Session 4

OSI Model
Vs
TCP/IP Model
Objectives

About Different layers

What does each
the in the layer do ?
OSI MODEL OSI Model
About the OSI Model
• In the late 1970s, one project was administered by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)

• OSI model was published in 1984

• The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of

Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services
Benefits of the OSI Model
The main benefits of the OSI model include the following:

• Helps users understand the big picture of networking

• Helps users understand how hardware and software elements
function together
• Makes troubleshooting easier by separating networks into
manageable pieces
• Defines terms that networking professionals can use to compare
basic functional relationships on different networks
• Helps users understand new technologies as they are developed
• Aids in interpreting vendor explanations of product functionality
What is the OSI Model ?
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model for how
applications communicate over a network.

• A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding

relationships.

• The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide vendors and developers
so the digital communication products and software programs they create
can interoperate
OSI model layers
• The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between
two endpoints in a network can be divided into seven distinct groups of
related functions, or layers.

• Each communicating user or program is on a device that can provide those

seven layers of function.

• The three lowest layers focus on passing traffic through the network to an
end system.

• The top four layers come into play in the end system to complete the
process.
OSI model layers
• In this architecture, each layer serves the layer above it and, in turn, is
served by the layer below it.

• So, in a given message between users,

• there will be a flow of data down through the layers in the source
computer,

• across the network,

• and then up through the layers in the receiving computer.

OSI model layers
• In network communication, data passes up and down the protocol stacks
on both machines.

• On data’s way down the stack, it’s divided into data units suitable for each
layer. (Encapsulation or Decapsulation depending on direction)

• Each unit, called a protocol data unit (PDU), is passed from one layer to
another on its way up or down the protocol stack.

• At some layers, the software adds its own formatting or addressing to the
PDU, which is called a “header.”
OSI model layers
• The seven layers of function are provided by a combination of applications,
operating systems, network card device drivers and networking hardware
that enable a system to transmit a signal over a network Ethernet or fiber
optic cable or through Wi-Fi or other wireless protocols.

• Layer 7, 6, 5, & 4 are called the Upper or Host Layers

• Layer 3, 2 & 1 are called the Lower or Media Layers

• The seven Open Systems Interconnection layers are as follows:

All 7 7 Away

People 6 6 Pizza

Some 5 5 Sausage

Time 4 4 Throw

Need 3 3 Not

Data 2 2 Do

Processing 1 1 Please
 PDU
Layer 7: The Application layer DATA

• This is the layer at which communication partners are identified -- Is there

someone to talk to?

• In this layer the application sets up rules on how an application will send
and receive data

• And where the data or application is presented in a visual form the user
can understand.

• This layer is not the application itself, it is the set of services an application
should be able to make use of directly.
 PDU
Layer 7: The Application layer DATA

Application layer functionality include:

• Support for file transfers

• Ability to print on a network
• Electronic mail
• Electronic messaging
• Browsing the World Wide Web
 PDU
Layer 6: The Presentation layer DATA

• This layer is usually part of an operating system (OS)

• It converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to

another

• It helps by formatting the data in such a way that both parties will be able to
read it

• For example, from clear text to encrypted text at one end and back to clear
text at the other.
 PDU
Layer 6: The Presentation layer DATA

Presentation layer functionality include:

• Encryption and decryption of a message for security

• Compression and expansion of a message so that it travels efficiently
• Graphics formatting
• Content translation
• System-specific translation
 PDU
Layer 5: The Session layer DATA

• This layer sets up, coordinates and terminates conversations.

• It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes

procedures for checkpointing, suspending, restarting, and terminating a
session

• Its services also include authentication and reconnection after an

interruption.

• On the internet, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram

Protocol (UDP) provide these services for most applications.
 PDU
Layer 5: The Session layer DATA

Session layer functionality includes:

• Virtual connection between application entities

• Synchronization of data flow
• Creation of dialog units
• Connection parameter negotiations
• Partitioning of services into functional groups
• Acknowledgements of data received during a session
• Retransmission of data if it is not received by a device
 PDU
Layer 4: The Transport layer SEGMENT

• The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of

transferring packets from a source to a destination host, while maintaining
the quality of service functions.

• This layer manages packetization of data, it breaks long data streams into
smaller chunks called “segments”

• Then the delivery of the packets, including checking for errors in the data
once it arrives.

• On the internet, TCP and UDP provide these services for most applications
as well.
 PDU
Layer 4: The Transport layer SEGMENT

Some of the functions offered by the transport layer include:

• Application identification
• Client-side entity identification
• Confirmation that the entire message arrived intact
• Segmentation of data for network transport
• Control of data flow to prevent memory overruns
• Establishment and maintenance of both ends of virtual circuits
• Transmission-error detection
• Realignment of segmented data in the correct order on the receiving
side
• Multiplexing or sharing of multiple sessions over a single physical link
 PDU
Layer 3: The Network layer PACKET
• The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring
packets from one node to another connected in "different networks".

• This layer handles addressing and routing the data

• Sending it in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions

and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level.

• IP is the network layer for the internet.

• Some common protocols which work at the Network layer are: IP, DHCP, ICMP, IGRP,
EIGRP, RIP, RIP2,OSPF
 PDU
Layer 2: The Datalink layer FRAMES
• The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two
directly connected nodes, inserts packets into network frames.

• It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer.

• It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two

physically connected devices.

• This layer has two sub-layers: the logical link control layer (LLC) and the media
access control layer (MAC).

• MAC layer types include Ethernet and 802.11 wireless specifications.

 PDU
Layer 2 Services FRAMES
• Encapsulation of network layer data packets into frames
• Frame synchronization
• Logical link control (LLC) sublayer:
• Error control
• Flow control
• Media access control (MAC) sublayer:
• Multiple access protocols for channel-access control ( CSMA/CD or the CSMA/CA )
• Physical addressing (MAC addressing)
• LAN switching (packet switching), including MAC filtering, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
• Data packet queuing or scheduling
• Store-and-forward switching or cut-through switching
• Quality of Service (QoS) control
• Virtual LANs (VLAN)
 PDU
Layer 1: The Physical layer BITS

• This layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured

raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium.

• It converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals.

• The physical layer covers a variety of devices and mediums, among them
cabling, connectors, receivers, transceivers and repeaters.
 PDU
Layer 1: The Physical layer BITS

Components of the physical layer include:

• Cabling system components

• Adapters that connect media to physical interfaces
• Connector design and pin assignments
• Hub, repeater, and patch panel specifications
• Wireless system components
• Parallel SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
Overview
Physical & Data Link Layer

Session, Presentation, Application Layers

Network & Transport Layer
 ?
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OSI Cheat Sheet
Layer 7 is the Application layer. This is the layer that us a humans interact with
the most. This layer the application sets up rules on how an application will send
and receive data. Much like Languages, if both people don’t speak the same
one, a conversation will not likely amount to anything.

Layer 6 is the Presentation layer. It helps the Application layer by formatting the
data in such a way that both parties will be able to read it.

Layer 5 is the Session layer. It helps ensure that the data is synchronized.

Layer 4 is the Transport layer. It is responsible for creating and managing the
packets that will go out on the network.
OSI Cheat Sheet
Layer 3 is the Network layer. It is responsible for Addressing and Routing. This
layer is in charge of the IP address of the hosts as well as knowing how to route
information to another host.

Layer 2 is the data link layer. It is responsible for Data frames and the
Management of those frames. Data frames deal with layer 2 addresses (MAC
Address) which are non-routable addresses.
Logical Link Control
Media Access Control (NIC’s Mac Address)

Layer 1 is the Physical Layer. It is responsible for talking with a physical device
like a NIC. In particular it’s changing the data into electronic pulses that can be
sent out on the wire.
OSI Cheat sheet 1 - Devices
1. Physical layer : Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Fibers, Wireless..

2. Data-link layer: Bridges, Modems, Network cards, 2-layer switches.

3. Network layer: Routers, Brouters, 3-layer switches.

4. Transport layer: Gateways, Firewalls.

5. Session layer: Gateways, Firewalls, PC’s.

6. Presentation layer : Gateways, Firewalls, PC’s.

7. Application layer: Gateways, Firewalls, all end devices like PC’s, Phones, Servers..
OSI Cheat sheet 2 - Protocols
1. Physical layer : Wi-Fi, USB, Bluetooth, RJ 45 …..

2. Data-link layer: Ethernet, PPP, Frame-relay

3. Network layer: IPv4, IPv6, OSPF, EIGRP, RIP, BGP, ICMP, ARP

4. Transport layer: TCP, UDP

5. Session layer: SIP, PPTP

6. Presentation layer : ASCII, JPG, GIF, SSL, TLS

7. Application layer: DNS, DHCP, FTP, PDU, Telnet, POP3, IMAP

 OSI vs TCP/IP Model

APPLICATION

PRESENTATION APPLICATION APPLICATION

SESSION
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

NETWORK NETWORK / INTERNET

INTERNET

DATA LINK DATA LINK

NETWORK ACCESS
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL