B 5.2.

Photosynthesis and Respiration

Learning Outcomes:

 Explain how plants manufacture their own food

 Discuss the process involved in cellular respiration

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce carbohydrates
and molecular oxygen (O₂) from carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)

6CO₂ + 12H₂O + light energy----------chlorophyll----------C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

Essential Factors in Photosynthesis

1. Raw materials
A. Carbon dioxide is approximately 0.036% of the atmosphere which diffuses in the mesophyll cells
of the leaf through the stomata.
B. Water is the source of electrons involved in photosynthesis.

2. Light travels as waves and particles called photons. Visible light that is passed through a prism is
separated into individual colors called visible spectrum (red,red-orange,orange-
yellow,green,blue,blue-green, indigo,violet) with wavelengths ranging from 390nm to 780nm.
All of the visible light colors can be used in photosynthesis; those in the violet to blue and red-
orange to red wavelength are used most extensively. Light in the green range is reflected. The
intensity of light varies with time of the day, season of the year, altitude and atmospheric
condition.

3. Pigment refers to the compounds that appear colorful because they only absorb light of particular
wavelength within visible spectrum.

Chlorophyll a is a blue-green in color

Chlorophyll b is yellow-green in color

Chlorophyll c,d,e are found in certain algae

Carotenoid is the yellow orange pigment

Xanthophyll is the yellow pigment

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the primary source of chemical energy, reduced Nicotinamide
Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) is the primary source of reducing power.
Unit 6 PLANT REPRODUCTION

Learning Outcomes:
 Discuss the sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
 Compare and contrast the development of male and female gametophyte.

6.1. Pollen Development

 Stamen (Filament and Anther) refers to the male part.
 It is placed for the pollen production.

Egg Development
 Carpel (Stigma, Style and Ovary) refers to the female part.
 It is found inside the ovary containing ovules.
 Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis in making the megaspores.
 Only one megaspore typically survives, and the others disintegrate.
 Among the three rounds of mitosis only 7 cells are formed.
Pollination refers to the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

Types of Pollination:

1. Self-pollination transfers pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower, or from
the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant.

2. Cross-pollination transfers pollen grains from the anther of a flower on one plant to the
stigma of a flower on another plant.

Agents Pollination:

1. Entomophilous flowers are insect pollinated flowers.

Modifications: brightly colored, scented, with sticky pollen/spiny pollen, sticky stigmas, produce
nectar.

2. Anemophilous flowers are wind pollinated flowers.

Modifications: inconspicuous flower without scent, with small and dry pollen grains, expanded
stigmas, do not reproduce nectar.

3. Hydrophilous flowers refer to the water pollinated flower.

Modifications are similar to wind pollinated flowers.

4. Zoophilous flowers pertain to the animal-pollinated flowers.

Modifications are similar to entomophilous flowers.

Fertilization

A. One of the two cells in the pollen grain grows a thin pollen tube down through the style
into the ovule in the ovary once pollen has been transferred from anther to stigma.
B. The second cell divides from the two male gametes and the sperm cells which move down
the pollen tube and enter the ovule.
C. Double fertilization occurs.
D. One sperm fuses with the egg to make a zygote.
E. One sperm fuses with the endosperm mother cell to make triploid endosperm.
F. Synergids disintegrate.
G. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed and the ovary surrounding it develops into
a fruit.