MTH 421A

Assignment - 1
1. Compute a Lipschitz constant K and then show that f (x, y) = p(x) cos y + q(x) sin y,
satisfies Lipschitz condition within {(x, y) : |x| ≤ 10, |y| ≤ ∞}, where p(x) an q(x) are
continuous functions on −10 ≤ x ≤ 10.

2. Show that f (x, y) = x|y| satisfies Lipschitz condition in the region {(x, y) : |x| ≤
1, |y| ≤ ∞}.

3. Let K1 and K2 be positive constants and let f be a continuous

Z x nonnegative function
on α ≤ x ≤ β satisfying inequality f (x) ≤ K1 + K2 f (s)ds. Show that f (x) ≤
α
K1 exp (K2 (x − α)).

4. For each of the following problems compute the first four successive approximations
y0 (x), y1 (x), y2 (x), y3 (x)
′
(i) y = x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 0,
′
(ii) y = 1 + xy, y(0) = 1,
′
(iii) y = y 2 , y(0) = 0,
′
(iv) y = y 2 , y(0) = 1.
′
5. Construct the Picard iterates for the initial-value problem y = 2x(y + 1), y(0) = 0
2
and show that they converge to the solution y(x) = ex − 1.

6. For each of the following problems show that the solution y(x) of the given IVP exists
on the specified interval:
′
(i) y = y 2 + cos x2 , y(0) = 0; 0 ≤ x ≤ 21 ,
′
(ii) y = 1 + y + y 2 cos x, y(0) = 0; 0 ≤ x ≤ 13 ,
′ 2
(iii) y = e−x + y 2 , y(0) = 0; 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 .
′′ ′
7. Prove that the initial value problem y + g(x, y) = 0, y(0) = y0 , y (0) = z0 where g is
continuous in someZ region D containing (0, y0 ), is equivalent to the integral equation
x
y(x) = y0 + z0 x − (x − s)g(s, y(s))ds.
0

dy √
8. Find all solutions of dx
= 2 y, y(0) = 1. Which of them does Picard’s iteration
approximate?
dy
9. Find all initial conditions such that (x2 − 4x) dx = (2x − 4)y has no solution, precisely
one solution and more than one solution.
dy
10. If p(x) and r(x) in equation dx + p(x)y = r(x) are continuous for all x in an interval
|x − x0 | ≤ a, show that f (x, y) in this ODE satisfies the conditions of Existence
Theorem, so that a corresponding initial value problem has a unique solution.