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Vaccine and Vaccination

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A Manuscript Presented to the Faculty of English,

FPT University, Hoa Lac, Hanoi Vietnam
Group 3, TRS601.25

Partial Course Requirement for the English Preparation Course TRS601

Dang Minh Nghia
Nguyen Duy Dung
Nguyen Van Duong
Fall Semester 1, October 19 2022

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 BACKGROUND

This manuscript will discuss the impact of Vaccine and Vaccination. It will briefly describe the

current status of Vaccine and Vaccination with respect to global business and trade. With the will to

examine further, to assist the reader in a better understanding of the subject, some business vocabulary

and terms are used here. For greater clarity, images and graphics are included in the manuscript to form

ideas that are easier to grasp.

The three hosts are Dang Minh Nghia, Nguyen Van Duong and Nguyen Duy Dung - students of

FPT University. Once assigned to the assignment, we gathered together relevant literature to support the

course and organized key points in favor of building a well-represented manuscript. Sources such as

research publications, economic and historical books, and economic and commercial websites are listed

in the references.

This manuscript is a required part of the English Preparatory Course - TRS601 and will be

presented to Group 3 of TRS601.25 at the TRS601.25 Final Presentation - FPT University, Hoa Lac,

Hanoi, Vietnam.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly, we might wish to thank the merits of our parents, who have tried to bend and teach us to

become the person we are today. We are very grateful because during the research process they're

always supportive, sending good wishes to us to successfully complete the research.

Secondly, we might wish to express our deep and sincere gratitude to the expert teachers during

this class. They're all enthusiastic, fun, and sincere people. And most significantly, our research

supervisor, Cecilio Jr. Requentel Fedelino - gave us the chance to conduct this exciting research and

supply invaluable guidance throughout this research process. His dynamism, enthusiasm, sincerity gave

us deep motivation and inspiration. The particular methods he gave us helped us a lot within the research

process and presented this research as clearly as possible. It's an excellent honor for us to own the

chance to review and work under his dedicated guidance. We are extremely grateful for what he has

done for us.

I also want to thank our friends in TRS601.25. Thank them for his or her solidarity, empathy,

acceptance, and patience during my discussions with you about research work and thesis preparation.

Especially our associates with whom I've worked before, and particularly the one that completed this

text with us. We're glad we worked together, thanks all, for doing all of your best and regardless of the

outcome.

Finally, I'd prefer to thank all those that supported me in all aspects of the research that helped us

to finish the research work directly or indirectly.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………… 1

BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………..………. 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………….........……….. 3

VACCINE……………………………………………………………………………… 5

WHAT IS VACCINE? ………………………………………………………………… 6

HOW VACCINE ARE MADE…………………………………………………………. 6

HOW VACCINE WORK………………………………………………………………. 8

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF VACCINES………………………….. 9

VACCINATION………………………………………………………………………… 9

WHAT IS VACCINATION? ………………………………………………………… 9

IMPORTANCE OF VACCINATIONS………………………………………………… 9

VACCINATION CONCLUSION……………………………………………………… 9

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………. 10

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 Vaccines and Vaccinations
Good afternoon everyone. First of all I want to tell you thank you all for
coming here today. I’m very happy. There are 3 members in our team. We
are: Dang Minh Nghia, Nguyen Duy Dung and Nguyen Van Duong.  
My topic is very important for you because we will talk about vaccines and
vaccinations. The aim of this presentation is to talk about vaccines and
vaccinations. 
First, let’s talk about vaccines. 

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A. Vaccine
1. Introduce: 
Vaccines save millions of lives every year. Developing a safe and
effective vaccine is a big step forward in our global effort to end the
pandemic and get us back to doing more good with the people we love.
love.

We've gathered the latest expert information to answer some of the most
common questions about vaccines. We will continue to update this
article as more information becomes available.

2. What is vaccine: 
Vaccines are products that produce immunity to a specific disease.
When you are immune to a disease, it means you are protected against
that disease. Most vaccines are given by injection (needle), but some are
given orally (by mouth) or nasally (sprayed into the nose)
Vaccines train your immune system to create antibodies, just as it does
when it’s exposed to a disease. However, because vaccines contain only
killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not
cause the disease or put you at risk of its complications.
3. How vaccines are made:
 Weaken the virus
Using this strategy, viruses are weakened so they reproduce very poorly
once inside the body. The vaccines for measles, mumps, German
measles (rubella), rotavirus, oral polio (not used in the U.S.), chickenpox
(varicella), and influenza (intranasal version) vaccines are made this
way. Viruses usually cause disease by reproducing themselves many
times in the body. Whereas natural viruses reproduce thousands of times
during an infection, vaccine viruses usually reproduce fewer than 20
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times. Because vaccine viruses don't reproduce very much, they don't
cause disease, but vaccine viruses replicate well enough to induce
"memory B cells" that protect against infection in the future. Find out
more about these and other cells of the immune system.

The advantage of live, "weakened" vaccines is that one or two doses

provide immunity that is usually life-long. The limitation of this
approach is that these vaccines usually cannot be given to people with
weakened immune systems (like people with cancer or AIDS). Find out
more about what happens when the immune system doesn’t work
properly.

Watch this video to see how viruses are weakened to make vaccines.

 Inactivate the virus

Using this strategy, viruses are completely inactivated (or killed) with a
chemical. By killing the virus, it cannot possibly reproduce itself or
cause disease. The inactivated polio, hepatitis A, influenza (shot), and
rabies vaccines are made this way. Because the virus is still "seen" by
the body, cells of the immune system that protect against disease are
generated.

There are two benefits to this approach:

The vaccine cannot cause even a mild form of the disease that it prevents
The vaccine can be given to people with weakened immune systems
However, the limitation of this approach is that it typically requires
several doses to achieve immunity.

 Use part of the virus

Using this strategy, just one part of the virus is removed and used as a
vaccine. The hepatitis B, shingles, human papillomavirus (HPV), and
one of the influenza vaccines are made this way. The vaccine is
composed of a protein that resides on the surface of the virus. This
strategy can be used when an immune response to one part of the virus
(or bacteria) is responsible for protection against disease.
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 These vaccines can be given to people with weakened immunity and
appear to induce long-lived immunity after two doses.

Watch this video to see how genetic engineering is used to make

effective vaccines.

 Use part of the bacteria

Some bacteria cause disease by making a harmful protein called a toxin.
Several vaccines are made by taking toxins and inactivating them with a
chemical (the toxin, once inactivated, is called a toxoid). By inactivating
the toxin, it no longer causes disease. The diphtheria, tetanus and
pertussis vaccines are made this way.

Another strategy to make a bacterial vaccine is to use part of the sugar

coating (or polysaccharide) of the bacteria. Protection against infection
by certain bacteria is based on immunity to this sugar coating (and not
the whole bacteria). However, because young children don't make a very
good immune response to the sugar coating alone, the coating is linked
to a harmless protein (this is called a "conjugated polysaccharide"
vaccine). The Haemophilus influenzae type B (or Hib), pneumococcal,
and some meningococcal vaccines are made this way.

Two meningococcal vaccines, which prevent one particular type of the

bacterium (type B) not contained in the other meningococcal vaccines,
are made using two or more proteins from the bacteria, not the bacterial
polysaccharide.

Just like for inactivated viral vaccines, bacterial vaccines can be given to
people with weakened immune systems, but often require several doses
to induce adequate immunity.
4. How they work:
There are 3 types with 3 different ways of working:
 mRNA vaccine:
The vaccine introduces the messenger RNA of the viral spike protein
into the body's cells. Once inside the cell, the mRNA teaches our cells
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 how to make harmless virus proteins. The cell expresses that protein
fragment on its surface. Our immune system recognizes that the protein
doesn't belong there and begins to build up an immune response and
produce antibodies. Our body recognizes that the protein shouldn't be
there and creates T and B lymphocytes that remember how to fight the
virus that causes COVID-19 if we get infected in the future. The genetic
code of the vaccine is then destroyed and removed from the body very
quickly and easily.
• Protein vaccine:
This vaccine consists of purified protein fragments of the Sars-Cov-2
virus. After the vaccine is injected into the body, the immune system
recognizes that this protein is an "invader" and the immune response
produces antibodies. At the same time, vaccines help cells remember to
recognize pathogens, and proceed to destroy them if attacked in the
future.
• Vector vaccines:
Vaccines are made using a virus that has been harmlessly modified to
use the cell's mechanism to produce a harmless fragment of the virus
that causes COVID-19 called spike proteins on the surface of the virus.
This cell expresses a spike protein on its surface and our immune system
perceives it as not belonging to the body, which will stimulate the body
to produce a large amount of antigen. These antigens will trigger an
immune response. Vaccines mimic what happens during natural
infection with certain pathogens – especially viruses. This has the
advantage of triggering a strong cellular immune response by T cells as
well as antibody production by B cells.
5. Advantage and disadvantage
 Advantage:
Vaccines help prevent people from incurable diseases
Vaccines help increase human resistance
 Disadvantage:
Some vaccines have side effects for example affecting pregnant women,
affecting some groups of people with incurable diseases, affecting some
people with abnormal health

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B. Vaccination

Talking about vaccines, we will talk about vaccination. So what is

vaccination?
vaccination is a global health and development success story, saving millions
of lives each year.
We now have vaccines to prevent more than 20 life-threatening diseases,
helping people of all ages live longer, healthier lives. Vaccination currently
prevents 3-5 million deaths each year from diseases such as diphtheria,
tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles.
Vaccination is an important component of primary health care and an
indisputable human right. It's also one of the best health investments money
can buy.
C. Conclusion

Vaccines are needed to fight the virus. Vaccination is the task of protecting
the community from the harmful effects of viruses or diseases. Vaccines are
being researched and developed more widely in the future. Thank you for
listening to our presentation.
If you have any questions, please raise your voice.

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