Network is Layer Architecture : Justify

• Divide and conquer is a well known mechanism to

solve complex problem.
• The entire networking problem is solved in pieces.
• They can evolve independent of each other without
much trouble
• These solution pieces are arranged in a way that one
solution piece provides all that is required by another
pieces .
• That pieces in turn provides whatever is required by
another one and so on.
• All such solutions pieces are called layers in the
networking .
Advantages & disadvantages
of Layering Mechanism
Advantages:
• Reducing Complexity
• Provide cost-effective solution
• Division of work
• Standard Interfacing between components
• Replacing a component is easy
Disadvantages:
• Reduced Speed and Performance
• Increased Memory Usage
 Reference Model
• Reference Model offers a means of standardization
which is acceptable worldwide.

• Since people using the computer network are located

over a wide physical range and their network devices
might have various architecture.

• In order to provide communication among various

devices, we need a standardized model i.e. a reference
model, which would provide us way how these devices can
communicate regardless their architecture.
 The TCP/IP and OSI Layering Models
• There are two layering schemes available to network
designers.
– TCP/IP
– OSI
• The open System Interconnection group developed
by ISO (International Standardization Organization).
• The TCP/IP model is a retrofit to a practical solution
provided by the internet community.
• The OSI almost non-existent in term of its
implementation.
• Almost all the machines use the TCP/IP model for
communication.
The Layers of the OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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 Physical layer
• Specifications for the physical components of the
network. Application
• Functions of Physical Layer:
Presentation
• Bit representation – encode bits into electrical
or optical signals
• Transmission rate – The number of bits sent Session
each second
• Physical characteristics of transmission media Transport
• Synchronizing the sender and receiver clocks
• Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex, Network
full duplex
• Physical Topology – how devices are Data Link
connected – ring, star, mesh, bus topology
Physical
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Physical Layer

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 Data Link Layer
Responsible for delivery of data between two systems
on the same network Application
Main functions of this layer are:
• Framing – divides the stream of bits received
from network layer into manageable data units
Presentation
called frames.
• Physical Addressing – Add a header to the Session
frame to define the physical address of the
source and the destination machines.
• Flow control – Impose a flow control – control
Transport
rate at which data is transmitted so as not to
flood the receiver Network
• Error Control – Adds mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames. This is Data Link
achieved by adding a trailer to the end of a
frame Physical
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Data Link Layer

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 Network Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
Application
• Responsible for delivery of packets
across multiple networks Presentation
• Routing – Provide mechanisms to
transmit data over independent Session
networks that are linked together.
Transport
• Network layer is responsible only for
delivery of individual packets and it Network
does not recognize any relationship Data Link
between those packets
• Add Logical address to the header of Physical
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the packet
Network Layer

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 Transport Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
Application
• Responsible for source-to-
destination delivery of the entire
Presentation
message
• Segmentation and reassembly – Session
divide message into smaller
Transport
segments, number them and
transmit. Reassemble these Network
messages at the receiving end. Data Link
• Error control – make sure that the
entire message arrives without Physical
errors – else retransmit. 13
 Transport Layer
From Session Layer To Session Layer

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 Session Layer
Main functions of this layer are: Application
• Dialog control – allows two systems to enter
Presentation
into a dialog, keep a track of whose turn it is to
transmit Session
• Synchronization – adds check points Transport
(synchronization points) into stream of data.
Network
Data Link
Physical
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 Session Layer

From Presentation Layer To Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

H5 H5
syn syn syn syn syn syn

To Transport Layer From Transport Layer

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 Presentation Layer

Responsibilities of this layer are:

Application
• Translation
• Different computers use different encoding Presentation
systems (bit order translation)
• Convert data into a common format before
Session
transmitting. Transport
• Syntax represents info such as character codes Network
- how many bits to represent data – 8 or 7 bits
Data Link
• Compression – reduce number of bits to be
transmitted Physical
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 Presentation Layer

Application
• Encryption – transform data into an
unintelligible format at the sending end for Presentation
data security Session
• Decryption – at the receiving end
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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 Application Layer

•Contains protocols that allow the users to Application

access the network (FTP, HTTP, SMTP, etc)
•Protocols contain utilities and network-based
Presentation
services that support email via SMTP, Internet Session
access via HTTP, file transfer via FTP, etc
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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 Application Layer

To Presentation Layer From Presentation Layer

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 Summary of Functions of Layers
To allow access to
Application network resources
To translate, encrypt and
compress data Presentation
To establish, manage &
Session terminate sessions
To provide reliable end-
to-end message delivery Transport
To move packets from
Network source to destination
To organise bits into
frames Data Link
To transmit bits over a
Physical medium & provide
electrical specs.

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 Introduction TCP/IP

• The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known

as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar
networks.
• It is named from two of the most important protocols
in it:
– The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
– The Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two
networking protocols defined in this standard.
Difference between Physical Address and
Logical Address
Difference between TCP/IP & OSI Model