establish a host end-to-end connection

Addressing and routing

Provides media access, link management, etc

Bit streaming
 · Encapsulation and Decapsulation

Application
Layer 7 + Layer

Presentation
Layer 6 + Layer

Session
Layer 5 + Layer

Layer 4 + Transport
Layer

Network
Layer 3
+ Layer

Data Link
Layer 2 + Layer

Layer 1 + Physical
Layer

Bit Streaming
 · Peer-to-Peer Communication

Each layer uses its own protocol.

Each layer communicates with the peer layer using the services provided by the lower layer.

Application Layer Application Layer

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Network Layer

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer

Physical Layer Physical Layer

 · Physical Layer

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer
Define voltage, interface, cable standard,
Transport Layer transmission distance, etc.
Physical Layer medium :
Network Layer
• Coaxial cable
• Twisted pair
Data Link Layer • Fiber
• Wireless: Blue tooth, WLAN
 · Data Link Layer

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer
Framing and identifying frames
Transport Layer
Data link establishment, maintenance
and release
Network Layer
Error verification

Addressing
Physical Layer
 · Network Layer

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Transport Layer
Addressing

Routing

Data Link Layer Congestion control

Physical Layer
 · Network Layer Address

The network layer address usually consists of 2 parts：

• Network address
• Host address

Network addresses are globally unique：

Network address Host address

IP address
10. 8.2.48
 · Routing and Routed Protocols

Routed protocol define the of each field in the

the data at the network layer.

Routing protocol pass routing information between routers,

for routable protocols.

IP Network
Routed protocol : IP
ISIS Routing protocol : ISIS、OSPF、BGP

OSPF

IP Network
 · Network Layer Protocol Operation

Application Application
Layer Layer
Presentation Presentation
Layer Layer
Session Session
Layer Layer
Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Network Network Network Network Network
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer
Physical Physical Physical Physical Physical
Layer Layer Layer Layer Layer
 · Transport Layer

Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer
Function：
• Segment upper layer data
• Establish an end-to-end connection
• Transparent and reliable transmission
Network Layer • Flow control

Protocol
Data Link Layer
• TCP
• UDP
Physical Layer
 · Connection-oriented and Connectionless Services

Connection-oriented service
• The connection is established before the communication, and the connection is disconnected after
the communication is completed
• Ordered delivery
• Acknowledgment
• Error retransmission
• Suitable for applications with requirements

Connectionless service
• Best effort service
• No connection required
• No sequence number mechanism, no confirmation mechanism, no retransmission mechanism
• Suitable for applications with requirements
 · Connection-oriented and Connectionless Services

Application Layer
• Provide network services for application processes
• Word processing, mail, spreadsheets

Presentation Layer
• Define data format and structure
• ASCII、MPEG、JPEG

Session Layer
Transport Layer
• Establish, maintain, and terminate sessions
between applications
Network Layer • SQL、NFS、RPC

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
The data of the transport layer is called Frame.

The data of the network layer is called Segment.

The data of the data link layer is called Packet.

The data of the physical layer is called Bit.