BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronics Engineering
B.S. in Aerospace Engineering

ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

MATH 403

FINAL PROJECT

ALEXANDER DAVE
B. GARCIA
AERO 2102

ENGR.
ALVIN REX
L.
ARELLANO

DEC. 18, 2022

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

LESSON

CORRELATION

CORRELATION: Meaning and Uses of Correlation

Correlation – is a measure of relationship between two variables. Coefficient of correlation - determines validity, reliability,
and objectivity of an examination prepared. It also indicates the amount of agreement or disagreement between groups of
scores, measurements, or individuals.

Correlation ranges in value from +1.00 through 0.00 up to -1.00.

Interpretation of ranges is shown below.

±0.00 to ± 0.20 – slightly correlation, almost negligible relationship
±0.21 to ± 0.40 – slightly correlation, definite but small relationship
±0.41 to ± 0.70 – moderate correlation, substantial relationship
±0.71 to ± 0.90 – high correlation, marked relationship
±0.91 to ± 1.00 – very high correlation, very dependable relationship

Computing the coefficient of correlation by the Spearman’s Formula:

Where:
R = is the coefficient of correlation by Spearman’s Formula
1 = is constant
6 = is constant (The constant 1 and 6 in the formula do not change)
ƩG – is the sum of the column G
N – is the number of pairs of scores or measures
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

The following steps are as follows:
1. Write the sores of the 18 female students in English under column Test x and in Mathematics under column Test y.
2. Rank the scores under column Test x with the highest score as rank 1 and the lowest scores as rank 18
(considering that there are only twelve female students involved). Write the ranks of the scores under Test x in
column Rx which means rank of x
3. Rank the scores under column Test y with the highest score as rank 1 and the lowest score as rank 18.
4. Subtract the Ry values from Rx values.
5. Write the difference between the values under the Rx and Ry columns under column G, which means gain. In this
case, consider only the positive values.
6. Get the sum of the values under column G and call this ƩG.

Finally, substitute the values in the original formula

Table 1.1

Students Test x Test y Rx Ry G

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

The coefficient of correlation by Product Moment Method

Computing the coefficient of correlation by Product Moment Method

Where:
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = is the coefficient of correlation by the product-Moment Method

Ʃ𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 - is the sum of column 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

∑ 𝑑2 - is the sum of column 𝑑2
𝑥 𝑥
∑ 𝑑2 - is the sum of column 𝑑2
𝑦 𝑦
The following steps are as follows:
1. Get the total data under Test x and Test y.
∑𝑥
2. Get the mean of test x: 𝑥 =
𝑛
∑𝑦
3. Get the mean of test y: 𝑦=
𝑛
4. Get the deviations 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 by getting the difference between the mean and the score.
5. Square 𝑑𝑥 to obtain 𝑑2 and 𝑑𝑦 to obtain 𝑑2
𝑥 𝑦
6. Get the summation of 𝑑2 and 𝑑2
𝑥 𝑦
7. Get the product of 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 to have 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
8. Get the Ʃ𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
9. Apply the formula

Table 1.2

Students Test x Test y 𝑑𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 loc. 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: ceafa@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering – Department of Electronics Engineering

Computing the coefficient of correlation by the use of the Spearman’s rho (Rank-difference Method)
The Spearman rank correlation (𝑟𝑠) is calculated by ranking the observations for each of the
two variables andthen computing the Pearson correlation on the ranks. When ties are
encountered, the average rank is used

This produces a correlation coefficient which has a maximum value of 1, indicating a perfect
positive association between the ranks, and a minimum value of -1, indicates no association
between the ranks for the observed valuesof x and y.
Where:
𝝆( rho) – is the coefficient of correlation by the
Rank-Difference Method1 – is constant
6 – is constant (the constant 1 and 6 in the formula do not change)
Ʃ𝐷2 – is the sum of the column D²
N – is the sum of pairs of scores or measures.

The following steps are as follows:

1. Follow the same steps from 1 to 3.
2. Find the difference between the two sets of ranks or values under columns Rx and Ry. It does not
matter if the differenceis found by subtracting the Rx values from Ry values or Ry values from the
Rx values as long as you subtract the larger value from the smaller value.

3. Write the difference between the values under the Rx and Ry columns under d, which means
difference.
4. Square the value under column D and write the results under column D².
5. Get the sum of the values under column D² and call this Ʃ𝐷2.

Table 1.3
Students Test x Test y Rx Ry D D²

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PROBLEM:
A. Compute the coefficient of correlation by the use of the (a) Spearman’s formula, (b) Product Moment
formula & (c) Spearman’s rho (Rank-difference Method) by using the table showing the scores of 18
female students on two short quizzes in English (X) and Mathematics (Y). (Create a table to show the data
computed specific for a, b & c)

Students Test x Test y Rx Ry G

1 83 71 5 8
2 67 68 12.5 10.5 2
3 46 60 18 17 1
4 68 81 11 6 5
5 91 82 2.5 4.5
6 91 87 2.5 1.5 1
7 50 52 16.5 18
8 75 77 6 7
9 86 83 4 3 1
10 71 82 8.5 4.5 4
11 71 68 8.5 10.5
12 50 68 16.5 10.5 6
13 67 64 12.5 14.5
14 55 64 15 14.5 .5
15 71 68 8.5 10.5
16 59 61 14 16
17 94 87 1 1.5
18 71 66 8.5 13

B. Interpret the data from (a), (b) & (c). Please refer to the Lesson.

a. ± 0.6191950464
MODERATE CORRELATION, SUBSTANTIAL RELATIONSHIP

b. ± 0.8253526593
HIGH CORRELATION, MARKED RELATIONSHIP

c. ± 0.8586171311
HIGH CORRELATION, MARKED RELATIONSHIP

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 Table 1.1
Students Test x Test y Rx Ry G
1 83 71 5 8
2 67 68 12.5 10.5 2
3 46 60 18 17 1
4 68 81 11 6 5
5 91 82 2.5 4.5
6 91 87 2.5 1.5 1
7 50 52 16.5 18
8 75 77 6 7
9 86 83 4 3 1
10 71 82 8.5 4.5 4
11 71 68 8.5 10.5
12 50 68 16.5 10.5 6
13 67 64 12.5 14.5
14 55 64 15 14.5 0.5
15 71 68 8.5 10.5
16 59 61 14 16
17 94 87 1 1.5
18 71 66 8.5 13
Total: 1266 1289 20.5
ƩG R
20.5 0.6191950464

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 Table 1.2
Students Test x Test y dx(x-𝑥)̅ dy(y-𝑦̅) dx2 dy2 dxdy
1 83 71 12.6667 -0.6111 160.444 0.37345679 -7.740740741
2 67 68 -3.3333 -3.6111 11.1111 13.04012346 12.03703704
3 46 60 -24.333 -11.611 592.111 134.8179012 282.537037
4 68 81 -2.3333 9.38889 5.44444 88.15123457 -21.90740741
5 91 82 20.6667 10.3889 427.111 107.9290123 214.7037037
6 91 87 20.6667 15.3889 427.111 236.8179012 318.037037
7 50 52 -20.333 -19.611 413.444 384.595679 398.7592593
8 75 77 4.66667 5.38889 21.7778 29.04012346 25.14814815
9 86 83 15.6667 11.3889 245.444 129.7067901 178.4259259
10 71 82 0.66667 10.3889 0.44444 107.9290123 6.925925926
11 71 68 0.66667 -3.6111 0.44444 13.04012346 -2.407407407
12 50 68 -20.333 -3.6111 413.444 13.04012346 73.42592593
13 67 64 -3.3333 -7.6111 11.1111 57.92901235 25.37037037
14 55 64 -15.333 -7.6111 235.111 57.92901235 116.7037037
15 71 68 0.66667 -3.6111 0.44444 13.04012346 -2.407407407
16 59 61 -11.333 -10.611 128.444 112.595679 120.2592593
17 94 87 23.6667 15.3889 560.111 236.8179012 364.2037037
18 71 66 0.66667 -5.6111 0.44444 31.4845679 -3.740740741
Total: 1266 1289 3654 1768.277778 2098.333333

𝑥̅ 𝑦̅ Ʃdx2 Ʃdy2 Ʃdxdy rxy

70.3333 71.6111 3654 1768.28 2098.33 0.8253526593

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Students Test x Test y Rx Ry D D2
1 83 71 5 8 -3 9
2 67 68 12.5 10.5 -2 4
3 46 60 18 17 -1 1
4 68 81 11 6 -5 25
5 91 82 2.5 4.5 -2 4
6 91 87 2.5 1.5 -1 1
7 50 52 16.5 18 -1.5 2.25
8 75 77 6 7 -1 1
9 86 83 4 3 -1 1
10 71 82 8.5 4.5 -4 16
11 71 68 8.5 10.5 -2 4
12 50 68 16.5 10.5 -6 36
13 67 64 12.5 14.5 -2 4
14 55 64 15 14.5 -0.5 0.25
15 71 68 8.5 10.5 -2 4
16 59 61 14 16 -2 4
17 94 87 1 1.5 -0.5 0.25
18 71 66 8.5 13 -4.5 20.25
Total: 1266 1289 -41 137
ƩD2 rs
137 0.8586171311

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