CHAPTER 3
Từ loại – Parts of Speech
1. ARTICLES ( Mạo từ )
Nội dung
Vị trí Trước danh từ hay 1 cụm tương đương danh từ
(noun-equivalent).
Chức năng Cho biết danh từ ấy đề cập đến một đối tượng xác
định hay không xác định.
Phân loại 1.A/An:
Mạo từ không xác định (a, an) dùng với danh từ số
ít đếm được trong các trường họp sau:
-Danh từ chưa xác định và có nghĩa chung chung
-Danh từ số ít đếm được với nghĩa "một"
-Danh từ chỉ nghề nghiệp
-Trong các cụm từ chỉ số lượng, đo lường:
a pair of, a couple of, a dozen of, a kilo of, a liter
of, a packet of, a bottle of, a piece of, a bunch of, a
few, a little...
Trong cấu trúc cảm thán vói What
2.The:
Mạo từ xác định (the) dùng với danh từ số ít hoặc
số nhiều, đếm được hay không đếm được trong các
trường hợp sau:
-Danh từ xác định
Danh từ chỉ sự vật duy nhất: the sun, the moon, the
Earth, the universe, the globe, the King, the
Queen...
Danh từ chỉ các loại nhạc cụ: the guitar, the piano,
the drum...
Danh từ riêng chỉ tên đại dương, sông núi, rừng,
sa mạc, hồ, thác, kênh: the Thames, the Nile, the
Alps, the Fuji, the Michigan, the Suez Canal, the
Amazon, the Niagara, the Pacific Ocean, the Red
Sea, the Sahara,...
Danh từ chỉ phương hướng: the east, the west, the
north, the south, the southeast...
Danh từ chỉ người hoặc nhóm người: the Smiths,
the Simpsons, the Chinese, the old, the poor, the
blind...
Tên 1 số quốc gia:
the United States, the Philippines , the Netherlands,
the United Kingdom…
Ví dụ
My brother has just bought a new
book.
- He has just written a new song.
- I bought a dog yesterday.
- He has two children: a son and a
daughter.
-I saw a beggar on the street
-I am a student.
-My mom has just bought a dozen of
eggs.
- Bring me a bottle of juice, please
- What a handsome guy!
- What a nice shirt you have!
- He has two children: a son and a
daughter. The son is 12 years old
and the daughter is 6 years younger.
- The Earth orbits the Sun every 365
days
- I learnt to play the guitar when was
young.
- The Sahara is the largest desert the
world.
- A compass will help you find the
north.
- A great number of people died
when the Titanic sank
- He is one of the tallest people in the
world.
- The harder you study, the better
score you will get
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 Tên tàu thủy, khách sạn, rạp chiếu phim:
the Titanic, the Queen Mary, the Reg Cinema,
the Grand Hotel...
m) -Trong hình thức so sánh nhất.
-Trong cấu trúc so sánh kép.

3.Zero article (Không dùng mạo từ)
a) Trước các danh từ dùng với nghĩa chung
chung
b) Trước chức vụ, tước danh:
c) Trước các danh từ trò chơi,môn thể thao,
phương tiện :
d) Trước các danh từ chỉ các bữa ăn, ngôn ngữ:
e) Trước các danh từ riêng tên người, tên đường
phố, tên thành phố , tên quốc gia, lục địa :
f) Trong các cụm giới từ:
to/at/from school/work/college/university,
in/to class, to/in/from church/town,
to/in/ into/out of prison/hospital/bed,
at/ from home, at sea, in bed
- I like cats more than dogs.
- Music plays an important part in
our life.
- He was elected monitor of the
class.
- She became queen when she was
only 14 years old.
- Football is the king of sports.
- I go to Denmark by train.
- Vietnam is a beautiful country.
- I want to travel to South Korea.
- I work far from home.
- He has just got out of hospital
yesterday.

Ví dụ 1:I like________ beautiful brown coffee table in your living room. Where did you buy it?
A. a B. an C. the D.0

Ví dụ 2: Until recently_______ economy of the southern United States was based on cotton.
A. 0/0 B. 0/a C. 0/the D. the/0

Ví dụ 3: The government is having a new policy to help ________ homeless in this city.
A. a B. an C. die D. 0

Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.

1.1 need _________ new computer. I’m going to the electronics’ store to pick one out today.
A. a B. an C. the D. 0

2.1 want to have _ apple for__________ lunch.

A. a/the B. an/0 C. the/0 D. 0/0

3. Quick! Someone called the police. I need _________help right now.

A. a B. an C. the D. 0
4._____________she wanted was a place where she could live without fear.
A. Everything/no B. All/0 C. Each/any D. Every/some

5. It takes not only _________talent, but also _________hard work to succeed in a career.
A. 0/0 B. 0/the C. the/0 D. an/the

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6. It is estimated that about 640 women remain illiterate in the world, mostly in ________
developing countries.
A. the B. 0 C. a D. An

7. It is estimated that only 1,000 pandas remain in _________ wild.

A.a B.an C. the D. 0

8. Can you give me _________ little more information about the hotel?
A.a B.an C. the D.0

9. Lisa met one of her old friends on his way _______ home from Vancouver.
A. a B. an C. the D.0

10. You will find the picture on________tenth page.

A. this B.0 C.an D. the

11. Is Professor Su going to have __________ X-ray check?

A.0 B. a C.an D. the
A.
12. Lily is fond of listening to music while Kevin is interested in playing _____ piano.
A. a B. the C. 0 D. an

13. _________Statue of Liberty was a gift of ________friendship from France to the United States.
A. the/0 B. the/ the C. 0/0 D. the/a

14. There are only a few seats left for ____________ tonight's musical at university.
A. a/0 B. the/a C. 0/the D. the/the

15. Scientists sent an expedition to __________ Mars during ________1990s.

A. 0/ the B. 0/ 0 C. the/ 0 D. the/ the

16. I'm on night duty. When you go to_______ bed, I go to _______work.

A. the/ 0 B.0/0 C. a/0 D. 0/ the

17. _____________ money you gave me is not enough to buy_________ bicycle.

A. the/ a B.0/a C. the/0 D.0/0

18. Mel’s grandfather is in _________hospital, so we went to visit him ________last night.

A. the/the B.the/0 C. 0/the D.0/0

19. Not everyone believes that technology has improved _________quality of people's lives.
A. 0/a B. the/0 C. 0/the D. the/ the

20. Thirty-three centuries ago at Karnak, in ancient Egypt, on ________east bank of the Nile______
great temple arose.
A. 0/some B. an/0 C. any/the __ D. the/

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 2. PREPOSITIONS (GIỚI TỪ)
Nội dung Ví dụ
Vị trí Trước danh từ hay 1 cụm tương đương danh There is nothing left in the fridge.
từ (noun-equivalent).

Chức năng Dùng để chỉ mối liên hệ giữa danh từ hay The cat is under the table.
cụm từ tương đương này vói các từ khác
trong câu.

Giới từ chỉ thời gian: She stays up until midnight. You have to
at, on, in, before, after, during, from, to, till, leave at noon.
until, by...
Phân loại Giói từ chi nơi chốn, vị trí: The students are in the classroom. She
at, in, on, in front of, behind, near, over, stands behind her father.
beside, above...
at school, in front of the house, under the
bed, behind the tree...

Giói từ chỉ sự chuyển động: She is walking along the street with her
to, from, across, along, about, into, about dog. She ran toward me in full speed.
(khắp nơi, quanh quấn), through (xuyên
qua), out of/(ra khỏi), round (quanh),
toward (về phía)....
through the window, into the room, round
the table
Giói từ chỉ thể cách: He jumped with joy on hearing that he
with, without, according to (theo, tùy theo), passed the exam.
in spite of (mặc dù), instead of (thay vì) He took the bus to the airport instead of a
with pain, according to the survey, in spite grab bike.
of the storm, instead of staying home
Giới từ chỉ mục đích: We left early so as to arrive there
to (để), in order to (để mà),for (thay, giùm, midnight
cho), so as to (để) He always tries his best for every exam
Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: Thanks to you, I could survive the storm.
thanks to (nhờ), through (do, vì), She was absent from school because of her
because of/(vì, bởi), owing to (nhờ, do), illness.
by means of/(nhờ)...

Ví dụ 1: The present accident rate of the country is nothing to be proud __________.

A. about B. atc. C. of D. with

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Ví dụ 2: Why don't we meet in the evening? I can have a beer with you when I am _______ but not
now.
A. off B. on C. out of D. after

Ví dụ 3: I’m afraid starting the race today is _________the question. Look at this snow.
A. beyond B. out of C. off D. away

Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.

1. It was Friday afternoon and the shops were full _______customers.
A. of B. in C. by D. With

2. Now that we are ________danger, we no longer need police protection.

A. off B. away from C. out of D outside

3. I'm afraid he couldn't help being jealous his brother's good fortune.
A. over B. about c.at D. of

4. We couldn't figure why the headmaster had changed his mind about the to
A. up B. out c. down D. in

5. As far as I can tell, she was completely unaware __________ the serious of the situation.
A. of B. about C. from D. in

6. You should not try to ski on your own _______having a few lessons from a certified Instructor.
A. within B. without C. after D. Instead of

7. I’m afraid there’s something wrong _________my ears. 1 can't hear you property
A. from B. of C. at D. with

8. Jane has lost the gold necklace her mother gave her ________a wedding present.
A. as B. such as C. for D. like

9. Mandy was born _________the 4thJuly, the day that Independence Day Is celebrated In America.
A. at/to B. during/in C. on/of D. in/on

10. The project, which many people believed to be a major breakthrough, finally ended _______
failure.
A. with B. by C. in D. upon

11. Laboratary tests carried ________by three Independent teams of experts have given similar
results.
A. out B. about C. forth D. up

12. He agreed with my opinion that we should not be fully satisfied ________ what we heard.
A. from B. of C. with D. about

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13. Two young men were arrested on suspicion of setting fire _______a police van.
A. in B. on C. with D. to

14. First we have to find out to what extent the drop In car imports is related ______the increase of
interest rates.
A. to B. with C. upon D. over

15. After so many years of work I'm really tired ordinary people's egoism and lack of
consideration.
A. with B. of C. at D. by

16. We don't want my father to know about the trip. Please, don't give us ________ .
A. off B. on C. away D. In

17. Customs duty _______wallpaper is almost 50% so I don't think it's a good idea to buy it
aboard.
A. for B. on C. at D. of
18. Keep your mouth shut! Remember that what you say may be taken ________and used
against you.
A. down B. over C. through D. Into

19.1 will be ________a business trip to China for two weeks; please email me if you need to get in
touch with me.
A. around B. on C. through D. over

20. In a hospital, the case was diagnosed as pneumonia. Before, she had been treated hay
fever.
A. against B. on C. for D. from

3. NOUNS ( Danh từ)

Nội dung Ví dụ
Vị trí Sau tính từ (adj + N) They are Interesting books.
Sau He Is a teacher.
- mạo từ: a/an/the These flowers are beautiful.
- từ chi định: this, that, these, those, every, each.. She needs some food.
- từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little,
several...
- tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their,
its...
Sau ngoại động từ (V + O) She buys pens.
She meets a lot of people.
Sau giói từ (prep. + N) He talked about the lesson
yesterday He is interested in art.

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 Chức năng - Làm chủ ngữ
- Làm tân ngữ trực tiếp
- Làm tân ngữ gián tiếp
- Làm bố ngữ của chủ ngữ
- Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ
Danh từ chung (common nouns)
-Là những danh từ ch! người, việc và địa điểm
-Danh từ chung có thể được viết dưới hình thức
sỗ ít hoặc số nhiều
- Danh từ chung không viết hoa chữ cái đầu.
Phân loại Danh từ riêng (prope nouns)
- Danh từ riêng là những tên riêng để gọi từng sự
vật, đối tượng duy nhất, cá biệt như tên ngưòi,
tên địa đanh, tên công ty....
- Danh từ riêng phải viểt hoa chữ cái đầu
Danh từ trừu tượng (abstract nouns)
- Một danh từ trừu tượng là một danh từ chung
nhằm gọi tên một ý tưởng hoặc một phẩm chất.
Các danh từ trừu tượng thường không thể xem,
ngửi, tiếp xúc hoặc nểm.
- Danh từ trừu tượng có thể ờ dạng số ft hoặc số
nhiều.
- Danh từ trừu tượng có thể đếm được hoặc
khỏng đếm được.
Danh từ tập thể (collective nouns)
- Một danh từ tập họp gọi tên một federation,
herd, bunch, flock, nhóm hay một tập họp nhiều
người, swarm, litter nơi chốn, hoặc đồ vật.
- Các danh từ tập hợp có thể số ít hoặc times a
month.. Chúng thường đi vói các động từ số ít
bởi nhóm này hoạt động cùng nhau dưới hình
thức là một đơn vị. Một danh từ tập hợp đi với
một động từ số nhiều khi thành phần của nhóm
hoạt động như dưới dạng các cá nhân
Ví dụ 1: The trousers you bought for me _____me.
A. don’t fit B. doesn't fit C. fits D. fit not
Her shirt is very beautiful.
The cake looks good.
Ngoc ate some oranges.
Trang gave Ngoc some oranges.
My father is a teacher.
People consider him a teacher.
cat, house, picture, book,...
a cat/ cats
IBM, Mr. David Coperfield ,
Chua Lang street, Bach Mai
Hospital, Royal Hotel, Times
City,...
joy, peace, emotion, wisdom,
beau courage, love, strength,
character, happiness, personality
Crew, team, navy, republic,
nation, federation, herd, bunch,
flock, swarm, litter.
Our team gathers together three
times a month.
Đội đang hoạt động với tư
cách là 1 đơn vị
The team were discussing
Các thành viên đang hoạt động
với tư cách là nhiều cá nhân.

Ví dụ 2: Water __ _______said to be the best drink.

A. were B. are C. be D. is

Ví dụ 3:I often have _________after lunch.

A. chocolates B. any chocolate
C. a sheet of chocolate D. a bar of chocolate

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Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.
1. If you want to find good information about graduate programs in the United States, look in
_________of the College Blue Books.
A. volume two B. volume second
C. the volume two D. second volume

2. A shoe of leather is a ____________ .

A. leather shoe B. shoe leather
C. shoed leather D. skinned leather

3. Let's buy our tickets while I still have _________left

A. a few money B. a little moneys
C. a few dollars D. a few dollar

4. Please go to _______to pick up your ID card.

A. third window B. the window three
C. window third D. the third window

5. This is my _________plantation.
A. mother-in-law B. mother-in-law’s
C. mother-in-laws D. mother’s-in-law

6. The assignment for Monday was to read __________ in your textbooks.

A. chapter tenth B. the chapter ten
C. chapter the tenth D. the tenth chapter

7. They are __________.

A. woman-professors B. womans-professors
C. women professors D. women’s professors

8. It’s a shame that you have _________time in New York on the tour.
A. so few B. so little C. a few D. a little

9. We haven’t had _________news from the disaster site since the earthquake.
A. many B. quite a few C. much D. some

10. A table used for writing is called ___________.

A. table-writing B. a writing
C. a written table D. a writing table

11. John Kennedy was __________of the United States.

A. the thirty-five president B. the thirty fifth president
C. the president thirty-fifth D. president the thirty-five

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12. I’ll have a cup of tea and __________.
A. two toasts B. two piece of toasts
C. two pieces of toast D. two pieces of toasts

13. The ticket agent said that the plane would be boarding at __________.
A. the gate six B. sixth gate C. gate six D. the six gate

14.1 will need ________about the climate before I make a final decision.
A. a few informations B. a little informations
C. a few information D. a little information

15. We don’t have _______ tonight

A. many homeworks B. much homeworks
C. many homework D. much homework

16. Sending _________“special delivery" costs about fifteen times as much as sending it "regular
delivery”.
A. mails B. a piece of mail C. a mail D. pieces of a mail

17. Next month we have two _______holiday.

A. week B. weeks C. weeks’ D. week's

18. That man has two ________.

A. brother-in-law B. brothers-in-law
C. brother-ins-law D. brother-in-laws

19. The latest exhibitions, films or plays are only _______.

A. by bus a short distance way B. a short distance by bus away
C. a short distance away by bus D. the distance of a short bus away

20. It is important to brush your __________at least twice a day.

A. teeth B. teeths C. tooth D. tooth

23
 4. ADJECTIVES ( Tính từ )
Nội dung Ví dụ
Vị trí Trưởc N ( Adj + N) This is an interesting book.
Sau to be I am tired.
Sau động từ Linking Verb: become, get, It becomes hot.
look, feel, taste, smell, seem,keep,make... She feels sad.
The news made me happy.
Sau trạng từ (adv + adj): Extremely, It is extremely cold, I'm terribly sorry.
completely, really, terribly, very, quite, She is very beautiful.
rather...
Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small.
Trước enough The house isn’t large enough.
(be + adj + enough)
Trong cấu trúc: She was so angry that she can't speak.
be + so + adj + that
A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my ... My new car is blue.
+ (Adj) + Noun
Trong câu cảm thán: How beautiful the girl is!
- How + adj + s + V What an interesting film!
-What + (a/an) + adj + N
Chức năng Chỉ tính chất, mức độ, phạm vi... của một Her shirt is very beautiful.
ngưòi hoặc vật. The cake looks good.
- Bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ hoặc động từ The poor: người nghèo
liên kết pinking verbs). The Americans: người Mỹ
- Không thay đổi theo ngôi và số của danh
từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, trừ trường hợp của
these và those.
-Kết họp vói the để tạo thành danh từ.
Phân loại Tính từ miêu tả (descriptive adj): chỉ màu beautiful, interesting, colorful, red, new,
sắc, kích cỡ, chất lượng... của một vật hay important....
người. My new car is blue.
Tính từ giói hạn (limiting adj): chỉ số - số đếm: one, two....
lượng, khoảng cách, tính chất sở hữu ... - sổ thứ tự: first, second....
- tính chất sở hữu: his,your, my....
- đại từ chỉ định: this, that, these....
- số lượng: much, few, many.....
Tính từ phân từ chủ động She has an interesting job.
(adj=V-ing) Snakes are really scaring.
- Là dạng phân từ hiện tại (V-ing) của một We've bought a new washing machine.
động từ
-Bổ nghĩa cho N với nghĩa chủ động
Tính từ phân từ bị động She is really interested in the job she’s
(adj=Vpp) applied for.
-Là dạng phân từ hai của động từ (Vpp) I’m scared of snakes.
-Bổ nghĩa cho N với nghĩa bị động The lost children have finally been
found by the police.

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5. ADVERBS ( Trạng từ)

Nội dung Ví dụ
Vị trí Sau động từ thường He drove carefully.
Trước tính từ I meet an extremely handsome man.
Giữa cụm động từ She has already finished the job.
Đầu câu hoặc trước dấu phẩy Unfortunately, I couldn’t come to the
party.
Sau too: V + too + adv They walked too slowly to catch the bus.
Trong cấu trúc V + so + adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused accident.
Trước enough: V + adv + enough You should write clearly enough form
body to read
Chức năng Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, một
trạng từ khác hay cho cả câu.

Phân lọai Trạng từ chi cách thức (Manner) He eats well.

Diễn tả cách thức một hành động được thực She sings badly.
hiện ra sao, dùng để trả lòi các câu hỏi với quick - quickly
How? kind - kindly
Cách hình thành trạng từ: Phàn lớn trạng từ bad - badly
chỉ thế cách có thể được thành lập bằng cách easy - easily
thêm -ly vào tính từ. (adj + -ly)
Trạng từ chi thời gian (Time) You have to do the homework now!
Diễn tà thòi gian hành động được thực hiện, Last Sunday, we went to the park.
dùng đế trả lòi vói câu hỏi When?
Trạng từ chỉ ân suất (Frequency) Trang is never on time. He always
Diễn tả mức độ thường xuyên của một hành works hard.
động, dùng đế trả lời câu hỏi How often?
Trạng từ chỉ noi chốn (Place) here, there,out, away, everywhere,
Diễn tả hành động diễn tả noi nào, ở đâu somewhere... above, below, along,
hoặc gần xa thế nào, dùng để trả lời cho câu around, away, back, somewhere,
hỏi Where? through...
I am sitting here.
She went out.
Trạng từ chỉ mức độ (Grade) too (quá), absolutely (tuyệt đối)
- Diễn tà mức độ, cho biết hành động diễn ra completely (hoàn toàn), entirely (toàn
đến mức độ nào, bộ), greatly (rất là), exactly (thực sự),
- Thường đứng trước các tính từ hay một extremely (vô cùng), perfectly (hoàn
trạng từ khác hơn là dùng với động từ. toàn), slightly (hơi), quite (khá là), rather
(có phần)...
This dish is very bad.
She speaks English too quickly for me to
follow.

25
 Trạng từ chi số lượng (Quantity) My children study rather little.
Diễn tả số lượng (ít hoặc nhiều, một, hai... The champion has won the prize thrice
lần...) (3 times).
Trang từ nghi vấn (Questions) When are you going to give me the book
- Là những trạng từ đứng đầu câu dùng để back?
hỏi, gồm: When, where, why, how Why did I fall in love with you?
- Các trạng từ khẳng định, phủ định, phỏng
đoán: certainly (chắc chắn), perhaps (có lẽ),
maybe (có lẽ), surely (chắc chắn), of course
(dĩ nhiên), willingly (sẵn lòng), very well (rất
tốt).
Trạng từ liên hệ (Relation) I remember the day when I went to school
Là những trạng từ dùng để nối hai mệnh đề for the first time.
vói nhau. Chúng có thể diễn tả địa điếm This is the room where I was born.
(where), thời gian (when) hoặc lí do (why)

Ví dụ 1: She speaks English as _______as you.

A. clear B. clearly C. clearness D.very clear

Ví dụ 2: Sue works ________. She never seems to stop.

A. continuously B. continuous C. quick D. quickly

Ví dụ 3: I'm worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus arrives _______.
A.lately B. late C. latter D. more latter

Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.

1. I cooked this meal ________for you, so 1 hope you like it.
A. special B. specially C. careful D. carefully

2.1 do the same thing every day. My job is very ________.

A. bored B. exciting C. excited D. boring

3. We arrived _________Professor Baker had already called the roll.

A. so lately that B. as late that C. so later that D. so late that

4. The reason why so many people sit before the television tonight is that there will be a
______show.
A. living B. live C. alive D. lived

5. His score on the exam was __________ to qualify him for a graduate program.
A. too good B. good enough C. as high as D. well enough

6. Bats find their way by squeaking _______and guiding themselves by echoes.

A. very fast B. very fastly C. much foster D. most fastly

26
7. Your application will be considered ________your file is completed.
A. as quickly as B. as soon as C. as fast as D. as early as

8. When electricity was first invented, people refused to believe such a thing ________.
A. impossible B. possibly C. possible D. impossibly.

9. My job is very varied. I find it ______ .

A. bored B. boring C. interesting D. interested

10. When the three boys met one another, they found they looked very much _____, they knew
they were triplet
A. like B. alike C. likely D. liked

11. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. He’s always __________ .
A. nervous B. nervously C. careful D. carefully

12. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very ___________.
A. fluent B. fluently C. quick D. quickly

13. Everything was very quiet. There was ________ silence.

A. complete B. completely C. completion D. completeness
14. I’d like to buy a car but it's _________impossible for me at the moment.
A. financial B. financially C. perfect D. perfectly

15. Winning a place at university __________for most students.

A. has become as difficult B. will become more difficultly
C. becomes the most difficultly D. is becoming more and more difficult

16. The final will be _______the midterm.

A. alike B. like C. same D. similar

17. What I would like to do now is to go __________.

A. really quietly somewhere B. somewhere quietly really
C. really quiet somewhere D. somewhere really quiet

18. As a safe precaution, all drivers carry only enough money to make change for ________.
A. a bill of ten-dollar B. a ten-dollars bill
C. a ten-dollar bill D. a tens-dollar bill

19. The doctors have tried ________to save the life of the wounded soldier.
A. everything possible humanly B. humanly everything possible
C. everything humanly possible D. humanly possible everything

20. They _________thought that the truth would be finally discovered.

A. little B. not C. small D. bit

27
21.The noise outside was _________his speech was hardly audible.
A. so irritating that B. so irritated that
C. too irritating that D. too irritated that

22. _________anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it yourself.
A. Three-minute call B. A three-minutes call
C. A three-minute call D. A three-minutes-call

23. Several days _________ , I saw the man again on the street.
A. late B. later C. latter D. last

24. The doctor assured the patient that there was _______with her, but she couldn’t help worrying.
A. seriously wrong nothing B. nothing serious wrong
C. nothing seriously wrong D. serious nothing wrong

25. Beginning in the late 19th century, the rise in the productivity of England was just
________less than Germany and the U.S.
A. year/slightly B. yearly/slight C. year/slightly D. yearly/slightly

6. PRONOUNS ( Đại từ )

Nội dung Ví dụ
Vị trí Giống như danh từ.
Chức năng Thay thế cho danh từ. You shouldn’t rely on Trang calling you
in the morning. You shouldn't rely on her.
Phân loại Đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronouns) I saw a bird.
-Số ít: I saw you.
Chủ ngữ: I,you, he/she/it We know how to dance.
Tân ngữ: me, you, him/her/it To us, you are very special.
-Số nhiều:
Chủ ngữ: we, you, they
Tân ngữ: us,you, them
Đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns)
-Nhóm kết hợp với some: something,some We can learn something from his talk
body
-Nhóm kết hợp với any; anything, anyone, Anyone is welcome to join us.
-Nhóm kết hợp với every: everything, Everybody has to work
everyone, everybody
-Nhóm kết hợp với no: nothing, no one, , Nothing ever happens in this town.
nobody
-Nhóm độc lập gồm các từ: all, one, none, All are mine.
other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a)
little, enough, each, either, neither.

28
 Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns)
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
- Làm tân ngữ của động từ khi chủ ngữ và tân
ngữ là cùng một người
- Được sử dụng như các đại từ nhấn
- Sử dụng với nghĩa một mình khi đi với by.
Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns)
who, whom, which, that, whose,...
Chú ý: when =in/on which
Where = in/at which
Why = for which
Đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns)
this, that, these, those...
- Tính từ chỉ định (demonstrative
adjectives) this, that, these, those được dùng
trước, danh từ nhằm xác định vị trí của danh
từ ấy đỗi vời người nói.
Khi những tính từ này được dùng độc lập,
không có danh từ theo sau, nó trở thành đại
từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns).
- Ngoài việc thay thế cho một danh từ, đại
từ chỉ định còn cho người nghe khái niệm
gần hơn hay xa hơn về thời gian hoặc khoảng
cách.
Đại từ nghi vấn (interrogative pronouns)
who, whom, whose, what, which…
- Làm chủ ngữ.
- Làm tân ngữ của động từ
Ví dụ 1: His friends are very generous and cheerful, but _______seems too serious and mean.
A. me B. friends of me C. mine D. my
Ví dụ 2:I finished the job alone. I worked all night by _________.
A. it B. its C. me D. myself
Ví dụ 3: He doesn't catch anything. He never catches ________ .
A. nothing B. anything C. something
I wash myself.
Our neighbours have just bought
themselves a car.
Doctors themselves are the first to admit
the treatment has side effects.
I do the homework by myself (alone).
The man who wanted to see you is my
boss.
The man to whom we were speaking told
us to come back today.
The ladder on which I was standing
began to slip.
The ladder which I was standing on
began to slip.
This is the man whose house we have
just passed
There is this seat here, near me.
There is that one in the last row.
Which will you have, this or that?
That is what I thought last year , this is
what I think now.
Who keeps the keys?
Whose car broke down?
Who did you see?
Whose umbrella did you borrow?
D. everything
29
 Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.
1. My father said ______would invite our teacher to dinner on Saturday.
A. of we B. so we C. we D. that if we

2. You said you were going to introduce a friend of ______who wanted to buy a new house.
A. you B. yours C. yourself D. your father

3. John couldn't find ______ one who knew English.

A. no B. any C. none D. some

4. The doors and windows are open. Shut _____ if you want.
A. it B. her C. their D. them

5. These books are _______ , and the ones on the desk are mine.
A. you B.your C. yours D. yourself

6. My sister’s husband is an architect. _______ designed my house.

A. He B. She C. You D. It

7. My mother talked to me yesterday, but I didn't tell ______I was sick.

A. him B. she C. her D. it

8. We wanted to arrive before dinner, but flight was delayed.

A. it B. its C. our D. ours

9. Read these papers, sign your name on the bottom of each page, and then fax to the law
A. her B. it C. his D. them

10.I was too surprised to say __________ .

A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing

11. You should have gone to the airport _______to meet the client. She didn’t know where b
A. herself B. her C. yourself D. you

12. If the weather is nice, we’ll have the meeting outdoors. If _______isn’t, we won’t.
A. our B. ourselves C. it D. its

13. Though the room was very crowded, she managed to find _______coat fairly quickly, took me
a long time to find _________.
A. theirs/our B. her/mine C. our/us D. hers/theirs

14. Our host family always invites my roommate and ________to their house on Sundays.
A. me B. my C. I D. mine

30
15. Because they usually receive the same score on standardized examinations, there often
disagreement as to _________is the better student, Bob or Helen.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose

16. He didn’t seem to mind _______TV while he was trying to study.

A. their watching B. that they watch
C. them watching D. them to watch

17. ________who was arrested during the riots was released since it couldn't be proved that they
had done ________against the law.
A. Somebody/anywhere B. Everyone/anything
C. Anyone/nothing D. Some of/something

18. The team has finished _________season.

A. its B. their C. his D. her

19. She found ________without any friends after alienating ______all with her unpleasant
behavior.
A. him/theirs B. herself/them
C. them/herself D. her own/him

20. His parents did not really give ______support, yet he still managed to become successful in
setting up _______________ own business.
A. theirs/him B. them/his C. him/his D. himself/theirs

7. CONJUNCTIONS ( Liên từ )

Nội dung
Vị trí Giữa hai thành phần, hai mệnh đề ngang hàng
trong câu.
Chức năng Dùng để nổi hai phần, hai mệnh đề trong một
câu.
Phân loại Liên từ đơn (coordinating conjunctions)
-Dùng loại liên từ này để nối các từ loại hoặc
cụm từ/nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những
mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ vơi tính từ,
danh từ vối danh từ...)
- Gồm có. For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
(FANBOYS)
-Chú ý: khi dùng liên từ kết họp để nối hai
mệnh đề, chúng ta thêm dầu phẩy sau mệnh
đề thứ nhất trước liên từ.
Ví dụ
Jack and Jill went up the hill.
The water was warm, but I didn’t go
swimming.
She is a good and loyal wife.
He is intelligent but very lazy.
She says she does not love me, yet I still
love her.
We have to work hard, or we will fail
the exam.
He will surely succeed, for (because) he
works hard.
That is not what I meant to say, nor
should you interpret my statement as an
admission of guilt

31
 Liên từ theo cặp (correlative conjunctions)
Một vài liên từ thường kết hợp với các từ
khác đế tạo thành các tương liên từ. Chúng
thường được sử dụng theo cặp đế liên kết các
cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng tương
đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp.
Gồm có:
both ... and... (vừa....vừa...),
not only... but also... (không chỉ...mà còn...),
either... or (hoặc ..hoặc..),
neither …nor (không....cũng không...),
whether... or (hoặc...hoặc),
as... as, no sooner.... than...(vừa mới....thì...)
Liên từ mệnh đề phụ thuộc (subordinating
conjunctions)
Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết cácnhóm từ,
cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác
nhau liên kết mệnh đề phụ vởi mệnh đề
chính trong câu.
Bao gôm các liên từ chỉ:
-Thời gian: since, when (= as), after, before,
as soon as, while … I really need some time alone, although I
-Giả định: if/as long as, unless, once
-Nguyên nhân: because/since/as, for,
now that
-Sự nhượng bộ : although, even though, though,
even if
-Sự tương phản: While, whereas
-Mục đích: so that/in order that
They learn both English and French. He
drinks neither wine nor beer.
I like playing not only tennis but also
football.
I don’t have either books or notebooks.
I can’t make up my mind whether to
buy some new summer clothes now or
wait until the prices go down.
We have not seen him since he got
married.
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that,
She's in a bad mood because her father
won’t let her go to the party tonight.
know I'll miss the kids while I’m gone.
While it's very cold in the north, the
south is extremely hot.
She started early so that she could have
some time to spare.

Ví dụ 1: Make sure you close all the windows ______it starts to rain.
A. before B. prior to C. for D. after

Ví dụ 2: She hasn't had much time to socialize _______ she took a part-time job besides her
school studies.
A. when B. even if C. since D. Unless

Ví dụ 3: _______you plan to walk after dark or not, it is a good idea to take a torch along when
you are hiking in the mountains.
A. Provided B. Incase C. Even if D.Whether

32
Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.
1. I will let you know __________ 1 receive the report.
A. when B.since C. and D.while

2. I managed to sleep _ ________the hotel was noisy.

A. although B. in spite of C. because D. because of

3. ________we comforted her, she didn't seem to get over the bad experience.
A. Although B. in spite of C. because D. because of

4. They started the show according to schedule _______the poor attendance.

A. Although B. In spite of C. But D. Because of

5. The centre will be closed ________renovation works until further notice.

A. even with B. because C. due to D. despite

6.1 was busy doing my homework _______my brothers were playing video games.
A. whenever B. so that C. while D. how

7. _________you can show him the membership card, he will let you in.
A. While B. Unless C. Although D. If

8. They offered to do it for her _________she declined their help.

A. or B. when C. but D. for

9. Do not give up so hastily __________ you will regret it later.

A. and B. or C. but D. since

10. Janet finished her school work excellently __________her leg injury.
A. because of B. although C. despite of D. in spite of

11. Marcus was awarded a scholarship ________his superior scholastic ability.

A. because of B. because C. despite D. although

12. He never goes to bed _________he finishes his homework.

A. unless B. when C. while D. if

13. She is looking for a new job _________she is tired of doing the same thing every day.
A. despite B. although C. because D. as if

14. He left home early_ __________he could arrive at the station on time.
A. because of B. in order to C. although D. so that

15. We will be waiting here ___________he comes back.

A. while B. until C. before D. after

33
16. They did not do well in the physical test. ___________, they were accepted.
A. Yet B. Consequently C. Thus D. Therefore

17. Your advertisement might look more attractive _________it were printed in colour.
A. even if B. if C. until D. in case

18. Eggs are generally good for your health , of course, you eat too much of them.
A. In spite of B. unless C. though D. if

19. __________you meant It as a joke or not, it wasn’t kind to mention the incident to Peter.
A. As though B. Even if C. Whether D. Because

20. ______________they are not fully booked up, we can stay at the campsite on the island.
A. Unless B. Incase C. Providing D. Whether

8. VERBS (Động từ )

Nội dung Ví dụ
Vị trí Giữa hai thành phần, hai mệnh đề ngang
hàng trong câu.
Chức năng Dùng để điễn tả hành động hoặc trạng thái Tom kicked the ball.(hành động)
của chủ ngữ. The sky is blue.(trạng thải)
Trợ động từ (auxiliary verbs) Tom is a doctor, (to be là độngtừ
-To be, to have: vừa có thể làm động từ thường)
thường, vừa có thể làm trợ động từ He is working now. (to be là trợ động
Động từ khuyết thiếu: chỉ có thế làm trợ từ)
It cannot be true.
động từ trong câu.
Ví dụ : can, may, shall will, ought to, must They may arrive tomorrow.
We shall hear more about it
Động từ thường (ordinary verbs) His scheme did not work.
Những động từ không thuộc loại trên là Sing someone to sleep.
động từ thường. He got down on his knees and began
Ví dụ: to work, to sing, to pray, to play, to to pray.
study...
Phân loại Nội động từ He walks in the garden every morning
-Diễn tả hành động nội tại của người nói Birds fly in the sky.
hay người thực hiện hành động.
-Không cần có tân ngữ trực tiếp đi kèm.
Ngoại động từ The cat killed the mouse.
-Diễn tả hành động gây ra trực tiếp lên She opened the door.
ngưòi hoặc vật. The driver stopped the bus.
-Luôn cần thêm yếu tổ bên ngoài là một He rings the bell every morning.
danh từ hay đại từ theo sau để hoàn thành The boy broke the glass.
nghĩa của câu.

34
9. MODAL VERBS (Động từ khuyết thiếu)

Động từ khuyẽt thiếu Ví dụ Lưu ý

(khẳng định, phủ định)
Vị trí Đứng trước động từ chính trong
câu.
Đặc điểm -Không chia ngôi thứ 3 số ít Jane can speak three
cơ bản (không có cans, mays...); languages.
-Không có dạng nguyên thể hay Nobody should be late
phân từ. Khi cần ta phải dùng for the meeting tomorrow
từ/cấu trúc khác thay thế
(can = be allowed to/be able to);
-Động từ theo sau ở dạng
nguyền thể không to
(Modal V + V-inf)
-Hai động từ khúyểt thiếu không
bao giờ đứngng cạnh nhau
(không có will can, will must...)
Can, can't I can play the piano and  Can/Could diễn đạt điêu
- Diễn tả khả năng ai đó cổ the guitar. gì đó có thế xảy ra ở hiện
thể/không thể làm gì trong hiện (khả năng hiện tại) tại (can chắc chắn hon)
tại hoặc tương lai. You should start early so Eg:The new medicine
that you can avoid the can/could cure cancer.
traffic jam.
(khả năng tương lai)  Can't/Couldn’t dùng khi
Phân Could, couldn’t Jane could speak when chắc chắn điều gì đó
loại Diễn tả khả năng ai đó có she was 1 year old. không xảy ra trong hiện
thể làm gì trong quá khứ tại.
Eg:He can’t/couldn't be
sick.

 Can/Could còn được

dùng cho câu đề nghị, xin
phép, yêu cầu, gợi ý
(could lịch sự hơn)
Eg:Can/Could I help you
with your bag? (đề nghị)
Eg:Can/Could 1 leave a
message? (xin phép)

 Can và could có thể thay

thế bằng cấu trúc
be able to

35

Will, won’t
Diễn tả một dự đoán, một quyết
định tại thòi điếm nói, hay một
lời hứa.
Would, wouldn't
Là dạng quá khứ của will trong
câu gián tỉểp.
Shall, shan't
-Dùng với chủ ngữ I và We
-Dùng trong câu gợi ý, đề nghị,
xin ý kiến/lòi khuyên
Should, shouldn’t
Diễn tả một lời khuyên, hay một
sự bắt buộc ở mức độ nhẹ
Ought to, oughtn't to
Diễn tả một sự bắt buộc ờ mức
độ cao hơn should nhưng thấp
hơn must
May, may not/Might, mightn't
Diễn tả một việc có thế xảy ra ờ
hiện tại.
Dùng đế xin phép/yêu cầu
Must, mustn't
Diễn tả một sự bắt buộc/ cần
thiết cố tính chủ quan trong hiện
tạí/tương lai, hoặc dự đoán khá
chắc chắn trong hiện tại.
Have to, don't have to
Diễn tả sự bắt buộc/ cần thiết có
tính khách quan như nội quy,
quy định, điều luật..
còn
It will be rainy this - will và would được
afternoon. dùng trong câu mời, yêu
I think I will go to bed cầu (would trang trọng
now. hơn)
I promise I’ll return the Eg: Would you like a
book this weekend. cup of tea?
He said he would come Eg: Will/Would you turn
to vist us soon on the TV?
Shall we meet after
work? (gợi ý)
Shall I take your coat?
(đề nghị)
What shall we do now?
(xin ý kiến)
You should take notes
during lectures.
You should hand in your
report before Friday.
You ought to be careful
when you stand up.
I’ll get her a sandwich. Trong câu xin phép/yêu
She may/ might be cầu, mức độ trang trọng
hungry. tăng dần là
May I go out? can > could> may>
might
You must get up early Mustn’t = be not allowed
tomorrow morning, to.
(cần thiết) Không đuợc phép làm gì
You must be very tired Eg: You musn't park
after a hard school year, your car here.
(dự đoán)
We have to wear Have to là động từ
uniforms at high school. thường ,dùng thay thế
cho must trong một số
trường hợp (diễn tả dạng
tiếp diễn, tương lai, phân
từ...)
Eg: We will have to take
the final exam next
month.
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10. ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU + HAVE + Vpp :

Cấu trúc Ý nghĩa Ví dụ

May/Might/Could have + Vpp
Must have + Vpp
Can't/Couldn’t have + Vpp
Should/Ought to have + Vpp
Shouldn’t/Oughtn't to have +
Vpp
Needn’t have + Vpp
Lẽ ra đã có thể
( nhưng thực tế là không)
Điều gì đó có thể đã xảy ra trong
quá khứ
Điều gì đó chắc hẳn đã xảy ra
trong quá khứ
Điều gl đó chắc hẳn không xảy
ra trong quá khứ
Lẽ ra đã nên/phải là gì
(nhưng thực tế là không)
Lẽ ra không nên làm
(nhưng thực tế đã làm)
Lẽ ra không cần
(nhưng thực tể đã làm)
I may/might/could have met her
last week, but I was too busy.
He hasn't come yet.
He may/might/could have
missed the bus.
Jane looked tired this morning.
She must have stayed up late.
The grass looks dry.
It can’t/ couldn't have rained
during the night.
You should have phoned your
mom. ( but you didn’t).
You shouldn't have talked to her
like that
I needn't have bought so much
sugar. There’s still a lot in the
fridge.

Ví dụ 1: The exhibition is free for all students. We ______pay any fee.

A. mustn't B. shouldn't C. may not D. don't have to

Ví dụ 2: Is that Tom over there? -No, it _____be him. He’s not that tall.
A. shouldn't B. might not C. can't D. won't

Ví dụ 3: We didn't go out last night. We ______to the movies, but we decided to stay at home.
A. could go B. can go C. could be going D. could have gone

Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.

1. I'm overweight and the doctor says that I ______do exercise more often.
A. must to B. will C. have to D. mustn’t

2. They are doing very hard on their project. It _____be very important to them.
A. should B. could C. must D. would

3. It’s a school rule. Everyone _______wear a uniform.

A. has to B. might C. must D. should

4. _______ skiing with us this weekend?

A. Would you go B. Would you rather to go
C. Would you prefer go D. Would you like to go

5. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly, but everyone ________get out.
A. could B. had to C. could D. was able to

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6. Tom _______watch TV than go to the party with her.
A. would like B. isn’t allowed C. isn’t permitted D. would rather

7. She spoke in a low voice, but I ______what she was saying.

A. can understand B. could understand
C. were able understand D. could have understood

8. You _______do the job if you didn't speak English fluently.

A. couldn’t B. can C. much D. won't be able to

9. The phone rang but I didn't hear it. I _______asleep.

A. must be B. had to be C. ought to be D. must have been

10. In this school, students are not allowed to smoke. They _________ smoke.
A. mustn't B. don’t have to C. needn’t D. shouldn’t

11. Tom painted his bedroom black, which makes it look dark and dreary. He _____a different
color.
A. has to choose B. should have chosen
C. must have chosen D. could have been choosing

12. "The instructions were in French, and I translated them into English for him." “You
_____that. He knows French."
A. needn’t have done B. oughtn't to have done
C. shouldn't have done D. can’t have done

13.1 think the principal of this school _________ give students more freedom in choosing the
courses they want to study.
A. would B. would like C. might D. ought to

14. Your coat is rather dirty. ___________ I wash it for you?

A. Do B. Will C. Have D. Shall

15. It’s really a good movie. You _______and see it this evening.
A. should have gone B. must have to go
C. ought to go D. used to go

16. Look at all the tools on the floor. He _______somewhere around here.
A. couldn’t be working B. can’t be working
C. couldn't be working D. must be working

17.1 would like you ________the plants for me while I’m away.
A. water B. to water C. watering D. watered

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18. He ____very hard to get such a good result
A. could be studying B. may be studying
C. must have studied D. should have studied

19. _________me to deliver these flowers to the recipient for you? - That’d be nice.
A. Will you want B. Would you like
C. Are you permitted D. Should

20. "Write to me when you get home." " _________ ."

A. I will B. I must C. I should D. I can

39